THE EFFECT OF EPINEPHRINE AND NOR-EPINEPHRINE ON …

[Pages:42]THE EFFECT OF EPINEPHRINE AND NOR-EPINEPHRINE ON APPROACH-AVOIDANCE B E H A V I O R

APPROVED!

fi.

jor Professor ft Minor Professor Dean of the School of Education Dean of the Graduate School

THE EFFECT OF EPINEPHRINE AND NOR-EPINEPHRINE ON APPROACH-AVOIDANCE BEHAVIOR

THESIS

Presented to the Graduate C o u n c i l of the North Texas State University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements

For the Degree of

MASTER OF S C I E N C E

By John W e s l e y C a r l e y III, B. S.

Denton, Texas June, 1966

TABLE OF CONTENTS

LIST OF TABLES LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Chapter

I. INTRODUCTION II . METHOD

SubJects Apparatus Procedure Injecti ons III. RESULTS IV. DISCUSSION V. SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS Summary Recommendations BIBLIOGRAPHY

Page iv v

1 13

19 26 34

36

iii

LIST OF TABLES

Table

I. Summary of Analysis of Variance for the 3 X 3 Latin Square Design

II. Summary of Analysis of Variance for the Three Treatment Conditions of Epinephrine, N o r e p i n e p h r i n e , and Placebo

III. Critical Values for Differences Between Treatment Totals

IV. Mean Distance for Each Treatment Group

V. Differences Between Totals for the Treatment Conditions

Page 21

22 22 23 23

iv

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

Figure

Page

1. Injection Ratio for Experimental Drugs

and Placebo

15

2. Phase 1 Training Trials Without Shack With Mean Running Times Measured in Seconds. . . . 19

3. Phase 2 Training Trials With Mean Distance

Measured in Centimeters

. . . . . 20

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

Ever since men first began to speculate about human nature, the question of man's emotions has inevitably arisen. Throughout the years, psychologists have tried to develop a valid concept of emotion, but because of the inherent nature of emotion, many basic problems remain unanswered. However, despite the difficulties of definition and experimentation the area of emotional processes has by no means been neglected.

A distinguished theory of emotions affiliated with the names of William James and C. G. Lange was set forth by them independently. James first presented his view in 1864} Lange's monograph appeared in Danish in 1865. James stated

. . the bodily changes follow directly the perception of the exciting fact, and that our feeling of the same changes as they occur IS, the emotion" (10, p. 34) . He conti nued by saying that the common sensational, associ ational and motor elements explain all. The evidence that James cites for the theory is that we are aware of our tensions and throbs j we feel them the moment they occur. He further stated that if we should take away these bodily symptoms from the picture of an emoti on, nothi ng would be left. Lange stated ". . . we

2

owe all the emotional side of our mental life, our joys and sorrows, our happy and unhappy hours, to our vasomotor system" (11, p. 36). It is evident that Lange had the same conception as James, but restricted his description of emotion to changes in the circulatory system alone.

In 1908 McDougal1 (12) advanced a theory of emotion suggesting a relationship between certain instinctive reactions and emotions. The tendency to act when in the presence of a certain object in the environment was McDougal1*s exp l a n a t i o n of an instinct. T h e tendency to feel was his meaning of emotion. He stated that the emotion of fear was associated with the instinct of flight, and the emotion of anger or rage was associated with the instinct of fight.

H. A. Carr (3) opposed the James-Lang? theory stating that there is a psychophysical nature of emotion, and that emotion is partly responsible for the behavioral act. He defines emotion as automatic organic readjustments. In the case of fear the organic readjustment results in a mobilization of energy. The organism's pulse quickens, there is rapid respiration, and there is an over-secretion of epinephrine by the adrenal gland. But, Carr does not hold that all emotions are biologically useful. He further stated that the name given to an emotion depends upon the situation in which it o c c u r s .

C a n n o n a n d Bard (2) d e v e l o p e d an i d e a s u g g e s t i n g t h a t the h y p o t h a l a m u s was the specific area of the brain responsible

for the control of behavioral reactions in emotions. They stated that emotional experience and the expressive response o c c u r s i m u l t a n e o u s l y as a r e s u l t o f h y p o t h a l a m i c a c t i v i t y . C a n n o n a n d B a r d n o t e d t h a t o n e l a r g e g r o u p of s y m p t o m s prominent in anger and rage prepare the organism to face emergencies. They explai ned this behavior on a physiologic a l b a s i s . T h e y c o n t i n u e d by s a y i n g t h a t t h e a n g e r a n d f e a r of the flight-fight reaction were admixed, inseparable, and always a s s o c i a t e d w i t h t h e s e c r e t i o n of e p i n e p h r i n e . However, they were unable to explain all of their findings on the basis of epi nephri ne alone and proposed two other syrapathorai neti c s u b s t a n c e s , S y m p a t h i n E and Sympath i n I. In later studies physiologists have found that Sympathi n E and nor-epi nephri ne were identical.

IS. G . W o l f f ( 1 3 ) , in his s t u d i e s o f p h y s i o l o g i c a l changes accompanying various emotional states, a c c u m u l a t e d c o n f i r m a t o r y e v i d e n c e that t h e f l i g h t - f i g h t emotions w e r e separable. He s h o w e d t h a t in various o r g a n s s u c h as t h e s t o m a c h , c o l o n and the n o s e , d i f f e r e n t e m o t i o n s e v o k e d different p h y s i o l o g i c a l r e a c t i o n s . W h e n a subject was angry, t h e s t o m a c h lining b e c a m e r e d a n d t h e r e w a s a n increase in its rhythmic contractions and in the secretion of hydrochlor i c acid. When the same subject was depressed or f r i g h t e n e d , the stomach lining was p a l e in color a n d t h e r e was a decrease i n peristaltic m o v e m e n t s a n d in h y d r o c h l o r i c acid s e c r e t i o n . His e x p e r i m e n t s g a v e e v i d e n c e t h a t t h e a d r e n a l medulla

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