Physics Laboratory Manual (312)

Senior Secondary Course

Physics Laboratory Manual (312)

Course Coordinator Dr. Alok Kumar Gupta

NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF OPEN SCHOOLING

(An autonomous organisation under MHRD, Govt. of India)

A-24-25, Institutional Area, Sector-62, NOIDA-201309 (U.P.) Website: nios.ac.in, Toll Free No. 18001809393

ADVISORY COMMITTEE

Dr. Sitansu S. Jena Chairman NIOS, NOIDA (UP)

Dr. Kuldeep Agarwal Director (Academic) NIOS, NOIDA (UP)

Dr. Rachna Bhatia Assistant Director (Academic) NIOS, NOIDA (UP)

CURRICULUM COMMITTEE

CHAIRMAN

Prof. C. K. Ghosh Director, National Centre for Innovations

in Distance Education (NCIDE) IGNOU, Delhi

MEMBER

Sri Puran Chand Joint Secretary, COBSE New Delhi-110034 Former Joint Commissioner, KVS

Prof. B. K. Sharma Retd Professor (Physics), DESM, NCERT, New Delhi

Sri R. P. Sharma Education Officer (Retd.), CBSE, New Delhi-110002

Dr. P. K. Mukherjee Associate Professor (Physics) Desh Bandhu College, New Delhi

Late Sri Sher Singh Principal, Navyug School, Lodhi Road Delhi-110003

Sri Jayavir Singh PGT (Physics) Holy Cross School, Najafgarh Delhi-110043

Prof. R. R. Yadav Department of Physics, University of Allahabad, Allahabad-211002

Prof. A. K. Jha Department of Physics, College of Commerce Patna - 800016

Prof. V. P. Srivastava Retd Professor (Physics), DESM, NCERT, New Delhi

Dr. Alok Kumar Gupta Academic Officer, National Institute of Open Schooling, NOIDA

Sri Kanhaiya Lal Principal (Retd) Dir. of Education Delhi

Dr. K. B. Thapa Assistant Professor, UIET, CSJM University, Kanpur

Prof. Balak Das Department of Physics, University of Lucknow, Lucknow - 226007

LESSON WRITERS AND EDITORS

Prof. C. K. Ghosh Director, National Centre for Innovations in Distance Education (NCIDE), IGNOU, Delhi

Sri R. S. Dass Retd. Vice Principal BRMVB Sr. Sec. School, Lajpat Nagar Delhi-110024

Prof. V. P. Srivastava Retd Professor (Physics), DESM, NCERT, New Delhi

Dr. P. K. Mukherjee Associate Professor (Physics) Desh Bandhu College, New Delhi

Sri D. C. Pandey Assistant Director (Retd.) Dir. of Education, Delhi

Dr. Alok Kumar Gupta Academic Officer, NIOS, NOIDA

Late Sri Sher Singh Principal, Navyug School, Lodhi Road Delhi-110003

Sri Kanhaiya Lal Principal (Retd) Dir. of Education Delhi

COURSE COORDINATOR

Dr. Alok Kumar Gupta Academic Officer, (Physics) NIOS, NOIDA (U.P.)

GRAPHIC ILLUSTRATORS

Sri Krishna Graphics C-90, West Vinod Nagar Delhi-110092

Chairman's Message

Dear learner,

As the needs of the society in general, and some groups in particular, keep on changing with time, the methods and techniques required for fulfilling those aspirations also have to be modified accordingly. Education is an instrument of change. The right type of education at right time can bring about positivity in the outlook of society, attitudinal changes to face the new/fresh challenges and the courage to face difficult situations.

This can be very effectively achieved by regular periodic curriculum renewal. A static curriculum does not serve any purpose, as it does not cater to the current needs and aspirations of the individual and society.

For this purpose only, educationists from all over the country come together at regular intervals to deliberate on the issues of changes needed and required. As an outcome of such deliberations, the National Curriculum Framework (NCF 2005) came out, which spells out in detail the type of education desirable/needed at various levels of education - primary, elementary, secondary or senior secondary.

Keeping this framework and other national and societal concerns in mind, we have currently revised the curriculum of Physics course at Senior Secondary level, as per the Common Core Curriculum provided by National Council of Educational Research and Training (NCERT) and the Council of Boards of School Education in India (COBSE) making it current and need based. Textual material production is an integral and essential part of all NIOS programmes offered through open and distance learning system. Therefore, we have taken special care to make the learning material user friendly, interesting and attractive for you.

I would like to thank all the eminent persons involved in making this material interesting and relevant to your needs. I hope you will find it appealing and absorbing.

On behalf of National Institute of Open Schooling, I wish you all a bright and successful future.

(Dr. S. S. Jena) Chairman, NIOS

A Note From the Director

Dear Learner,

Welcome!

The Academic Department at the National Institute of Open Schooling tries to bring you new programmes, in accordance with your needs and requirements. After making a comprehensive study, we found that our curriculum is more functional related to life situations and simple. The task now was to make it more effective and useful for you. We invited leading educationists of the country and under their guidance, we have been able to revise and update the curriculum in the subject of Physics.

At the same time, we have also removed old, outdated information and added new, relevant things and tried to make the learning material attractive and appealing for you.

I hope you will find the new material interesting and exciting with lots of activities to do. Any suggestions for further improvement are welcome.

Let me wish you all a happy and successful future.

(Dr. Kuldeep Agarwal) Director (Academic)

National Institute of Open Schooling

A Word With You

Dear Learner,

I hope you must be enjoying studying Physics from NIOS study material. Like any other branch of science, in Physics too you search for scientific truth by verifying the facts. Hence, learning by doing has an important role in especially in Physics. The NIOS Physics curriculum at Senior Secondary stage is designed to encourage development of such skills in order to make learning effective. Therefore, lots of activities have been incorporated even in the study material of Physics course. In Book I of Physics you will find a list of experiments in the end. Some of these experiments are indeed very simple and you will be able to perform them even on your own. But for others, you may require some guidance. In this Physics laboratory manual we have tried to incorporate all the required guidelines to perform the experiments. this book is in addition to three core books help you which cover the theory portion of the curriculum.

There are three sections in this laboratory manual. In the beginning of each section, a few pages of introduciton have been given which disucss the importance and meaning of practical work in Physics, safety measures and precautions to be taken while in the laboratory, and the way you should maintain the Record Book. Each experiment in the manual has detailed instructions about how to perform the experiment and has observation tables in which you can record your data. Before starting an experiment, read the instructions given in the laboratory manual carefully and recored the observations in the tables honestly.

I am sure, at the end of each experiment, you may like to assess your understanding about that experiment. For this purpose, a few questions have been given. For your convenience, the answers to these questions are also provided at the end of the manual in the appendix. Though the manual has the scope of recording your observations in the tables, you are required to maintain a record book as per the instructions given, as it carries weightage in the practical examination also. In case you have any doubts or problems while performing the experiments or otherwise, feel free to ask your Physics Teacher or write to us.

We hope you will enjoy doing experiments. Wishing you all the success.

(Dr. Alok Kumar Gupta) Course Coordinator, Physics E-mail: aophy@nios.ac.in

Contents

S. No.

Name of the Experiment

Group A

Introduction

1. To determine the internal diameter and depth of a cylinderical container (like tin can, calorimeter) using a vernier callipers and find its capacity. Verify the result using a graduated cylinder.

2. To determine the diameter of a given wire using a screw gauge. 3. To determine the radius of curvature of a concave mirror using a spherometer.

4. To find the time period of a simple pendulum for small amplitudes and draw the graph of length of the pendulum against square of the time period. Use the graph to find the length of the second's pendulum.

5. To find the weight of a given body using law of parallelogram of vectors. 6. To study the Newton's law of cooling by plotting a graph between cooling time

and temperature, difference between calorimeter and surroundings.

7. To determine the specific heat of a solid using the method of mixtures.

8. To measure extensions in the length of a helical spring with increasing load. Find the spring constant of the spring extension graph.

9. To find the time required to empty a burette, filled with water, to ? of its volume, to ? of its volume, to 1/8 of its volume and so on. Then plot a graph between volume of water in the burette and time and thus study at each stage that the fractional rate of flow is same (analogy to radio-active decay).

Group B

Introduction

10. To determine the wavelength of sound produced (i) in an air column, (ii) the velocity of sound in air at room temperature using a resonance column and a tuning fork.

11. To compare the frequencies of two tuning forks by finding first and second resonance positions in a resonance tube.

12. To establish graphically the relation between the tension and length of a string of a sonometer vibrating in its fundamental mode resonating with a given tuning fork. Use the graph to determine the mass per unit length of the string.

Page No.

1 20

26 30 35

39 44 49 53 57

62 65

70 73

13. To find the value of v for different values of u in case of a concave mirror and

77

find its focal length (f) by plotting graph between 1/u and 1/v.

1

82

14. To find the focal length (f) of a convex lens by plotting graph between and

1

u

.

v

15. To find the focal length of a convex mirror using a convex lens.

87

16. Determine the focal length of a concave lens by combining it with a suitable

91

convex lens.

17. To draw a graph between the angle of incidence (i) and angle of deviation (D)

96

for a glass prism and to determine the refractive index of the glass of the

prism using this graph.

18. To compare the refractive indices of two transparent liquids using a concave

100

mirror and a single pin.

19. To set up an astronomical telescope and find its magnifying power.

105

Group C

Introduction

112

20. To verify the law of combination (series and parallel) of resistances using

116

ammeter ? voltmeter method and coils of known resistances.

21. To compare the e.m.f.'s of two given primary cells by using a potentiometer.

120

22. To determine the specific resistance of the material of two given wires using a

124

metre bridge.

23. To determine the internal resistance of a primary cell using a potentiometer.

139

24. To determine the inductance and resistance of a given coil (inductor) using a

135

suitable series resistance and an AC voltmeter.

25. To study decay of current in a R.C. circuit while charging the capacitor, using

140

a galvanometer and find the time constant of the circuit.

26. To draw the characteristic curve of a forward biased pn junction diode and to

146

determine the static and dynamic resistance of the diode.

27. To draw the characteristics of an npn transistor in common emitter mode.

152

From the characteristics find out (i) the current gain () of the transistor and

(ii) the voltage gain A with a load resistances of 1k . V

28. To draw the lines of force due to a bar magnet keep (i) N-pole pointing to

158

north (ii) N-pole pointing to South. Locate the neutral points.

29. To determine the internal resistance of a moving coil galvanometer by half

163

deflection method, and to convert it into a volt meter of a given range, say (0-

3V), and verify it.

Appendix

168

Answers to Check your Understanding

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