CC-101: PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY-I



B.Sc. (Honours)-M.Sc.: Five year integrated course in Chemistry (FYIC) 2020-21, 2021-22 and 2022-23Semester-ISr. No.Course TitlePaper CodeCreditHours/Week1.Physical Chemistry-I CC-101442.Inorganic Chemistry-I CC-102443.Mathematics-IGE-1035+1**64.Punjabi (C/E)*AE-104 (A/B)225.Basic Analytical ChemistrySE-105226.Physical Chemistry Practical-ICC-106247.Inorganic Chemistry Practical-I CC-10724Total2226* C - compulsory, E- Elementary Semester-IISr. No.Course TitlePaper CodeCreditHours/ Week1.Physical Chemistry-II CC-anic Chemistry-I CC-202443.Physics-IGE-203444.English (C)AE-204225.Drug Abuse Problem Management & PreventionQP-205226.Physical Chemistry Practical-IICC-anic Chemistry Practical-ICC-207248.Physics Practical-IGE-20824Total2228Semester-IIISr. No.Course TitlePaper CodeCreditHours/ Week1.Inorganic Chemistry-IICC-anic Chemistry-IICC-303443.Mathematics-IIGE-3045+1**64.Environment and Road Safety AwarenessQP-305225.Polymeric Chemistry DS-3064+1**56.Inorganic Chemistry Practical-IICC-anic Chemistry Practical-IICC-30824Total2529** 1 TutorialSemester-IVSr. No.Course TitlePaper CodeCreditHours/ Week1.Fundamentals of SpectroscopyCC-401442.Basics of Electro ChemistryCC-402443.Fundamentals of ComputerSE-403224.Aspects of Qualitative and Quantitative AnalysisDS-4044+1*55.Physics-IIGE-404446.General Chemistry Practicals-ICC-406247.General Chemistry Practicals-IICC-407248.Physics Practical-IIGE-40524Total2531Semester-VSr. No.Course TitlePaper CodeCreditHours/ Week1.Physical Chemistry-IIICC-anic Chemistry-IIICC-502443.Inorganic Chemistry-IIICC-503444.Green ChemistryDS-5044+1*55.Physical Chemistry Practical-IIICC-anic Chemistry Practical-IIICC-506247.Inorganic Chemistry Practical-IIICC-50724Total2329Semester-VISr. No.Course TitlePaper CodeCreditHours/ Week1.Physical Chemistry-IVCC-anic Chemistry-IVCC-602443.Inorganic Chemistry-IVCC-603444.Basic Aspects in Medicinal ChemistryDS-6044+1*55.Physical Chemistry Practical-IVCC-anic Chemistry Practical-IVCC-606247.Inorganic Chemistry Practical-IVCC-60724Total2329* 1 TutorialSyllabusCORE COURSE (HONOURS IN CHEMISTRY)CC-101: PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY-ILectures to be delivered: 60 Hrs.Max. Marks: 100 External Examination: 70 marks Internal Assessment: 30 marksTime Allowed: 3 Hrs.Pass Marks: 40% Credits: 04INSTRUCTIONS FOR THE PAPER-SETTERThe question paper will consist of Three sections: A, B & C. Section A & B will have four questions each from the respective section of the syllabus and will carry 12 marks each. Section C will consist of 11 short answer type questions, which will cover the entire syllabus uniformly and will carry 2 marks each. Use of scientific non-programmable calculator is allowed.INSTRUCTIONS FOR THE CANDIDATESCandidates are required to attempt two questions each from the sections A & B of the question paper and the entire Section C is compulsory.Section-AGaseous stateKinetic molecular model of a gas: postulates and derivation of the kinetic gas equation; collision frequency; collision diameter; mean free path and viscosity of gases, including their temperature and pressure dependence, relation between mean free path and coefficient of viscosity, calculation of σ from η; variation of viscosity with temperature and pressure.Maxwell distribution and its use in evaluating molecular velocities (average, root mean square and most probable) and average kinetic energy, law of equipartition of energy, degrees of freedom and molecular basis of heat capacities.Behaviour of real gases: Deviations from ideal gas behaviour, compressibility factor, Z, and its variation with pressure for different gases. Causes of deviation from ideal behaviour. Vander Waals equation of state, its derivation and application in explaining real gas behaviour, mention of other equations of state; virial equation of state; Vander Waals equation expressed in virial form and calculation of Boyle temperature. Isotherms of real gases and their comparison with Vander Waals isotherms, continuity of states, critical state, relation between critical constants and Vander Waals constants, law of corresponding states. (18 Lectures)Liquid stateQualitative treatment of the structure of the liquid state; Radial distribution function; physical properties of liquids; vapour pressure, surface tension and coefficient of viscosity, and their determination. Effect of addition of various solutes on surface tension and viscosity. Explanation of cleansing action of detergents. Temperature variation of viscosity of liquids and comparison with that of gases.Qualitative discussion of structure of water. (12 Lectures)Section-BSolid stateNature of the solid state, law of constancy of interfacial angles, law of rational indices, Miller indices, elementary ideas of symmetry, symmetry elements and symmetry operations, qualitative idea of point and space groups, seven crystal systems and fourteen Bravais lattices; X-ray diffraction, Bragg’s law, a simple account of rotating crystal method and powder pattern method. Analysis of powder diffraction patterns of NaCl, CsCl and KCl. Defects in crystals. Glasses and liquid crystals. (12 Lectures)Ionic equilibriaStrong, moderate and weak electrolytes, degree of ionization, factors affecting degree of ionization, ionization constant and ionic product of water. Ionization of weak acids and bases, pH scale, common ion effect; dissociation constants of mono-, di-and triprotic acids (exact treatment).Salt hydrolysis-calculation of hydrolysis constant, degree of hydrolysis and pH for different salts. Buffer solutions; derivation of Henderson equation and its applications; buffer capacity, buffer range, buffer action and applications of buffers in analytical chemistry and biochemical processes in the human body.Solubility and solubility product of sparingly soluble salts – applications of solubility product principle. Qualitative treatment of acid – base titration curves (calculation of pH at various stages). Theory of acid–base indicators; selection of indicators and their limitations.Multistage equilibria in polyelectrolyte systems; hydrolysis and hydrolysis constants. (18 Lectures)Reference Books:Atkins, P. W. & Paula, J. de Atkin’s Physical Chemistry 10th Ed., Oxford UniversityPress (2014).Ball, D. W. Physical Chemistry Thomson Press, India (2007).Castellan, G. W. Physical Chemistry 4th Ed. Narosa (2004).Mortimer, R. G. Physical Chemistry 3rd Ed. Elsevier: NOIDA, UP (200X).Engel, T. & Reid, P. Physical Chemistry 3rd Ed. Pearson (2013).CC-102: INORGANIC CHEMISTRY-ILectures to be delivered: 60 Hrs.Max. Marks: 100 External Examination: 70 marks Internal Assessment: 30 marksTime Allowed: 3 Hrs.Pass Marks: 40% Credits: 04INSTRUCTIONS FOR THE PAPER-SETTERThe question paper will consist of Three sections: A, B & C. Section A & B will have four questions each from the respective section of the syllabus and will carry 12 marks each. Section C will consist of 11 short answer type questions, which will cover the entire syllabus uniformly and will carry 2 marks each. Use of scientific non-programmable calculator is allowed.INSTRUCTIONS FOR THE CANDIDATESCandidates are required to attempt two questions each from the sections A & B of the question paper and the entire Section C is compulsory.Section-AAtomic StructureBohr’s theory, its limitations and atomic spectrum of hydrogen atom. Wave mechanics: de Broglie equation, Heisenberg’s Uncertainty Principle and its significance, Schr?dinger’s wave equation, significance of ψ and ψ2. Quantum numbers and their significance. Normalized and orthogonal wave functions. Sign of wave functions. Radial and angular wave functions for hydrogen atom. Radial and angular distribution curves. Shapes of s, p, d and f orbitals. Contour boundary and probability diagrams.Pauli’s Exclusion Principle, Hund’s rule of maximum multiplicity, Aufbau’s principle and its limitations, Variation of orbital energy with atomic number.(14 Lectures)Periodicity of Elementss, p, d, f block elements, the long form of periodic table. Detailed discussion of the following properties of the elements, with reference to s and p-block.Effective nuclear charge, shielding or screening effect, Slater rules, variation of effective nuclear charge in periodic table.Atomic radii (van der Waals)Ionic and crystal radii.Covalent radii (octahedral and tetrahedral)Ionization enthalpy, Successive ionization enthalpies and factors affecting ionization energy. Applications of ionization enthalpy.Electron gain enthalpy, trends of electron gain enthalpy.Electronegativity, Pauling’s/ Mulliken’s/ Allred Rachow’s/ and Mulliken-Jaffé’s electronegativity scales. Variation of electronegativity with bond order, partial charge, hybridization, group electronegativity. Sanderson’s electron density ratio. (16 Lectures)Section-BChemical BondingIonic bond: General characteristics, types of ions, size effects, radius ratio rule and its limitations. Packing of ions in crystals. Born-Landé equation with derivation and importance of Kapustinskii expression for lattice energy. Madelung constant, Born-Haber cycle and its application, Solvation energy.Covalent bond: Lewis structure, Valence Bond theory (Heitler-London approach). Energetics of hybridization, equivalent and non-equivalent hybrid orbitals. Bent’s rule, Resonance and resonance energy, Molecular orbital theory. Molecular orbital diagrams of diatomic and simple polyatomic molecules N2, O2, C2, B2, F2, CO, NO, and their ions; HCl, BeF2, CO2, (idea of s-p mixing and orbital interaction to be given). Formal charge, Valence shell electron pair repulsion theory (VSEPR), shapes of simple molecules and ions containing lone pairs and bond pairs of electrons, multiple bonding (σ and π bond approach) and bond lengths.Covalent character in ionic compounds, polarizing power and polarizability. Fajan’s rules and consequences of polarization.Ionic character in covalent compounds: Bond moment and dipole moment. Percentage ionic character from dipole moment and electronegativity difference.Metallic Bond: Qualitative idea of valence bond and band theories. Semiconductors and insulators, defects in solids.Weak Chemical Forces: van der Waals forces, ion-dipole forces, dipole-dipole interactions, induced dipole interactions, Instantaneous dipole-induced dipole interactions. Repulsive forces, Hydrogen bonding (theories of hydrogen bonding, valence bond treatment) Effects of chemical force, melting and boiling points, solubility energetics of dissolution process. (26 Lectures)Oxidation-ReductionRedox equations, Standard Electrode Potential and its application to inorganic reactions. Principles involved in volumetric analysis to be carried out in class. (4 Lectures)Reference Books:-Lee, J.D. Concise Inorganic Chemistry ELBS, 1XX1.Douglas, B.E. and McDaniel, D.H. Concepts & Models of Inorganic ChemistryOxford, 1X70Atkins, P.W. & Paula, J. Physical Chemistry, 10th Ed., Oxford University Press, 2014.Day, M.C. and Selbin, J. Theoretical Inorganic Chemistry, ACS Publications, 1X62.Rodger, G.E. Inorganic and Solid State Chemistry, Cengage Learning India Edition, 2002.GE-103: Mathematics-ILectures to be delivered: 60 Hrs.Max. Marks: 100 External Examination: 70 marks Internal Assessment: 30 marksTime Allowed: 3 Hrs.Pass Marks: 40% Credits: 06(5+1*)INSTRUCTIONS FOR THE PAPER-SETTERThe question paper will consist of Three sections: A, B & C. Section A & B will have four questions each from the respective section of the syllabus and will carry 12 marks each. Section C will consist of 11 short answer type questions, which will cover the entire syllabus uniformly and will carry 2 marks each. Use of scientific non-programmable calculator is allowed.INSTRUCTIONS FOR THE CANDIDATESCandidates are required to attempt two questions each from the sections A & B of the question paper and the entire Section C is compulsory.Section-AMatrices and Determinants: Basic operations of Matrices, Determinant of Matrices and properties, Adjoint and Inverse of Matrix Rank of Matrix, Eigen Vectors and Eigen Values of Matrices, Cayley's Hamilton Theorem (without proof).(15 hrs.)Differential Calculus: Limits, Continuity, Differentiation of functions, Chain rule of differentiation.(15 hrs.)Section-BApplication of Derivatives: Maxima and Minima of function, Rolle's Theorem and Mean Value Theorem, Taylor's and Maclaurin's theorem, Tangents and Normals. (10 hrs.)Integral Calculus: Indefinite Integration of standard functions, Integration by substitution, Partial fraction. Definite Integration and properties. (15 hrs.)Differential Equations: Order and degree of differential equation, Solution of Linear Differential Equations of First order and degree. (5 hrs.)Books :Differential Calculus: Shanti NarayanIntegral Calculus: Shanti NarayanElementary Engineering Mathematics: B.S. GarewalA text book of Matrices: Shanti NarayanR.K. Jain, S.R.K. Iyengar: Advanced Engineering Mathematics.* 1 Tutorial AE-104 A: Punjabi (Compulsory)Lectures to be delivered: 30 Hrs.Max. Marks: 50 External Examination: 35 marks Internal Assessment: 15 marksTime Allowed: 3 Hrs.Pass Marks: 40% Credits: 02INSTRUCTIONS FOR THE PAPER-SETTERThe question paper will consist of Three sections: A, B & C. Section A & B will have four questions each from the respective sections of the syllabus and will carry 5 marks each from Section A and 5.5 marks from Section B. Section C will consist of 7 short type questions which will cover the entire syllabus uniformly and will carry 2 marks each. INSTRUCTIONS FOR THE CANDIDATESCandidates are required to attempt two questions each from the sections A & B of the question paper and the entire Section C is compulsory.?????? ?? ??? ?????????? ? : ??? ???, ????. ????? ???? ???? ??? ??. ????? ???? ???? ??? ? : (1) ?????-???? : ?????, ??????? ??? ??????? ???? ??? ????? (2) ??????: (i) ?????? ???? –?????, ???, ??????, ????? ???, ????? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ???????? (ii) ???? ????????? ??? ????????: ????, ??????, ????????, ?????, ????? ????????, ??????, ????, ?????? ???? ???? ??? ? ??? ? ??? ??? ? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ???? ???? ?? ????????????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ?? ????? ??? ???? ????? ?, ? ??? ? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ? ????? :???? ????? ??-?????-????/???/?????? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ??? (???? ????? ???) 14 ??????? ?????? ???????? (??? ????? ??) 2x6=12 ?????? ? 1 ???? ????? ?? ????? ???? ?? ???? ??????? (???? ????? ???)12 ??? 2 ?? ????? ????? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ???????? 12 ??? ?? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ??????? ??? ? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? 15 (??? ????? ??? ??? ????? 7 ??? ?????? ????? 8) ?????? ????? ?????? ???????? ?? ???? ???????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? 2 ??? ?????? 15x2=30 ???????? ???-?????? 1. ?????? ????, ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ????, ????? ???????, ?????, 1X73. 2. ????? ???? ????, ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? (?????? ??????? ?? ???? ???), ?????? ??????????, ??????, 2000. 3. ???? ???? ????, ?????? ?????? : ?????? ?? ?????, ????? ???????, ???????, 2008. 4. ????? ?????? ????, ??????? ???? ??????, ???? ???????, ??????, 2002. 5. ????? ?????? ????, ?????? ???? ?? ????? ?? ????, ?????? ??????????, ??????, 1XX6. 6. ????? ?????? ????, ??? ??????, ???? ???????, ??????, 2002. 7. ??????? ???? ???? ??? ???, ?????? ???? ?? ??????, (?,?? ??? ???), ?????? ???? ??????, ?????? 8. ???????? ???? ????, ?????? ???? ??????, ?????? ???? ??????, ?????, 1XXX. X．??? ??????? (??? ????? ???), ?????? ??????????, ??????. 10. ??. ????? ???? ???????, ?????? ????? ?? ??????, ?????? ??????, ?????.AE-104 B: Punjabi (Elementary)Lectures to be delivered: 30 Hrs.Max. Marks: 50 External Examination: 35 marks Internal Assessment: 15 marksTime Allowed: 3 Hrs.Pass Marks: 40% Credits: 02INSTRUCTIONS FOR THE PAPER-SETTERThe question paper will consist of Three sections: A, B & C. Section A & B will have four questions each from the respective sections of the syllabus and will carry 5 marks each from Section A and 5.5 marks from Section B. Section C will consist of 7 short type questions which will cover the entire syllabus uniformly and will carry 2 marks each. INSTRUCTIONS FOR THE CANDIDATESCandidates are required to attempt two questions each from the sections A & B of the question paper and the entire Section C is compulsory.gkm-eqw1H gzikph GkFk,r[ow[yh fbghr[ow[yh fbgh L pDso ns/ soshp2H r[ow[yh nkoE'rqkch;Po pDso ns/ T[ukoBftnziB pDso ns/ T[ukoB3H gzikph Fpd pDso;kXkoB FpdfJe T[ukoyzvh Fpd:{fBN ns/ Ehw1H gzikph GkFk L BkweoD ns/ ;zy/g ikD gSkD, r[ow[yh fbgh L BkweoD, r[ow[yh toDwkbkl g?sh nZyoh, nZyo eqw, ;Po tkje (T n J), brK wksoK, g?o ftu fpzdh tkb/ toD, g?o ftu g?D tkb/ toD, fpzdh, fN`gh, n`Xe.2H r[ow[yh nkoE'rqkch ns/ T[ukoBl ;PoK dh pDso ns/ T[ukoB (bx{-dhox ;Po)l ;Po ns/ brK wksoKl ftnziBK dh pDso ns/ T[ukoBl g?o ftu g?D tkb/ toDK (j, o, t) dk T[ukoB l b ns/ ba dk T[ukoBl G, X, Y, M, x dk T[ukoBl g?o ftu fpzdh tkb/ toDK dk T[ukoB.3H gzikph Fpd-pDso L ;kXkoB Fpdl fJe`bk ;Po (fit/ nk)l ;Po ns/ ftnziB (fit/ nko)l ftnziB ns/ ;Po (fit/ gk)l ftnziB ;Po ftnziB (fit/ gko)l e'Frs Fpd (fit/ xo, gh)l ftnkeoDe Fpd (fit/ ~, B/)l gzikph Fpd ouBk-1l fbzr-g[fbzr, fJe tuB-pj[ tuBl fB`s tos' dh gzikph Fpdktbh-1L ykD-ghD, ;kekdkoh, o[`sK, wjhfBnK, frDsh, w";w nkfd Bkb ;zpzfXs.SE-105 Basic Analytical ChemistryLectures to be delivered: 30 Hrs.Max. Marks: 50 External Examination: 35 marks Internal Assessment: 15 marksTime Allowed: 3 Hrs.Pass Marks: 40% Credits: 02INSTRUCTIONS FOR THE PAPER-SETTERThe question paper will consist of Three sections: A, B & C. Section A & B will have four questions each from the respective sections of the syllabus and will carry 5 marks each from Section A and 5.5 marks from Section B. Section C will consist of 7 short type questions which will cover the entire syllabus uniformly and will carry 2 marks each. INSTRUCTIONS FOR THE CANDIDATESCandidates are required to attempt two questions each from the sections A & B of the question paper and the entire Section C is compulsory.Section-AIntroduction: Introduction to Analytical Chemistry and its interdisciplinary nature. Concept of sampling. Importance of accuracy, precision and sources of error in analytical measurements. Presentation of experimental data and results, from the point of view of significant figures.Analysis of soil: Composition of soil, Concept of pH and pH measurement, Complexometric titrations, Chelation, Chelating agents, use of indicatorsDetermination of pH of soil samples.Estimation of Calcium and Magnesium ions as Calcium carbonate by complexometric titration.Analysis of water: Definition of pure water, sources responsible for contaminating water, water sampling methods, water purification methods.Determination of pH, acidity and alkalinity of a water sample.Determination of dissolved oxygen (DO) of a water sample.Analysis of food products: Nutritional value of foods, idea about food processing and food preservations and adulteration.Identification of adulterants in some common food items like coffee powder, asafetida, chili powder, turmeric powder, coriander powder and pulses, etc.Analysis of preservatives and colouring matter.Section-BChromatography: Definition, general introduction on principles of chromatography, paper chromatography, TLC etc.Paper chromatographic separation of mixture of metal ion (Fe3+ and Al3+).To compare paint samples by TLC method.Ion-exchange: Column, ion-exchange chromatography etc.Determination of ion exchange capacity of anion / cation exchange resin (using batch procedure if use of column is not feasible).Analysis of cosmetics: Major and minor constituents and their functionAnalysis of deodorants and antiperspirants, Al, Zn, boric acid, chloride, sulphate.Determination of constituents of talcum powder: Magnesium oxide, Calcium oxide, Zinc oxide and Calcium carbonate by complexometric titration.Suggested Applications (Any one):To study the use of phenolphthalein in trap cases.To analyze arson accelerants.To carry out analysis of gasoline.Suggested Instrumental demonstrations:Estimation of macro nutrients: Potassium, Calcium, Magnesium in soil samples by flame photometry.Spectrophotometric determination of Iron in Vitamin / Dietary Tablets.Spectrophotometric Identification and Determination of Caffeine and Benzoic Acid in Soft Drinks.Reference Books:Willard, H.H., Merritt, L.L., Dean, J. & Settoe, F.A. Instrumental Methods of Analysis, 7th Ed. Wadsworth Publishing Company Ltd., Belmont, California, USA, 1988.Skoog, D.A., Holler, F.J. & Crouch, S. Principles of Instrumental Analysis, Cengage Learning India Edition, 2007.Skoog, D.A.; West, D.M. & Holler, F.J. Analytical Chemistry: An Introduction 6th Ed., Saunders College Publishing, Fort Worth, Philadelphia (1994).Harris, D. C. Quantitative Chemical Analysis, 9th ed. Macmillan Education, 2016.Dean, J. A. Analytical Chemistry Handbook, McGraw Hill, 2004.Day, R. A. & Underwood, A. L. Quantitative Analysis, Prentice Hall of India, 1992.Freifelder, D.M. Physical Biochemistry 2nd Ed., W.H. Freeman & Co., N.Y. USA (1982).Cooper, T.G. The Tools of Biochemistry, John Wiley & Sons, N.Y. USA. 16 (1977).Vogel, A. I. Vogel’s Qualitative Inorganic Analysis 7th Ed., Prentice Hall, 1996.Mendham, J., A. I. Vogel’s Quantitative Chemical Analysis 6th Ed., Pearson, 2009.Robinson, J.W. Undergraduate Instrumental Analysis 5th Ed., Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York (1995).Christian, G.D. Analytical Chemistry, 6th Ed. John Wiley & Sons, New York, -106: Physical Chemistry Practical-ITotal hours: 60 Hrs.Max. Marks: 50 External Examination: 35 marksInternal Assessment 15 marksTime Allowed: 4 Hrs.Pass Marks: 40% Credits: 02Surface tension measurements.Determine the surface tension by (i) drop number (ii) drop weight method.Studythe variationof surface tension of detergent solutions with concentration.Viscosity measurement using Ostwald’s viscometer.Determination of viscosity of aqueous solutions of (i) polymer(ii) ethanol Study the variation of viscosity of sucrose solution with the concentration of solute.pH MetryDetermination of pH, acidity and alkalinity of a water sample.pH metric titration of (i) strong acid vs. strong base,(ii) weak acid vs. strong base.(i) Determination of dissociation constant of a weak acid.(ii) Determination of dissociation constant of a weak base.Preparation of buffer solutions of different pHSodium acetate-acetic acidAmmonium chloride-ammonium hydroxideReference BooksKhosla, B. D.; Garg, V. C. & Gulati, A. Senior Practical Physical Chemistry, R. Chand & Co.: New Delhi (2011).Garland, C. W.; Nibler, J. W. & Shoemaker, D. P. Experiments in Physical Chemistry 8th Ed.; McGraw-Hill: New York (2003).Halpern, A. M. & McBane, G. C. Experimental Physical Chemistry 3rd Ed.; W.H. Freeman & Co.: New York (2003).CC-107: Inorganic Chemistry Practical-ITotal hours: 60 Hrs.Max. Marks: 50 External Examination: 35 marksInternal Assessment: 15 marksTime Allowed: 4 Hrs.Pass Marks: 40% Credits: 02Titrimetric AnalysisCalibration and use of apparatusPreparation of solutions of different Molarity/Normality of titrantsAcid-Base TitrationsEstimation of carbonate and hydroxide present together in mixture.Estimation of carbonate and bicarbonate present together in a mixture. Estimation of free alkali present in different soaps/detergentsOxidation-Reduction TitrimetryEstimation of Fe(II) and oxalic acid using standardized KMnO4 solution.Estimation of oxalic acid and sodium oxalate in a given mixture.Estimation of Fe(II) with K2Cr2O7 using internal (diphenylamine, anthranilic acid) and external indicator.Reference text:Mendham, J., A. I. Vogel’s Quantitative Chemical Analysis 6th Ed., Pearson, 200X.Semester-IICORE COURSE (HONOURS IN CHEMISTRY)CC-201: PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY-2Lectures to be delivered: 60 Hrs.Max. Marks: 100 External Examination: 70 marks Internal Assessment: 30 marksTime Allowed: 3 Hrs.Pass Marks: 40% Credits: 04INSTRUCTIONS FOR THE PAPER-SETTERThe question paper will consist of Three sections: A, B & C. Section A & B will have four questions each from the respective section of the syllabus and will carry 12 marks each. Section C will consist of 11 short answer type questions, which will cover the entire syllabus uniformly and will carry 2 marks each. Use of scientific non-programmable calculator is allowed.INSTRUCTIONS FOR THE CANDIDATESCandidates are required to attempt two questions each from the sections A & B of the question paper and the entire Section C is compulsory.Section-AChemical ThermodynamicsIntensive and extensive variables; state and path functions; isolated, closed and open systems; zeroth law of thermodynamics.First law: Concept of heat, q, work, w, internal energy, U, and statement of first law; enthalpy, H, relation between heat capacities, calculations of q, w, U and H for reversible, irreversible and free expansion of gases (ideal and van der Waals) under isothermal and adiabatic conditions.Thermochemistry: Heats of reactions: standard states; enthalpy of formation of molecules and ions and enthalpy of combustion and its applications; calculation of bond energy, bond dissociation energy and resonance energy from thermochemical data, effect of temperature (Kirchhoff’s equations) and pressure on enthalpy of reactions. Adiabatic flame temperature, explosion temperature.Second Law: Concept of entropy; thermodynamic scale of temperature, statement of the second law of thermodynamics; molecular and statistical interpretation of entropy. Calculation of entropy change for reversible and irreversible processes.Free Energy Functions: Gibbs and Helmholtz energy; variation of S, G, A with T, V, P; Free energy change and spontaneity. Relation between Joule-Thomson coefficient and other thermodynamic parameters; inversion temperature; Gibbs-Helmholtz equation; Maxwell relations; thermodynamic equation of state. (30 Lectures)Section-BSystems of Variable CompositionPartial molar quantities, dependence of thermodynamic parameters on composition; Gibbs- Duhem equation, chemical potential of ideal mixtures, change in thermodynamic functions in mixing of ideal gases. (8 Lectures)Chemical EquilibriumCriteria of thermodynamic equilibrium, degree of advancement of reaction, chemical equilibria in ideal gases, concept of fugacity. Thermodynamic derivation of relation between Gibbs free energy of reaction and reaction quotient. Coupling of exoergic and endoergic reactions. Equilibrium constants and their quantitative dependence on temperature, pressure and concentration. Free energy of mixing and spontaneity; thermodynamic derivation of relations between the various equilibrium constants Kp, Kc and Kx. Le-Chatelier principle (quantitative treatment); equilibrium between ideal gases and a pure condensed phase. (11 Lectures)Solutions and Colligative PropertiesDilute solutions; lowering of vapour pressure, Raoult’s and Henry’s Laws and their applications. Excess thermodynamic functions.Thermodynamic derivation using chemical potential to derive relations between the four colligative properties [(i) relative lowering of vapour pressure, (ii) elevation of boiling point,Depression of freezing point, (iv) osmotic pressure] and amount of solute. Applications in calculating molar masses of normal, dissociated and associated solutes in solution. (11 Lectures)Reference BooksPeter, A. & Paula, J. de. Physical Chemistry 10th Ed., Oxford University Press (2014).Castellan, G. W. Physical Chemistry 4th Ed., Narosa (2004).Engel, T. & Reid, P. Physical Chemistry 3rd Ed., Prentice-Hall (2012).McQuarrie, D. A. & Simon, J. D. Molecular Thermodynamics Viva Books Pvt. Ltd.: New Delhi (2004).Assael, M. J.; Goodwin, A. R. H.; Stamatoudis, M.; Wakeham, W. A. & Will, monly Asked Questions in Thermodynamics. CRC Press: NY (2011).Levine, I .N. Physical Chemistry 6th Ed., Tata Mc Graw Hill (2010).Metz, C.R. 2000 solved problems in chemistry, Schaum Series (2006).CC-202: ORGANIC CHEMISTRY-ILectures to be delivered: 60 Hrs.Max. Marks: 100 External Examination: 70 marks Internal Assessment: 30 marksTime Allowed: 3 Hrs.Pass Marks: 40% Credits: 04INSTRUCTIONS FOR THE PAPER-SETTERThe question paper will consist of Three sections: A, B & C. Section A & B will have four questions each from the respective section of the syllabus and will carry 12 marks each. Section C will consist of 11 short answer type questions, which will cover the entire syllabus uniformly and will carry 2 marks each. Use of scientific non-programmable calculator is allowed.INSTRUCTIONS FOR THE CANDIDATESCandidates are required to attempt two questions each from the sections A & B of the question paper and the entire Section C is compulsory.Section-ABasics of Organic ChemistryOrganic Compounds: Classification, and Nomenclature, Hybridization, Shapes of molecules, Influence of hybridization on bond properties.Electronic Displacements: Inductive, electromeric, resonance and mesomeric effects, hyperconjugation and their applications; Dipole moment; Organic acids and bases; their relative strength.Homolytic and Heterolytic fission with suitable examples. Curly arrow rules, formal charges; Electrophiles and Nucleophiles; Nucleophlicity and basicity; Types, shape and their relative stability of Carbocations, Carbanions, Free radicals and Carbenes.Introduction to types of organic reactions and their mechanism: Addition, Elimination and Substitution reactions. (10 Lectures)Chemistry of Aliphatic HydrocarbonsCarbon-Carbon sigma bondsChemistry of alkanes: Formation of alkanes, Wurtz Reaction, Wurtz-Fittig Reactions, Free radical substitutions: Halogenation -relative reactivity and selectivity.Carbon-Carbon pi bondsFormation of alkenes and alkynes by elimination reactions, Mechanism of E1, E2, E1cb reactions. Saytzeff and Hofmann eliminations.Reactions of alkenes: Electrophilic additions their mechanisms (Markownikoff/ Anti Markownikoff addition), mechanism of oxymercuration-demercuration, hydroboration- oxidation, ozonolysis, reduction (catalytic and chemical), syn and anti-hydroxylation (oxidation). 1,2-and 1,4-addition reactions in conjugated dienes and, Diels-Alder reaction; Allylic and benzylic bromination and mechanism, e.g. propene, 1-butene, toluene, ethyl benzene.Reactions of alkynes: Acidity, Electrophilic and Nucleophilic additions. Hydration to form carbonyl compounds, Alkylation of terminal alkynes.Cycloalkanes and Conformational AnalysisTypes of cycloalkanes and their relative stability, Baeyer strain theory, Conformation analysis of alkanes: Relative stability: Energy diagrams of cyclohexane: Chair, Boat and Twist boat forms; Relative stability with energy diagrams. (20 Lectures)Section-BAromatic HydrocarbonsAromaticity: Hückel’s rule, aromatic character of arenes, cyclic carbocations/carbanions and heterocyclic compounds with suitable examples. Electrophilic aromatic substitution: halogenation, nitration, sulphonation and Friedel-Craft’s alkylation/acylation with their mechanism. Directing effects of the groups. (15 Lectures)Stereochemistry:Fischer Projection, Newmann and Sawhorse Projection formulae and their interconversions; Geometrical isomerism: cis–trans and, syn-anti isomerism E/Z notations with C.I.P rules.Optical Isomerism: Optical Activity, Specific Rotation, Chirality/Asymmetry, Enantiomers, Molecules with two or more chiral-centres, Distereoisomers, meso structures, Racemic mixture and resolution. Relative and absolute configuration: D/L and R/S designations. (15 Lectures)Reference Books:Morrison, R. N. & Boyd, R. N. Organic Chemistry, Dorling Kindersley (India) Pvt. Ltd. (Pearson Education).Finar, I. L. Organic Chemistry (Volume 1), Dorling Kindersley (India) Pvt. Ltd. (Pearson Education).Finar, I. L. Organic Chemistry (Volume 2: Stereochemistry and the Chemistry of Natural Products), Dorling Kindersley (India) Pvt. Ltd. (Pearson Education).Eliel, E. L. & Wilen, S. H. Stereochemistry of Organic Compounds, Wiley: London, 1XX4.Kalsi, P. S. Stereochemistry Conformation and Mechanism, New Age International, 2005.McMurry, J.E. Fundamentals of Organic Chemistry, 7th Ed. Cengage Learning India Edition, 2013.GE-203: PhysicsLectures to be delivered: 60 Hrs.Max. Marks: 100 External Examination: 70 marks Internal Assessment: 30 marksTime Allowed: 3 Hrs.Pass Marks: 40% Credits: 04INSTRUCTIONS FOR THE PAPER-SETTERThe question paper will consist of Three sections: A, B & C. Section A & B will have four questions each from the respective section of the syllabus and will carry 12 marks each. Section C will consist of 11 short answer type questions, which will cover the entire syllabus uniformly and will carry 2 marks each. Use of scientific non-programmable calculator is allowed.INSTRUCTIONS FOR THE CANDIDATESCandidates are required to attempt two questions each from the sections A & B of the question paper and the entire Section C is compulsory.Section-AFundamentals of Dynamics: Reference frames. Inertial frames; Review of Newton’s Laws of Motion. Galilean transformations; Galilean invariance. Momentum of variable mass system: motion of rocket. Motion of a projectile in Uniform gravitational field Dynamics of a system of particles. Centre of Mass. Principle of conservation of momentum. Impulse.Work and Energy: Work and Kinetic Energy Theorem. Conservative and non- conservative forces.Potential Energy.Energy diagram.Stable and unstable equilibrium.Elastic potential energy. Force as gradient of potential energy. Work & Potential energy.Work done by non-conservative forces.Law of conservation of Energy. Collisions: Elastic and inelastic collisions between particles. Centre of Mass and Laboratory frames. (15 Lectures)Rotational Dynamics: Angular momentum of a particle and system of particles. Torque.Principle of conservation of angular momentum.Rotation about a fixed axis.Moment of Inertia.Calculation of moment of inertia for rectangular, cylindrical and spherical bodies.Kinetic energy of rotation.Motion involving both translation and rotation.Elasticity: Relation between Elastic constants. Twisting torque on a Cylinder or Wire. Fluid Motion: Kinematics of Moving Fluids: Poiseuille’s Equation for Flow of a Liquid through a Capillary Tube. (15 Lectures)Section-BGravitation and Central Force Motion: Law of gravitation. Gravitational potential energy.Inertial and gravitational mass.Potential and field due to spherical shell and solid sphere.Motion of a particle under a central force field.Two-body problem and its reduction to one-body problem and its solution. The energy equation and energy diagram. Kepler’s Laws.Satellite in circular orbit and applications. Geosynchronous orbits. Weightlessness.Basic idea of global positioning system (GPS).Oscillations: SHM: Simple Harmonic Oscillations. Differential equation of SHM and its solution.Kinetic energy, potential energy, total energy and their time-average values.Damped oscillation. Forced oscillations: Transient and steady states; Resonance, sharpness of resonance; power dissipation and Quality Factor. (15 Lectures)Non-Inertial Systems: Non-inertial frames and fictitious forces. Uniformly rotating frame.Laws of Physics in rotating coordinate systems.Centrifugal force.Coriolis force and its ponents of Velocity and Acceleration in Cylindrical and Spherical Coordinate Systems.Special Theory of Relativity: Michelson-Morley Experiment and its outcome. Postulates of Special Theory of Relativity.Lorentz Transformations.Simultaneity and order of events.Lorentz contraction.Time dilation.Relativistic transformation of velocity, frequency and wave number.Relativistic addition of velocities.Variation of mass with velocity.Massless Particles.Mass-energy Equivalence. Relativistic Doppler effect. Relativistic Kinematics.Transformation of Energy and Momentum. (15 Lectures)BOOKS SUGGESTED:An introduction to mechanics, D. Kleppner, R.J. Kolenkow, 1X73, McGraw-Hill.Mechanics, Berkeley Physics, vol.1, C.Kittel, W.Knight, et.al. 2007, Tata McGraw-Hill.Physics, Resnick, Halliday and Walker 8/e. 2008, Wiley.Analytical Mechanics, G.R. Fowles and G.L. Cassiday. 2005, Cengage Learning.Introduction to Special Relativity, R. Resnick, 2005, John Wiley and Sons.University Physics, Ronald Lane Reese, 2003, Thomson Brooks/Cole.Additional Books for ReferenceMechanics, D.S. Mathur, S. Chand and Company Limited, 2000University Physics. F.W Sears, M.W Zemansky, H.D Young 13/e, 1X86, Addison WesleyPhysics for scientists and Engineers with Modern Phys., J.W. Jewett, R.A. Serway, 2010, Cengage LearningTheoretical Mechanics, M.R. Spiegel, 2006, Tata McGraw Hill.AE-204: English (Compulsory)Lectures to be delivered: 30 Hrs.Max. Marks: 50 External Examination: 35 marks Internal Assessment: 15 marksTime Allowed: 3 Hrs.Pass Marks: 40% Credits: 02INSTRUCTIONS FOR THE PAPER-SETTERThe question paper will consist of Three sections: A, B & C. Section A & B will have four questions each from the respective sections of the syllabus and will carry 5 marks each from Section A and 5.5 marks from Section B. Section C will consist of 7 short answer type questions which will cover the entire syllabus uniformly and will carry 2 marks each. INSTRUCTIONS FOR THE CANDIDATESCandidates are required to attempt two questions each from the sections A & B of the question paper and the entire Section C is compulsory.Section-ASyntax Sentence structures, Verb patterns and their usage.Phonetics Basic Concepts – Vowels, Consonants, Phonemes, Brief description and classification of Vowels and Consonants, Transcription of simple words using International Phonetic Alphabet. (15 Lectures)Section-BComprehension Listening and Reading comprehension – Note taking, Summarising, Interpreting, Paraphrasing and Précis position Writing of paragraph (150 words) and essay (200-250 words) which may be descriptive, explanatory, analytical and argumentative in nature. There may be description of places, persons and issues related to the current socio-cultural situations, analysis and arguments in the form of debate and group discussion. (15 Lectures)BOOKS SUGGESTED:Roy A. & Sharma P.L. English for Students of Science, Orient Longman.Spoken English for India by R.K. Bansal and J.B. Harrison, Orient Longman.Tickoo M.L. & Subramanian A.E. Intermediate Grammar, Usage and Composition, Orient Longman.Pink M.A. & Thomas S.E. English Grammar, Composition and Correspondence, S. Chand and Sons Pvt.Ltd.,Delhi.Thomson & Martinet A Practical English Grammar, OUP, Delhi.Hornby A.S Guide to Patterns and Usage in English, OUP, Delhi.Balasubramanian T. A Textbook of English Phonetics for Indian Students, MacMillan, Chennai.O?Connor J.D. Better English Pronunciation, Cambridge Univ. Press, London.McCarthy English Vocabulary in Use, Foundation Books (Cambridge University Press), Delhi.Buck,Assessing Listening, Foundation Books (Cambridge University Press), Delhi.QP-205 Drug abuse problem, management and preventionLectures to be delivered: 30 Hrs.Max. Marks: 50 External Examination: 35 marks Internal Assessment: 15 marksTime Allowed: 3 Hrs.Pass Marks: 40% Credits: 02INSTRUCTIONS FOR THE PAPER-SETTERThe question paper will consist of Three sections: A, B & C. Section A & B will have four questions each from the respective sections of the syllabus and will carry 5 marks each from Section A and 5.5 marks from Section B. Section C will consist of 7 short type questions which will cover the entire syllabus uniformly and will carry 2 marks each. Use of scientific non-programmable calculator is allowed.INSTRUCTIONS FOR THE CANDIDATESCandidates are required to attempt two questions each from the sections A & B of the question paper and the entire Section C is compulsory.Section-AProblem of Drug Abuse: Concept and Overview; Types of Drug Often AbusedConcept and OverviewWhat are drugs and what constitutes Drug Abuse?Prevalence of menace of Drug AbuseHow drug Abuse is different from Drug Dependence and Drug Addiction? Physical and psychological dependence- concepts of drug tolerance Introduction to drugs of abuse: Short Term, Long term effects & withdrawal symptoms Stimulants: Amphetamines, Cocaine, NicotineDepressants: Alcohol, Barbiturates- Nembutal, Seconal, Phenobarbital Benzodiazepines –Diazepam, Alprazolam, FlunitrazepamNarcotics: Opium, morphine, heroin Hallucinogens: Cannabis & derivatives (marijuana, hashish, hash oil)Steroids InhalantsVulnerable Age Groups Signs and symptoms of Drug Abuse (a)- Physical indicators (b)- Academic indicators (c)- Behavioral and Psychological indicatorsSection-BCauses and Consequences of Drug AbuseCausesPhysiological Psychological Sociological Consequences of Drug Abuse For individuals For families For society & Nationc)Management & Prevention of Drug AbuseManagement of Drug AbusePrevention of Drug AbuseRole of Family, School, Media, Legislation & Deaddiction Centers.Suggested readingsKapoor.T. (1X85) Drug Epidemic among Indian Youth, New Delhi: Mittal PubModi, Ishwar andModi, Shalini (1XX7) Drugs: Addiction and Prevention,Jaipur: Rawat Publication.Ahuja, Ram,(2003),Social Problems in India, Rawat Publications: Jaipur2003 National Household Survey of Alcohol and Drug Abuse. New Delhi, Clinical Epidemiological Unit, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, 2004.World Drug Report 2011, United Nations Office of Drug and Crime.World Drug Report 2010, United nations Office of Drug and Crime.Extent, Pattern and Trend of Drug Use in India, Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment, Government of India, 2004.The Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act, 1X85, (New Delhi: Universal, 2012)CC-206: Physical Chemistry Practical-IILectures to be delivered : 60 Hrs.Max. Marks: 50 External Examination: 35 marksInternal Assessment 15 marksTime Allowed: 4 Hrs.Pass Marks: 40% Credits: 02ThermochemistryCalculation of the enthalpy of ionization of ethanoic acid.Determination of enthalpy of hydration of copper sulphate.Study of the solubility of benzoic acid in water and determination of ?H.ColourimetryCalibrate the colourimeter.Verify Lambert Beer's law.Find the Strength of given i) CuSO4 solution. ii) K2Cr2O7 Solution.Determine the stoichiometry of CuSO4-EDTA Complex.Reference BooksKhosla, B. D.; Garg, V. C. & Gulati, A., Senior Practical Physical Chemistry, R. Chand & Co.: New Delhi (2011).Athawale, V. D. & Mathur, P. Experimental Physical Chemistry New Age International: New Delhi (2001).CC-207: Organic Chemistry Practical-ILectures to be delivered : 60 Hrs.Max. Marks: 50 External Examination: 35 marksInternal Assessment: 15 marksTime Allowed: 4 Hrs.Pass Marks: 35% Credits: 02Checking the calibration of the thermometerPurification of organic compounds by crystallization using the following solvents:WaterAlcoholAlcohol-WaterDetermination of the melting points of above compounds and unknown organic compounds (Kjeldahl method and electrically heated melting point apparatus)Effect of impurities on the melting point – mixed melting point of two unknown organic compoundsDetermination of boiling point of liquid compounds. (boiling point lower than and more than 100 °C by distillation and capillary method)ChromatographySeparation of a mixture of two amino acids by ascending and horizontal paper chromatographySeparation of a mixture of two sugars by ascending paper chromatographySeparation of a mixture of o-and p-nitrophenol or o-and p-aminophenol by thin layer chromatography (TLC)Reference BooksMann, F.G. & Saunders, B.C. Practical Organic Chemistry, Pearson Education (2009)Furniss, B.S.; Hannaford, A.J.; Smith, P.W.G.; Tatchell, A.R. Practical Organic Chemistry, 5th Ed., Pearson (2012)GE-208: Physics Practical-ILectures to be delivered : 60 Hrs.Max. Marks: 50 External Examination: 35 marksInternal Assessment 15 marksTime Allowed: 4 Hrs.Pass Marks: 40% Credits: 02Measurements of length (or diameter) using vernier caliper, screw gauge and travelling microscope.To study the random error in observations.To determine the height of a building using a Sextant.To study the Motion of Spring and calculate (a) Spring constant, (b) g and (c) Modulus of rigidity.To determine the Moment of Inertia of a Flywheel.To determine g and velocity for a freely falling body using Digital Timing TechniqueTo determine Coefficient of Viscosity of water by Capillary Flow Method (Poiseuille’s method).To determine the Young's Modulus of a Wire by Optical Lever Method.To determine the Modulus of Rigidity of a Wire by Maxwell’s needle.To determine the elastic Constants of a wire by Searle’s method.To determine the value of g using Bar Pendulum.To determine the value of g using Kater’s Pendulum.BOOKS SUGGESTED:Advanced Practical Physics for students, B. L. Flint and H.T. Worsnop, 1971, Asia Publishing HouseAdvanced level Physics Practicals, Michael Nelson and Jon M. Ogborn, 4th Edition reprinted 1985, Heinemann Educational PublishersA Text Book of Practical Physics, I.Prakash & Ramakrishna, 11th Edn, 2011, Kitab MahalEngineering Practical Physics, S. Panigrahi & B.Mallick,2015, Cengage Learning India Pvt. Ltd.Practical Physics, G.L. Squires, 2015, 4th Edition, Cambridge University Press.B.Sc. Practical Physics by C.L. Arora, S. Chand.QP-305 Environment and Road Safety AwarenessLectures to be delivered: 30 Hrs.Max. Marks: 50 External Examination: 35 marks Internal Assessment: 15 marksTime Allowed: 3 Hrs.Pass Marks: 40% Credits: 02INSTRUCTIONS FOR THE PAPER-SETTERThe question paper will consist of Three sections: A, B & C. Section A & B will have four questions each from the respective sections of the syllabus and will carry 5 marks each from Section A and 5.5 marks from Section B. Section C will consist of 7 short type questions which will cover the entire syllabus uniformly and will carry 2 marks each. Use of scientific non-programmable calculator is allowed.INSTRUCTIONS FOR THE CANDIDATESCandidates are required to attempt two questions each from the sections A & B of the question paper and the entire Section C is compulsory.Section-AProblem of Drug Abuse: Concept and Overview; Types of Drug Often AbusedConcept and OverviewWhat are drugs and what constitutes Drug Abuse?Prevalence of menace of Drug AbuseHow drug Abuse is different from Drug Dependence and Drug Addiction? Physical and psychological dependence- concepts of drug tolerance Introduction to drugs of abuse: Short Term, Long term effects & withdrawal symptoms Stimulants: Amphetamines, Cocaine, NicotineDepressants: Alcohol, Barbiturates- Nembutal, Seconal, Phenobarbital Benzodiazepines –Diazepam, Alprazolam, FlunitrazepamNarcotics: Opium, morphine, heroin Hallucinogens: Cannabis & derivatives (marijuana, hashish, hash oil)Steroids InhalantsVulnerable Age Groups Signs and symptoms of Drug Abuse (a)- Physical indicators (b)- Academic indicators (c)- Behavioral and Psychological indicatorsSection-BCauses and Consequences of Drug AbuseCausesPhysiological Psychological Sociological Consequences of Drug Abuse For individuals For families For society & Nationc)Management & Prevention of Drug AbuseManagement of Drug AbusePrevention of Drug AbuseRole of Family, School, Media, Legislation & Deaddiction Centers.Suggested readingsKapoor.T. (1X85) Drug Epidemic among Indian Youth, New Delhi: Mittal PubModi, Ishwar andModi, Shalini (1XX7) Drugs: Addiction and Prevention,Jaipur: Rawat Publication.Ahuja, Ram,(2003),Social Problems in India, Rawat Publications: Jaipur2003 National Household Survey of Alcohol and Drug Abuse. New Delhi, Clinical Epidemiological Unit, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, 2004.World Drug Report 2011, United Nations Office of Drug and Crime.World Drug Report 2010, United nations Office of Drug and Crime.Extent, Pattern and Trend of Drug Use in India, Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment, Government of India, 2004.The Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act, 1X85, (New Delhi: Universal, 2012) ................
................

In order to avoid copyright disputes, this page is only a partial summary.

Google Online Preview   Download