IPC Semester Exam Review – Physics Topics
IPC 2nd Semester Exam Review – Physics TopicsSTRATEGY: Start by reading through your notes to refresh your memory on these topics. Then, use this review sheet as a starting point to identify the areas on which you need to spend more study time. For those areas, go back to homework assignments, quizzes, and reviews to practice more problems. Many of these are available on the Web site – check the lecture notes and worksheet in the Helpful Documents Folder. I would also recommend going through all of your reviews.FORMAT: Questions will include multiple-choice and matching. You will need a pencil for the Scantron form.A formula bank will be provided including the value for the acceleration due to gravity. Solutions Describe the dissolving process (solvation).What conditions cause solids to dissolve faster?What conditions cause gases to dissolve faster?Interpret solubility curves (see last page).If additional solute dissolves, the solution is ___. If additional solute causes crystallization, the solution is ___.If additional solute doesn’t dissolve, the solution is __.Refer to the solubility chart to the right.324231088265What substance is most soluble at 10°C? ____________What substance is least soluble at 10°C? ____________How many grams of NH4Cl will dissolve at 60°C? ____________What is the most KBr that can be dissolved at 45°C? ____________If 35 grams of KNO3 are in solution at 10°C, what type of solution will be formed? Saturated, Unsaturated, SupersaturatedWhat two salts have the same saturation point at 22°C? ________ & __________The solubility of what substance is least affected by temperature? __________ Explain the meaning of “like dissolves like.”Three factors that affect rate of solvation are ___.VOCAB: solute, solvent, solvation, solubility, concentrated/dilute, unsaturated/saturated/supersaturated, immiscible, miscible, precipitateAcids & Bases Identify these properties as acid, base, or both (17-23)..Produces hydroxide ions in solution.Sour taste.Produces hydrogen ions in solution.Bitter taste and slippery feel.Soap and ammonia are examples.Can be detected with an indicator.Vinegar and lemon juice are examples.If you needed a pH of 7.8 in a pool, but the pool has a pH of 6.8, what do you add to the pool?Does salt dissolve in water? Is salt polar or non-polar? If something is insoluble, is it polar or non-polar? Draw water, being sure to label the positive and negative side.Identify common substances as acids or bases using pH value or litmus test.Given the pH of the following substances, which one has the highest concentration of OH- (hydroxide) ions? H+ ions?Which is the most basic?Most acidic? Closest to neutral?SubstancepHMilk6.4Drain cleaner10.6Blood7.4Tomatoes4.2VOCAB: acid, base, indicator, hydronium ion, pH, saltMotion & Forces Newton’s first law of motion states that an object stays _____ unless a ___ acts on it.A person in a head-on car collision, who is not wearing a seat belt, continues to move forward at the original speed of the car because of ___.What type of force causes the motion of an object to change?Which of the following objects has the greatest inertia? – baseball, ping pong ball, bowling ball, marbleWhen an astronaut goes to the moon, which will decrease, his mass or his weight? What two factors influence the amount of gravitational force? What two factors influence the amount of friction? When is friction greatest?Debbie is planning a road trip that is 250 km long. How many hours will it take her if she drives at an average speed of 104 km/h (about 65 mph)?A feather and a penny are dropped from a height of 2 meters. Which object will hit first without air resistance? With air resistance?A 4.5 kg cat leaps up onto the counter with a force of 38 N. What is her acceleration?Find the weight of the 4.5 kg cat in newtons.What determines momentum?Formulas:SpeedVelocityAccelerationMomentumForceGravity constant20002552070Refer to graph above to answer the following:222885088900Where does the object start? What does the slope mean? Where is the object after 12 sec?Refer to the right. Which segment isA. ____Negative velocity? B. ____Moving forward? C. ____Not moving? D. ____Positive velocity? E. ____At restVOCAB:acceleration, force, friction, gravity, inertia, motion, speed, velocity, air resistance, Newton’s Second Law, Newton’s Third LawWork & EnergyWhat two factors influence KE? When is it greatest?What two factors influence the gravitational potential energy of an object? When is PE greatest?At what height is an object that has a mass of 50 kg if its gravitational potential energy is 9800 J? What is the mass of an object if its gravitational potential energy is 3822 J and it is 15 m above the ground?What conditions are needed for work to be done on an object?Describe the KE & PE of a skier before, during, and after a downhill run. What stops him? Is energy conserved? How? Joe used 15 N to push a box 3 m. How much work did he do?Two make houses more energy efficient they have storm windows that have two pieces (panes) of glass with a vacuum between them. The vacuum has no air at all. What kinds of thermal transfer does this keep from happening? Which vibrate more: hot atoms or cold atoms? Atoms that vibrate more are moving more, so they have more of what kind of energy? You look into an hot oven and there is a hot piece of wood and a hot piece of iron. They have both been in the oven for a while. A) Which is hotter? B) Which would you rather touch and why?What is the formula for work? Determine whether work is being done in each of the following examples:a. a train engine pulling a loaded boxcar initially at restb. a tug of war that is evenly matchedc. a crane lifting a carYou and two friends apply a force of 425 N to push a piano up a 2.0 m long ramp. If you make it to the top in 5.0 s, what is your power output in watts?What two factors influence the thermal energy of an object? When is thermal energy greatest?Describe heat flow and hot & cold in terms of thermal energy.ConDuction, ConVection, or Radiation? A. ___ You pick up a hot piece of metal and get burned. B. ___ You put your hand above a pan of hot water. C. ___ You feel the heat from a brick wall when you put you hand next to the wall, but not touching it. D. ___ Why the upstairs of a house is warmer. E. ___ How the water in the bottom of a pan heats up.VOCAB:, energy, heat, kinetic, potential, specific heat, temperature, workFormulas:PEKEWorkPowerWaves & Sound Identify the two types of waves & label their main parts.Waves transport ___ through a ___.A jump rope is shaken producing a wave with a wavelength of 0.5 m. If the wave is traveling at 3 m/s, what is its frequency?What two factors influence the speed of a wave?What type of wave is sound? Does is require a medium?Does sound travel faster in air or water? High or low temps?Pitch is related to the ___ of the sound wave. Intensity is related to the ___.Explain the Doppler effect.VOCAB: constructive interference, destructive interference, Formula: wavelengthElectromagnetic Waves What type of wave is EM radiation? Does is need a medium?Describe the relationships between wavelength, frequency, and energy of EM radiation.What are the 7 types of EM waves? Which has the longest wavelength? Highest frequency?VOCAB: reflection, refraction, diffraction, interference, Electricity Describe the differences between conductors & insulators.Explain static discharge. How does it relate to lightning?Resistance causes electrical energy to be converted into ___.Explain uses of conductors with either high or low resistance.What 4 factors influence resistance? When is it greatest?Describe Ohm’s Law – why does adding additional lights to a series circuit cause each light to get dimmer?A lightbulb with a resistance of 160 is plugged into a 120-V outlet. What is the current flowing through the bulb?Attract or repel? A) ___Two positive charges? B) ___A positive and a negative charge? C) ___Two electrons? D) ___Two neutral objects?Positive (+), Negative (-), or Neutral (0) A) __ An object has 20 protons and 25 electrons. B) __ An object has 16 positives and 16 negatives. C) __ An object that has lost electrons. D) __ If it is attracted to a proton. E) __ If it gains electrons. F) ___ If it is repelled by an electron.282575304800Label the symbols in the circuit below. Is this a parallel or series circuit? Which way is the current flowing?Contrast series ¶llel circuits. How is each affected by adding or removing lights? Why aren’t series used in homes?Explain the function of fuses and circuit breakers.A calculator has a 0.01-A current flowing through it. Its potential difference is 9 V. How much power does it use?If a refrigerator uses 700 W and runs 10 hours each day, how much energy (in kWh) is used in one day?The current through a 5-ohm resistor connected to a 150-V power supply isWhat is the resistance of a toaster that uses 5 A of current when connected to a 120-volt power source?If you accidentally grabbed the prongs of a partially plugged-in 120-V electrical plug on a day when your skin resistance was 130,000 ohms, how much current would pass through your body?How much power is used by a 12.0-V car battery that draws 0.5 A of current?When plugged into a 120-V wall outlet, how much current is used by an electric blanket rated at 140 W?A 120-watt light bulb is connected to a 120-V outlet. How much current is in the light bulb?A light bulb is plugged into a 120-volt outlet and has a 0.7 A current in it. What is the power rating of the light bulb?VOCAB: static electricity, electric field, conductor, insulator, electroscope, circuitIPC 2nd Semester Exam Review – ANSWER KEYAt the surface of the solute, solvent particles surround solute particles (due to +/- attractions) and pull them away into the solution.stirring, increased surface area, high temperatureno stirring/shaking, high pressure, low temperaturesee Solubility Curves w/sunsaturatedsupersaturatedsaturatedNaNO3KNO35880SupersaturatedYb2(SO4)3 and KNO3NaClPolar substances dissolve polar substances; non-polar substances dissolve non-polar substancesstirring, increased surface area, high temperaturebaseacidacidbasebasebothacidbaseyespolarnon-polarProvided in classpH less than 7, red litmus test = acid. pH greater than 7, blue litmus test = base.A. tomoatoes; B. drain cleaner; C. tomoatoes D. bloodIn motion unless an outside forceinertiaunbalanced forcesbowling ball (greatest mass)his weight (depends on gravitational force)The mass of the two objects and the distance between them. Gravity is strongest when the mass is greater and distance is smaller.The type of surfaces and the force between them. Friction is greatest when surfaces are rough and the force between them (usually weight) is large.2. 4 hoursWithout air resistance, both objects will hit at the same time because they both have the same acceleration due to gravity. With air resistance, the penny will hit first because air resistance is not high enough to counteract its weight (takes longer to reach terminal velocity).8.4 m/s244.1 NMass and velocity10 m from the starting pointspeed60 m from its original positionA. 1 B. 3 C. 2 and 4 D. 3 E. 2 and 4The mass and velocity of the object. KE is greatest when mass and velocity are high.The mass and height of the object. PE is greatest when mass and height are high.20m26kgForce must be exerted though a distance that is in the same direction as the exerted force.Before the run, KE is zero and PE is high. During the run, PE decreases and KE increases. After the run, KE decreases as mechanical energy is converted into thermal energy due to friction.45 JRadiation and convectionHotKineticIron; Wood – has a higher specific heat, less of a conductorW=FdA. yes; B. No; C. yes170 WThe mass and temperature of the object. Thermal energy is greatest when mass and temperature are high.Heat is the flow of thermal energy from high temps to low temps. An object feels cold when heat flows from your skin to the object. An object feels hot when heat flows from the object to your skin.A. conduction; B. Radiation; C. Radiation; D. Convection; E. Convectiontransverse (wavelength, amplitude, crest, trough), longitudinal (wavelength, compression, rarefaction)energy, medium6 HzThe type and temperature of the medium.Sound is a longitudinal wave that requires a medium.Travels better through water at high temps.frequency, amplitudeA sound source moves, sound waves are compressed in front of and spread out behind the source. As a result, pitch sounds higher as an object moves toward you and lower as it moves away.EM radiation is transverse wave that does not require a medium.As wavelength increases, frequency and photon energy decrease.Radio-AM/FM. Microwave-cooking, cell phones. Infrared-night vision, heat detection, medical imaging. Visible-sight (ROY G. BIV). Ultraviolet-tanning, sanitizing. X rays-medical imaging. Gamma rays-cancer treatment.Light-red, green, blue, additive, make white. Pigment-cyan, magenta, yellow, subtractive, make black.Conductors allow electrons to move freely. Insulators do not.Static discharge occurs when there is a large buildup of static electricity. When there is a separation between areas of negative charge and positive charge the charges flow toward each other and create a spark.thermal energy and lightHigh resistance-light bulbs convert electrical energy to light. Low resistance-copper wiring conducts electricity without wasting too much.The conductor, wire thickness, wire length, temperature. Resistance is greatest in thin, long wires at high temperatures.Voltage equal current times resistance. Adding lights increases the resistance therefore causing the current to decrease.0.75 AA. repel; B. attract; C. repel; D. no attractionA. negative; B. neutral; C. positive; D. negative; E. negative; F.negativeDone in classSeries-Adding lights causes lights to dim (less voltage to each results in less current) and removing lights causes current to stop. Parallel-Adding or removing lights does not affect the brightness or flow of current to the other lights. Houses use parallel so you can plug and unplug devices independently.When too much current overheats the wire, the metal in a fuse melts and the bimetallic strip in the circuit breaker bends, causing a break in the circuit.0.09 W7 kWh (7000 Wh)30 A24 ohms.0009 A6W1.16 A1 A84 WEquations:Force=ma=mass*accelerationFw=mg=Force of weight=mass*gravityG=9.8 m/s2Speed=d/t=distance/timeVelocity=d/t with directionacceleration= (vf-vi)/tp=mv (momentum)Work=Fd=force*distancePower=W/t=work/timePE=mghKE=1/2(mv2)Wave speed=wavelength*frequencyVolts=I*R=current*resistancePower=Volts*current ................
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