Growth & Development
Growth & Development
Intro
Human growth and development is a process that begins at birth and does not end until death.
Growth & development takes place in all stages, needs have to be met.
Life Stages:
Individuals differ greatly
Each person passes certain stages
Classification of Life Stages
Infancy – birth to 1 year
Early Childhood – 1 to 6 years
Late Childhood – 6 to 12
Adolescence – 12 to 20 years
Young Adulthood – 20 to 40 years
Middle Adulthood – 40 to 65 years
Late Adulthood – 65 and up
Four main types of growth occur
Physical - body growth
Mental - development of the mind
Emotional - feelings
Social - interaction and relationships with other people
Each life stage creates a need
Factors that influence needs: gender, age, race & heredity
Injury or illness can have a negative effect and can change needs or impair development
Infancy – birth to 1 year.
Physical Growth:
The most dramatic and rapid changes in growth and development occur during the first year of life. A newborn baby usually weighs 6 to 8 pounds and measures 18 to 22 inches. By the end of the first year of life, weight has usually tripled, to 18 – 24 pounds and height has increased to 29 – 30 inches.
Muscle & Nervous system changes
Reflex actions present
Moro, or startle - loud noise or sudden movement
Rooting reflex - slight touch on the cheek causes the mouth to open and the
head to turn
Sucking reflex - caused by a slight touch on the lip
Grasp reflex - infants can grasp an object placed in the hand
Activities:
Move head slightly as newborn
2 months – roll side to back
4-5 months turn body completely around, accepts objects, hold head up sitting
6-7 months – sit unsupported X several minutes; grasp objects; crawl on stomach
12 months – frequently walks, grasp objects with thumb, throw small ojects
have 10-12 teeth.
Vision – at birth poor eye sight & eye movement is not coordinated
- end of the first year, close vision is good and can focus
Sensory are good at birth, but become more refine and exact
Mental: Newborns respond to discomforts such as pain, cold, or hunger by crying
As their needs are met, they become more aware of their surroundings
By 6 months of age, infants understand some words and can make basic sounds
12 months, infants understand many words and may use single words in their
vocabularies
Emotional Development:
Newborns show excitement.
4 to 6 months - distress, delight, anger, disgust, and fear can often be seen.
12 months - elation and affection for adults is evident
Events that occur during the first year of life when these emotions are first exhibited can have a strong influence on an individual’s emotional behavior during adulthood
Social Development:
self-centeredness to the recognition of others in the environment
4 months - infants recognize their caregivers, smile readily, and stare intently at others
6 months- infants watch the activities of others, show signs of possessiveness,
may become shy or withdraw when in the presence of strangers,
socialize freely with familiar people,
and mimic and imitate gestures, facial expressions, and vocal sounds.
Infants are dependent on others for all of their needs. Food, cleanliness, and rest are essential for physical growth. Love and security are essential for emotional and social growth. Stimulation is essential for mental growth.
Early Childhood 1 to 6 years
Physical Development
age 6 the average weight 45 pounds & average height is 46 inches
Skeletal and muscle development helps the child assume a more adult appearance
Legs and lower body tend to grow more rapidly than do the head, arms and chest
Child learns to write, draw, and use a fork and knife
2 or 3 - most teeth have erupted
- digestive system is mature enough to handle most adult foods
- children learn bladder and bowel control
Mental Development
Verbal growth progresses - vocabulary of 1,500 to 2,500 words at age 6
2-year-olds have short attention spans; remember details and begin to understand
concepts.
4-year-olds ask frequent questions
decisions based on logic rather than on trial and error
age 6 - very verbal and want to learn how to read and write; Memory has developed-
make decisions based on both past and present experience
Emotional Development:
ages 1 to 2, children begin to develop self-awareness
feel impatience and frustration
form of “temper tantrums”
like routine and become stubborn, angry, or frustrated when changes occur
ages 4 to 6, children begin to gain more control over their emotions
understand the concept of right and wrong
not frustrated as much
less anxiety when faced with new experiences
Social Development:
children are usually strongly attached to their parents
fear any separation
enjoy the company of others, but are still possessive
becoming more agreeable and social
Friends of their own age are usually important to 6 year olds
NEEDS: of early childhood still include food, rest, shelter, protection, love, and security. Also, children need routine, order, and consistency in their daily lives. They must be able to be responsible and must learn how to conform to rules. This can be accomplished by making reasonable demands based on the child’s ability to comply.
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