Medical physics in questions nad answers

Medical Physics in questions and answers

Kukurov? Elena et al.

ASKLEPIOS 2013 ISBN 978?80?7167?174?3

Interactive study text "Medical Physics in questions and answers" has been supported by the grant project KEGA 052UK-4/2013 offered by The Ministry of Education, Science, Research and Sport of the Slovak Republic.

? Authors: prof. MUDr. Elena Kukurov?, CSc.

Co-authors: RNDr. Eva Kr?ov?, PhD., PhDr. Michal Trnka, PhD.

Rewievers: prof. MUDr. Jozef Rosina, PhD., CR, prof. MUDr. Leos Navr?til, CSc., CR

Professional cooperation and auxiliary materials provided by: RNDr. Zuzana Bal?zsiov?, PhD., doc. RNDr. Elena Ferencov?, CSc., prof. MUDr. Vladim?r Javorka, CSc., doc. RNDr. Katar?na Kozl?kov?, CSc., MUDr. Juraj Lys?, PhD., MUDr. Michal Makovn?k, MUDr. Juraj Martinka, PhD., prof. MUDr. Peter Stanko, CSc., MUDr. Andrej Thurzo, PhD., MUDr. Luk?s Valkovic, PhD., Ing. Michal Weis, CSc.

Digital and graphics: PhDr. Michal Trnka, PhD.

Language review: PhDr. Rastislav Vart?k

Publisher: Asklepios, Bratislava 2013

The interactive study text has been supported by the GP MSSR KEGA 052UK-4/2013. No part of this text may be reproduced, saved, copied or replaced electronically, mechanically, photografically or by other means without written agreement of authors and publisher.

ISBN 978?80?7167?174?3

Medical Physics in questions and answers

CONTENT

1. BASIC PHYSICAL TERMS

5

1.1 Mechanics

5

1.2 Dynamics

6

1.3 Work and energy

6

1.4 Mechanics of liquids and gases

7

1.5 Theory of relativity

9

1.6 Thermics and molecular physics

9

1.7 Electricity and magnetism

12

1.8 Optics

16

1.9 Atomic physics

18

1.10 Physical quantities and units

20

2. CALCULATIONS

23

2.1 Measurement errors, statistics

23

2.2 Conversion of units

23

2.3 Graphical processing of measurement, drawing of graphs

23

2.4 Mechanics (force, gravitation, centre of gravity)

25

2.5 Kinematics

25

2.6 Work, power, energy

25

2.7 Physical properties of liquids

26

2.8 Hydrodynamics

26

2.9 Physical properties of gases

26

2.10 Temperature ? measurement of temperature

26

2.11 Electric circuit

27

2.12 Electric field

27

2.13 Light, its geometrical and wave properties

27

2.14 Oscillation

28

2.15 Sound

28

2.16 Optical imaging

28

2.17 Electric measurement devices

29

2.18 Radioactivity

29

Medical Physics in questions and answers

3. QUESTIONS ON MEDICAL PHYSICS AND BIOPHYSICS

TO VERIFY LEVELS OF MASTERY OF BASIC KNOWLEDGE

30

4. EXAMINATION QUESTIONS ON SUBJECTS: MEDICAL PHYSICS,

BIOPHYSICS, MEDICAL PHYSICS AND PRINCIPLES OF eHEALTH

46

4.1 Examination questions ? theoretical part

46

4.2 Examination questions ? practical part

47

4.3 Examination questions ? Principles of eHealth

48

5. MONITOR QUESTIONS ON BIOPHYSICS

50

5.1 Monitor questions on biophysics ? General Medicine

50

5.2 Answers to questions on biophysics ? General Medicine

69

5.3 Monitor questions on biophysics ? Dentistry

70

5.4 Answers to questions on biophysics ? Dentistry

82

6. OPUS SAPIENTI?

83

Medical Physics in questions and answers

1. Z?KLADN? FYZIK?LNE POJMY

1.1 MECHANICS

Mechanics is the branch of physics describing physical properties of bodies and rules of their mechanic motion. Most important quantities and units in mechanics: Statics ? branch of physics describing bodies in quiet state and action of the force applied on them. Volume [V] = 1 m3 Mass [m] = 1 kg; m = F/a, where a ? acceleration (m.s-2), F ? force (N) Density [] = 1 kg.m-3; = m/V, V ? volume (m3) Specific density [ ] = 1 N.m-3; = G/V, G ? gravity (N) Force [F] = 1 N = 1 kg.m.s-2; F = m . a, vector quantity Pressure [p] = 1 Pa = 1 kg.m-1.s-2 ; p = F/S, S ? area Kinematics ? branch of physics describing mechanical movement without considering reasons of movement change. Velocity [v] = 1 m.s-1; v = ds / dt, vector quantity Acceleration [a] = 1 m.s-2 ; a = dv / dt, vector quantity Uniform motion - motion, when a body passes equal trajectory in equal time intervals. Trajectory of uniform motion s = s0 + v0 . t ; [s] = 1 m Velocity of uniform motion v0 = (s ? s0 ) / t, constant Uniformly accelerated motion ? velocity of body increases with time Velocity of uniformly accelerated motion v = v0 + a . t Acceleration of uniformly accelerated motion a = (v ? v0) / t, constant Mean acceleration ap ? ratio of velocity vector change and v and change of corresponding time t. Trajectory of uniformly accelerated motion s = s0 + v0 . t + a . t2 / 2 Free fall ? special example of uniformly accelerated motion, where a = g = 9,81 m .s-2 ; v = g . t ; s = g . t2 /2 Throw (vertical, horizontal, oblique) - motion composed uniform motion v0 = const. and free fall vy = - g / t Period T ? time , in which a mass point during motion passes the trajectory s = 2 . . r ; [T] = 1 s Frequency f = 1 / T number of rounds of a mass point on the circle trajectory in 1 s; [f] = 1 s-1 = 1 Hz Velocity of uniform motion on circle trajectory v = 2. .r /T = 2. . r . f Angle trajectory - ratio trajectory s, passed by a point of rotating body and distance r of this point from the rotation axis = s / r; [] = 1 (radian) = 1 Angle velocity of a rotating body equals to ratio of angle trajectory and time t = / t = 2. /T = 2..f and contemporary = v / r vector quantity; [] = 1 rad . s-1 = s-1

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