Melba College Year 12 PE
VCE PHYSICAL EDUCATION
UNIT 4 – AREA OF STUDY 2 - OUTCOME 2 TEST (Task 1)
STUDENT NUMBER Letter
|Figures | | |
|8 |8 |50 |
ALL students must have equal time to consider the data.
Key Skills
Assessment Conditions
Question 1 – Multiple Choice Section
Read the following questions carefully and place a tick next to the response that is correct or that best answers the question. Marks will not be deducted for an incorrect answer and no marks will be given if more than one answer is chosen for any question.
i) Carbohydrate loading is best used by the following sportspeople to enhance their performances:
( ) A. Rugby players, hockey players and lacrosse players
( ) B. Cross country skiers; triathletes and long distance runners
( ) C. Decathletes, 10,000m runners and 1500 m swimmers
( ) D. Badminton players, squash players and tennis players
ii) Caffeine is used by some athletes to enhance their performance by:
( ) A. Enabling more fat to be used as a fuel and hence glycogen sparing
( ) B. Reducing respiratory rates and providing muscles with more oxygen
( ) C. Decreasing cell permeability and reducing dehydration
( ) D. Slowing the loss of calcium ions and other important electrolytes
iii) Hyperbaric chambers are sometimes used by elite sportspeople in an effort to speed up recovery from injury by:
( ) A. Decreasing muscle tension
( ) B. Stimulating new arteriole growth
( ) C. Increasing the IRP (inflammatory Response Process)
( ) D. Reducing swelling and oedema
iv) Anabolic steroids are illegally taken by some performers in an effort to enhance their performances by:
( ) A. Decreasing protein synthesis
( ) B. Blocking hormones that cause the breaking down of muscle tissue following very intensive exercise
( ) C. Increasing recovery times between training sessions
( ) D. Masking fatigue
v) Mental Imagery improves performance by:
( ) A. Providing a template which can lead to autonomous movements
( ) B. Decreasing the time it takes for signals to travel from the brain to muscles
( ) C. Improving neural pathways between the brain and muscles and enhancing muscle activity
( ) D. Reducing the psychological refractory period and speeding up movements
Total 5 marks
Short Answer Section
Question 2.
It is quite common for rugby players to use cryotherapy, in the form of ice baths, as a recovery strategy following games.
a. Discuss two physiological reasons why ice baths are used by many athletes involved in contact sports.
2 marks
b. Thermotherapy is the “opposite” to cryotherapy and involves the application of heat to various body parts. Why should this be avoided in the first 72 hours following a match involving heavy tackling?
2 marks
c. Some rugby players might follow up the “ice baths” with a beach session / water immersion the following day. Briefly discuss how this adds to the recovery process.
1 mark
Total 5 marks
Question 3.
Various psychological strategies are used by athletes in an effort to maximise their performance levels.
a. Discuss how meditation is being used by an increasing number of athletes to bring about better results / performances.
2 marks
b. Discuss how a golfer could use kinaesthetic feedback (The sense that detects bodily position, weight, or movement of the muscles, tendons, and joints.) to improve her performances.
2 marks
c. Simon Whitlock (The “Wizard”) is an Australian darts champion currently living and competing overseas in the United Kingdom. His first overseas tournament saw him perform well below his world ranking and own expectations. Explain how stress inoculation training (SIT) and arousal levels are related and how SIT is used to bring about improved performances.
2 marks
Total 6 marks
Question 4.
In December 2009, WADA approved the use of the Athlete Biological Passport. This allows WADA and other national sporting authorities to monitor athletes’ biological variables from their first test onwards for the rest of their sporting career.
a. Outline how this measure will potentially detect athletes using illegal substances or practices.
2 marks
b. (i) Discuss how athletes “live high and train low” by using altitude tents as a performance enhancing strategy. Also list two adaptations likely to occur that would improve endurance performances.
3 marks
(ii) Some athletes and teams actually travel to high altitude training camps. The Collingwood Football Club has been doing this for several years as part of their pre-season preparation. Contrast this practice with that used by athletes choosing to use “altitude tents”.
2 marks
Total 7 marks
Question 5.
One of the Tour de France cyclists placed 3 carbohydrate gel packets in his back of his cycling jersey as well as 800mL of water in a light weight on-bike aluminium container before starting out on the stage which was going to cover 218 km.
a. Discus two physiological benefits carbohydrate gels provide the cyclists with compared to those who don’t use the same strategy.
2 marks
b. Why is it important to consume water immediately after the gels are taken?
2 marks
c. The riders are often accosted by their support team vehicles and offered sports drinks. Clearly discuss the difference between hypertonic and hypotonic drinks and outline at what physiological stages they might be offered to the riders.
2 marks
d. The cyclists finish each stage and after receiving various treatments from their team physicians opt to have an early night – often sleeping for 9-10 hours. Discuss why it is important that these athletes sleep for these periods of time rather than having 6-7 hours sleep only.
2 marks
Total 8 marks
Question 6.
a. Many elite performers closely follow routines and game plans to ensure process goals are met and concentrations levels remain relatively high. For each of the following important aspects of concentration, provide a sporting example to highlight how they can be achieved.
Focusing on relevant environmental cues
Sustaining attention / focus
Maintaining situational awareness
3 marks
b. Choking will lead to lapses in concentration during spots performances. Outline how chocking occurs in sporting activities and how simulations can be used as an effective way of minimising the effects of choking.
2 marks
Total 5 marks
Question 7.
In 2007, 28 313 doping tests were carried out in football (soccer) worldwide, and FIFA reported that only 91 (0.32 per cent) of these samples were found to be positive.
a. Select an illegal performance enhancing substance some of those tested positive might have been using and clearly outline its perceived performance enhancing qualities as well as two associated side effects.
2 marks
b. Midfield players can run as much as 12-15 kilometres during a game. Suggest one dietary and one non-dietary recovery strategy they might consider using in an effort to counteract fatigue as quickly as possible and return to optimal performance levels for the next training session and game. Ensure that you outline how the strategy you have chosen assists recovery.
4 marks
c. The AFL is compliant with the WADA and ASADA codes for in-competition performance enhancing doping but also has an “illicit drug policy” in place which tests players for illicit drug use out of competition. Discuss why the AFL would have an “illicit drug policy” in place.
2 marks
Total 8 marks
Question 8.
Use of erythropoietin (EPO) or hormonal blood boosting agents is illegal under the code put out by WADA. In the hope of improving performances, endurance athletes have tried various legal methods to increase oxygen uptake, delivery and transfer to muscles. Hypoxic devices are legal and ethically sound and have been shown to improve endurance performances.
a. Discuss how illegal blood boosting practices lead to improved endurance performance.
2 marks
b. Outline how hypoxic devises contribute to improved endurance performance.
2 marks
c. Discuss a dietary practice that can be used by endurance athletes that would contribute to improved endurance performances.
2 marks
Total 6 marks
ANSWERS
Question 1 – Multiple Choice Section
i) Carbohydrate loading is best used by the following sportspeople to enhance their performances:
B. Cross country skiers; triathletes and long distance runners
ii) Caffeine is used by some athletes to enhance their performance by:
A. Enabling more fat to be used as a fuel and hence glycogen sparing
iii) Hyperbaric chambers are sometimes sued by elite sportspeople in an effort to speed up recovery from injury by:
D. Reducing swelling and oedema
iv) Anabolic steroids are illegally taken by some performers in an effort to enhance their performances by:
B. Blocking hormones that cause the breaking down of muscle tissue following very intensive exercise
v) Mental Imagery improves performance by:
C. Improving neural pathways between the brain and muscles and enhancing muscle activity
Question 2.
It is quite common for rugby players to use cryotherapy, in the form of ice baths, as a recovery strategy following games.
a. Discuss two physiological reasons why ice baths are used by many athletes involved in contact sports because they :
• decrease the inflammatory response & lessen the loss of force generation associated with inflammation
• reduce the leakage of blood and serum into adjacent tissues which in turn helps
• alleviate pain
• decrease acute inflammation from muscle damage
• reduce the perception of pain and discomfort (providing an analgesic effect)
• decrease tissue temperature and core temperature, therefore decreasing sweating and lessening the impact of dehydration
• reduce muscle spasm
b. Thermotherapy should this be avoided in the first 72 hours following a match involving heavy tackling because it is likely to aggravate any soft tissue injuries and create greater cellular damage. The application of heat also increases the inflammatory response and should be avoided immediately after sustaining a soft tissue injury.
c. Immersion in water causes an inward and upward displacement of body fluid towards the centre of the body, resulting in a compressive effect caused by hydrostatic pressure. Water immersion is thought to assist recovery by:
• reducing muscle oedema (which can compress localised capillaries, reducing oxygen delivery and enabling greater cellular damage to occur)
• increasing blood flow, and therefore increasing the delivery of oxygen and nutrients and removal of waste products.
• increasing buoyancy, which is thought to enable greater relaxation of gravitational muscles and also helps to reduce the level of perceived fatigue.
Question 3.
a. Meditation is being used by an increasing number of athletes to bring about better results / performances by:
• Improving concentration / focus
• Reducing arousal levels to reduce anxiety, over-arousal, stress
• Increasing feelings of relaxation
• Improving sleep
• Reducing brain function and “mixed thoughts”
b. Kinaesthetic senses allow us to feel our body as it moves through different actions; sensory nerves in muscles, joints and tendons provide us with feedback. Kinaesthetic feedback to improve a golfer’s performances by sensing:
• if body parts are moving correctly
• how the golf clubs being used feel during the swing/stroke/follow-through, etc......
• neural pathways between the brain and muscles and enhancing muscle activity
• potential technique problems and allowing them to be corrected
c. By having athletes adapt, cope and work effectively when facing small amounts of stress, they build up “immunity” to stress. As the levels of stress are gradually increased, the athlete learns how to cope and adapt at each level, and carries this over from practice to performance. Simon would use SIT to ensure over-arousal doesn’t occur and essentially SIT works to allow athletes to perform within their optimal arousal zone.
Question 4.
a. The Athlete Biological Passport allows for the monitoring of athletes’ biological variables throughout their career. It will allow for the longitudinal analysis of blood, urine and hair variables, which will make it harder for athletes to use a prohibited substance without this being detected when compared against initial / baseline levels
b. (i) “Living high and training low” usually refers to athletes using simulated high altitude environments such as hypoxic tents to sleep in, of being able to train at sea level. This has the advantage of advantage, and non-disruptions caused by travelling from high to low altitudes as well as enabling quality sessions to be conducted at the right intensities and duration at sea level. Likely adaptations after continued long-term use include:
• Increased red blood cells and therefore oxygen carrying capacity
• Increased plasma volumes and associated delayed dehydration
• Increased capillarisation and ability to exchange gases and fuels at muscle sites
• Increased lactic acid tolerance and ability to delay LIP so higher intensities can be achieved for longer
• Increased ability to use oxygen (including oxidative enzymes, and mitochondria) and thus increased aerobic ATP production
• Increased pulmonary oxygen absorption and then delivery of greater amounts to muscles
• Increased myoglobin levels and transfer of oxygen from vascular system to muscle cells becomes possible
• Increased production and release of growth hormone which facilitates cell repair and growth
(ii) When contrasting, discussion needs to look at difference between the two practices.
|High Altitude Training |Altitude Tents |
|Live and train at 2500m+ above sea level |Sleep at simulated altitude via hypoxic tent/chamber, etc. and|
| |train at sea level |
|Costly to travel to high altitude |Cheap to set up in own home |
|Disruptive to quality and quantity of training due to increased |Quality training continues and adaptations occur quicker as |
|stressors on the body and considerable time to adapt |body placed under less stress |
|Decreased VO2 max for first couple of months |Increased VO2 max when adaptations commence |
Question 5.
a. Physiological benefits carbohydrate gels provide the cyclists with compared to those who don’t use the same strategy include:
• “topping up” of fuel / carbohydrate stores (only if consumed with water to facilitate absorption)
• delaying switch to fats as predominant fuel source and associated decreases in work-rate
• many now include electrolytes so this delays central nervous system fatigue
• less likely to cause gastric upsets than same amounts of carbohydrates consumed via traditional meals
b. Gels are highly concentrated mixtures that will pool in the stomach and intestine, where they will be ineffective (absorbed too slowly to fuel blood and muscles) and possibly cause nausea, cramps and other gastric upsets unless they are taken with water (acts to dilute gel and facilitate absorption)
c. Hypotonic drinks quickly replace fluids lost by sweating and are suitable for athletes who need fluid without the added boost of electrolytes or energy from carbohydrates. These drinks might be offered at the later stages of the race when cyclists are dehydrated.
Hypertonic drinks are relatively high in carbohydrate and can be used to supplement daily carbohydrate intake and are typically used after exercise to top up muscle glycogen stores.
In events such as the Tour de France, high levels of energy are required and hypertonic drinks can be used to meet the energy requirements but need to be used in conjunction with isotonic drinks to replace fluids.
d. A lack of sleep can result in:
• decreased ability to metabolise glucose essential for energy production
• increased levels of stress hormones such as cortisol
• decreased activity of human growth hormone essential for tissue repair, which can lead to injury
• decreased aerobic endurance
• increased perceived exertion
• increased feeling of tiredness
• increased moodiness
• reduced brain function and ability to make decisions.
Question 6.
a. Responses can choose the same sport for all examples or different sports according to their experiences and knowledge. Solution has looked at basketball:
Focusing on relevant environmental cues
This is also known as selective attention where players only focus on their team mates and immediate opponents and block out the crowd, scoreboard, coaches, etc. They focus on their immediate play and skills.
Sustaining attention / focus
Players will regularly remind themselves of game goals, set plays, pre-determined responsibilities discussed prior to the match. It also involves players maintaining optimal arousal via arousal promotion or reduction techniques.
Maintaining situational awareness
Quite often this is referred to as producing the right action at the right time. It involves players evaluating what is going on in a game and then bringing about appropriate responses – this might be a defender seeing an opponent drive into the key and then blocking this path by positioning himself between the opponent and direct line into the key.
b. Choking can also cause concentration to falter. This occurs when athletes sense a build-up of pressure or when there is a lot riding on the outcome of the next phase of play. Increased pressure often results in the focus of attention shifting to become internal and narrow; the performer’s ability to shift this focus decreases. Impaired timing and coordination, fatigue, muscle tension, negative self-talk, decreased selective attention, and poor judgment and decision-making usually accompany choking.
Simulations or stress inoculation raining (SIT) place people in situations they are likely to encounter in future, but without the same potential pressures. It allows people to develop coping strategies in these “less important” situations that can be developed and taken through to more significant events in future.
Question 7.
a.
[pic]
b.
|Dietary recovery strategy |Recovery benefits |
|High GI foods within 30 mins of completion |Rapid replenishment of glycogen stores to be used at next training |
|Regular hydration and sports drinks containing |Rapid rehydration via hypotonic drinks, return to normal core temps. Electrolytes facilitate |
|electrolytes |neural transmission |
|Sustained carbohydrate intake with increased protein |Proteins important in rebuilding cells, enzymes and used in growth |
|intake | |
|Non-dietary recovery strategy |Recovery benefits |
|Active recovery |Facilitates quicker removal of metabolic by products, especially H+ |
|Massage |Only if no soft tissue injuries present – assists removal of wastes and promotes feeling of |
|Contrast water therapy |increased relaxation/recovery |
|Compression garments or compression from water immersion |Promotes blood flow away from muscles/back to heart and thus speeds up waste removal |
| |Reduces venous pooling and muscle oedema and increases blood flow and delivery of oxygen & |
| |nutrients and removal of wastes |
| | |
c. The AFL might have an “illicit drug policy” in place in order to:
• Protect players from taking recreational drugs that may cause harm to their bodies
• Provide exemplary role modelled behaviour for all people playing AFL
• Educate players on the dangers of taking illicit drugs, whether they are performance enhancing or not
• Send a positive message to supports that players are “drug free”
• Inform players they can be tested in and out of competition to discourage recreational drug use
Question 8.
a. Illegal blood boosting practices such as use of erythropoietin (EPO) or hormonal blood boosting agents leads to improved endurance performance by increasing the red blood cell count in the body. This in turn boosts the oxygen carrying capacity of the blood, increases oxygen delivery to muscles and ultimately increases VO2 max.
b. Hypoxic devises reduce the amount of oxygen reaching the body – typically and safely by introducing higher amounts of other gases such as nitrogen into the ambient air. These trick the body into thinking it’s at higher altitudes and the following adaptations are likely to occur:
• The heart and lungs increase their work rate and (in the long term) increase in size. This leads to long-term decreases in resting and submaximal heart rates and blood pressures.
• Pulmonary oxygen absorption increases.
• The dilation of capillaries increases, making it easier for red blood cells to get into the capillaries and allowing greater volumes of blood and oxygen to be transported.
• Red blood cells, haemoglobin and myoglobin all increase. All these factors, along with greater blood volume, make the blood capable of carrying more oxygen.
• There is enhanced production and rejuvenation of mitochondria and mitochondrial enzymes, and associated stimulation of fat metabolism.
• Production and release of human growth hormone increases.
• Increased enzyme levels in the mitochondria result in greater amounts of aerobic ATP production.
c. Responses can be many and include any of the following dietary practices:
• Carbohydrate loading
• Sports drinks (hypertonic or hypotonic) – with electrolytes (beneficial)
• Carbohydrate gels
• Group A supplements as per AIS classification
• Caffeine supplementation
• Creatine supplementation
• Protein supplementation
Answers must discuss likely performance benefits derived from the various dietary practices.
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An ability to:
• demonstrate knowledge of nutritional, physiological and psychological strategies and hydration techniques
• identify suitable strategies and/or practices to aid recovery and enhance performance
• evaluate various strategies and practices that are used to enhance performance and recovery
• evaluate the perceived benefits and potential harms of various legal and illegal substances and methods that are used to enhance performance and aid recovery
• evaluate anti-doping codes used to govern sport.
vi)
Students are permitted to bring into the assessment room: pens, pencils, highlighters, erasers, sharpeners and rulers
Students are not permitted to bring into the assessment room: text books, blank sheets of paper and/or white out liquid/tape
No calculator is allowed for this task
• STUDENTS ARE NOT PERMITTED TO BRING MOBILE PHONES AND/OR ANY OTHER ELECTRONIC COMMUNICATION DEVICES INTO THE ASSESSMENT ROOM
• All written responses must be in English
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