Physical Science



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Review for Final Exam

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1. How is displacement different from distance?

2. A person walks 17 meters east, 2 meters north, 8 meters west, and 2 meters south. What is the person’s total distance? What is the person’s total displacement?

3. Define speed.

4. How is instantaneous speed measured?

5. What is the average speed of a car traveling 70 km in 1 hour, 105 km the next hour, and 61 km the next two hours?

6. The slope of a line on a distance-time graph gives you . . .

7. What is the speed of a car that travels 50 m in 20 s?

8. Define acceleration.

9. A car travels 60km/hr for 45 minutes. How far did the car travel?

10. Define free-fall.

11. Objects falling near earth’s surface accelerate downward at what rate?

12. What is constant acceleration?

13. An object moving at 25m/s takes 5 s to come to a stop. What is the object’s acceleration?

14. What is the difference between positive and negative acceleration?

15. What is force?

16. How do we measure force?

17. How do you find the net force acting on an object?

18. When the forces on an object are balanced, what is the net force? What happens to the motion of the object?

19. What happens when an unbalanced force acts on an object?

20. List and describe the four types of frictional forces.

21. A car with a mass of 1000 kg accelerates at a rate of 12 m/s2. What is the net force moving the car?

22. What are the 2 forces that act on falling objects?

23. What is projectile motion?

24. What causes projectile motion?

25. Describe what is happening in figure 9A on pg 362 of the textbook.

26. What is Newton’s 1st law?

27. What is inertia?

28. If you weigh 572 N on Earth, what is your mass?

29. What is Newton’s 2nd law?

30. What is Newton’s 3rd law?

31. List 2 examples of action-reaction forces.

32. Define momentum.

33. What is the momentum of a 75 kg ice skater gliding across the ice at 4 m/s?

34. What is the conservation of momentum?

35. Describe Newton’s law of universal forces.

36. What is centripetal force?

37. Is work done as you climb the stairs?

38. Is work done as you hold a barbell over your head?

39. What is the unit of work?

40. How much work is done if you lift a 15 N box 0.6 m over your head?

41. If you do 40 joules of work to lift a 25 N box onto a shelf, how high is the shelf?

42. What is power?

43. What are the two ways to increase power?

44. If you exert a 600 N force to walk 3.5 m up a flight of stairs in 9 s, how much power do you use?

45. What are the three things a machine can do to make work easier?

46. Can work output ever be greater than work input? Explain.

47. What is actual mechanical advantage?

48. If you have to apply 20 n of force on a crowbar to lift a rock that weights 375 N, what is the AMA of the crowbar?

49. Define efficiency.

50. Why is efficiency always less than 100%?

51. What is a lever?

52. Describe the three types of levers and provide an example of each.

53. A mechanical device requires 525 J of work to do 330 J of work lifting a crate. What is the efficiency of the device?

54. What is a wheel and axle? Provide an example.

55. What is an inclined plane? Provide an example.

56. What is a wedge? Provide an example.

57. What is a screw? Provide an example.

58. What is a pulley?

59. Explain the difference between a fixed pulley and a moveable pulley.

60. Explain how to find the maximum IMA for ALL the simple machines.

61. What is a compound machine?

62. What is work the transfer of?

63. Define kinetic energy.

64. Define potential energy.

65. What does gravitational potential energy depend on?

66. What is elastic potential energy?

67. A 7 kg cat is resting on top of a bookshelf that is 3 m high. What is the cat’s GPE relative to the floor?

68. A small 35 kg canoe is floating downriver at a speed of 6 m/s. What is the canoe’s KE?

69. List, describe, and provide an example for the 6 forms of energy.

70. What is the law of conservation of energy?

71. What is the formula for the conservation of mechanical energy?

72. What is heat?

73. What is temperature?

74. What is temperature related to?

75. What does thermal energy depend on?

76. What is thermal expansion and how does it occur?

77. Provide an example of something that works by thermal expansion.

78. What is specific heat?

79. How much heat must be transferred to a 685 g aluminum pizza pan to raise its temperature from 27 ºC to 249 ºC? ( specific heat of Al is 0.96 J/g · ºC )

80. What instrument is used to measure heat changes in an object?

81. List and describe the three ways to transfer energy.

82. List several good conductors and good insulators.

83. Describe a forced-air heating system.

84. What is a medium?

85. What type of wave needs a medium?

86. List and describe the three types of mechanical waves.

87. Crests and troughs describe which type of mechanical wave?

88. Compressions and rarefactions describe which type of mechanical wave?

89. Where would you typically find surface waves?

90. Define frequency.

91. Define period.

92. How are frequency and period related?

93. A wave has a wavelength of 22 meters and a frequency of 6 Hz. What is its speed?

94. How do you find the amplitude of a transverse wave and a longitudinal wave?

95. What is the length of a wave if it has a speed of 14 m/s and a frequency of 7 Hz?

96. What is reflection?

97. What is refraction?

98. What is diffraction?

99. How is reflection different from refraction and diffraction?

100. What property (frequency, wavelength, or amplitude) is diffraction dependent on?

101. What is the difference between constructive interference and destructive interference?

102. Sound waves are what type of wave?

103. What type of medium does a mechanical wave travel the fastest?

104. How does sonar work?

105. What is the Doppler effect?

106. What happens to the frequency of a sound as it moves towards you?

107. What are electromagnetic waves?

108. Electromagnetic waves vary in . . .

109. Is light a wave or a particle? Explain.

110. List the EM spectrum in order from longest wavelength to shortest wavelength.

111. Describe transparent, translucent, and opaque materials.

112. What did Newton show with his experiments about light?

113. What is dispersion?

114. A pencil sitting in water will look broken because of what type of interaction?

115. What part of the EM spectrum has the least amount of energy?

116. Why does a green shirt appear green? (Hint: Explain how we see colors)

117. What are the primary colors of light? What are the secondary colors of light?

118. How does an incandescent light bulb work?

119. How does a neon light work?

120. What are sodium-vapor lights used for?

121. Why are fluorescent lights used for?

122. What is the angle of incidence? What is the angle of reflection?

123. What is the law of reflection?

124. What causes light to refract?

125. Describe the difference between a plane mirror, a concave mirror, and a convex mirror.

126. What type of image do concave mirrors produce?

127. What type of image do convex mirrors produce?

128. How are lenses different than mirrors?

129. What happens to light as it passes through a lens?

130. What type of images do concave and convex lenses form?

131. What is total internal reflection?

132. Explain how fiber optics works.

133. Explain the purpose of the main parts of the human eye.

134. List the structures of the eye in order from outside to inside.

135. Explain nearsightedness.

136. How can you fix nearsightedness?

137. Explain farsightedness.

138. How can you fix farsightedness?

139. How can an object become positively charged?

140. How is the strength of an electric field determined?

141. How can you charge an object by friction?

142. How can you charge an object by contact?

143. How can you charge an object by induction?

144. How much energy is used if a 75 watt light bulb is left on for 3 days?

145. What is the difference between direct current and alternating current?

146. What does an electrical conductor allow charges to do?

147. What three factors affect the resistance of a wire? Explain how resistance is affected.

148. What is potential difference?

149. The current in a heater is 8 amps. The resistance is 27 ohms. What is the voltage?

150. Explain the difference between a series circuit and a parallel circuit.

151. List several safety devices used in homes.

152. What is the current through a flashlight if a 9 V battery is used and the resistance is 2 ohms?

153. What is the power rating of a hair dryer plugged into a 120 V outlet that uses 16 amps?

154. If Peco charges $0.0605 per kWh, what is the cost of running the hair dryer for 30 minutes? How much does it cost if you use the hair dryer every day for one month?

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