Exercises in Physics - Pearson Education
Exercises in Physics
Jennifer Bond Hickman
Needham, Massachusetts Upper Saddle River, New Jersey
Glenview, Illinois
To my grandfather, C. Lawrence Bond When I was 10 years old, you paid me 10? to write a book for you. I've finally finished it!
Illustrations by Jennifer Bond Hickman. Cover Photograph: Motor Press Agent/Superstock, Inc. Many of the designations used by manufacturers and sellers to distinguish their products are claimed as trademarks. Where such a designation appears in this book, and the publisher was aware of a trademark claim, the designations have been printed in initial caps (e.g., Macintosh). Copyright ? 2002 by Prentice-Hall, Inc., Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. This publication is protected by copyright, and permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. For information regarding permission(s), write to: Rights and Permissions Department. ISBN 0-13-054275-X
26 V031 13 12 11
Contents
Preface to Students:
Welcome to Physics!
iv
1 Motion
1
1-1 Speed, Velocity, and
Acceleration
1
1-2 Free Fall
8
2 Vectors and Projectiles
15
2-1 Vectors and Scalars
15
2-2 Projectile Motion
21
3 Forces
29
3-1 Forces and Acceleration
29
3-2 Friction
35
3-3 Statics
38
3-4 Pressure
44
4 Momentum
51
4-1 Impulse and Momentum
51
4-2 Conservation of Momentum 55
5 Energy and Machines
63
5-1 Work and Power
63
5-2 Energy
66
5-3 Machines and Efficiency
72
6 Circular and Rotational Motion
81
6-1 Centripetal Acceleration and
Force
81
6-2 Torque
87
6-3 Moment of Inertia and
Angular Momentum
91
7 Law of Universal Gravitation
97
7-1 Gravitational Force
97
7-2 Gravitational Acceleration
101
7-3 Escape Speed
104
8 Special Relativity
109
8-1 Time Dilation
109
8-2 Relativistic Length and
Energy
113
9 Solids, Liquids, and Gases
119
9-1 Density
119
9-2 Solids
121
9-3 Liquids
124
9-4 Gases
130
10 Temperature and Heat
135
10-1 Temperature and Expansion 135
10-2 Heat
140
11 Simple Harmonic Motion
149
11-1 Springs
149
11-2 Pendulums
153
12 Waves and Sound
159
12-1 Wave Motion
159
12-2 Doppler Effect
161
12-3 Standing Waves
165
13 Reflection and Refraction
171
13-1 The Speed of Light
171
13-2 Reflection
173
13-3 Refraction
177
14 Lenses, Diffraction, and
Interference
183
14-1 Lenses, Telescopes, and
Magnifying Glasses
183
14-2 Eyeglasses
189
14-3 Diffraction and Interference 192
15 Electrostatics
197
15-1 Electrostatic Force
197
15-2 Electric Field
200
15-3 Electrical Potential
Difference
203
16 Direct Current Circuits
209
16-1 Current and Resistance
209
16-2 Capacitance
212
16-3 Power
214
16-4 Series and Parallel Circuits 217
17 Magnetism and Electromagnetic
Induction
225
17-1 Magnetic Forces and Fields 225
17-2 Electromagnetic Induction
227
18 Modern Physics
233
18-1 The Atom and the Quantum 233
18-2 The Photoelectric Effect
236
18-3 Energy Level Diagrams
239
18-4 Radioactivity
241
Appendix A: Working With
Numbers
247
Significant Figures
Unit Conversions
Some Simple Trigonometry
Relationships
Some Common Prefixes
Appendix B: Selected Answers
249
iii
Welcome to Physics!
Studying physics is exciting because it can help you answer many questions about how and why our world works. Your workbook is designed to take some "real-life" situations and examine them with the use of equations, a task often referred to as problem solving. Problem solving, however, is more than just solving numerical exercises by doing calculations. Using mathematics is only one way to obtain a solution. Another effective method of problem solving involves drawing on conceptual understanding to explain how the world works and applying those concepts in the laboratory. Like scientists, we perform experiments to test our hypotheses. Until we can understand the concepts and have the opportunity to make our own discoveries, the numbers and equations of physics are meaningless. In the words of Paul G. Hewitt, author of Conceptual Physics, "Formulas [should be used] as guides to thinking. . . . We [must] learn to conceptualize before we learn to compute."
This book is not meant to stand alone. It is not meant to replace your physics text, the laboratory work that you do, or your physics teacher. Its purpose is to reinforce the concepts that you have already learned in class and to give you the opportunity to try some calculations with your teacher's help. If you have had difficulty solving word problems in the past, rely on your conceptual understanding of the physics to reason out what should be happening before beginning your mathematical solution. The procedure outlined in the next section will lead you step-by-step through the exercises and make learning to do simple computations a little easier.
How to Use This Book
As you begin to use this book, you will discover that the word problem has been replaced with the word exercise. A physics exercise does not really become a problem until you accept the challenge it offers and attempt to solve it. Once you have chosen to make it your problem, you have a personal interest in finding the solution.
Each chapter of this workbook is divided into two or more topic sections that begin with some physics theory. This theory section provides a very brief review of the concepts and equations your teacher has discussed in class, and is not an introduction to new material. It is presumed that you have already learned everything in the theory section before beginning the exercises. This review is simply a reminder and a place to find all the equations you need.
Following the theory, there is a section called Solved Examples, where the theory is applied to exercises similar to those you will be expected to solve later. Solutions are organized to make it easy to follow a calculation from beginning to end. Most solved examples are in the following format.
iv
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