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Physiology
California Biology/Life Science Standard 7 5.a
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Digestive system
Smooth muscle tissue
Stomach
Muscle cell
Quick Review
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[pic] The four levels of organization in a multicellular
organism include cells, tissues, organs, and organ
systems.
[pic] Organ systems work together to maintain
homeostasis in the body as a whole.
[pic]
Questions
1. How does the human digestive system contribute
to homeostasis in the body?
2. How does the term division of labor apply to
the organ systems of the bodies of multicellular
organisms?
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It provides the nutrients required for the body to function.
2. Organ systems are specialized, and each performs only a fraction of the functions required for maintenance of homeostasis in the
body as a whole.
1. [pic]
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Physiology
California Biology/Life Science Standard 7 5.a
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Leaf
Stem
Root
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Quick Review
[pic] Plants are multicellular eukaryotes that have
cell walls made of cellulose.
[pic] Plants have the same levels of organization as
animals—cells, tissues, organs, and organ
systems.
♦ Plants consist of three main tissue systems:
dermal tissue, vascular tissue, and ground
tissue.
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Questions
1. For what process do plants require sunlight?
Dermal tissue
Vascular tissue
Ground tissue
2. What human organ could be compared to the
dermal tissue of a plant?
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1. Photosynthesis 2. Skin
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Physiology
California Biology/Life Science Standard 7 5.c
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Movement
Movement
Biceps
Biceps (relaxed)
Triceps (contracted)
Triceps
[pic]
Quick Review
[pic] Skeletal muscles generate force and produce
movement by pulling on body parts.
[pic] Skeletal muscles are joined to bones by tendons.
[pic] Tendons pull on bones and make them work like
levers.
[pic] Most skeletal muscles work in opposing pairs.
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Questions
1. When the arm bends, which muscle is relaxed?
Which is contracted?
2. In the example shown, what is the fulcrum (the
point around which the lever moves)?
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Triceps, biceps
The elbow
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Physiology
California Biology/Life Science Standard 7 6.j
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Blood vessels
in lungs
Artery to
lungs
Vein from
lungs
-Left
atrium
Right-
atrium
Right
ventricle
Lett
ventricle
Vein from
body
Artery to
body
Blood vessels
in body
Quick Review
[pic] The structure of an organ is adapted to perform
specific functions within one or more systems.
[pic] The circulatory system consists of the heart, blood
vessels, and blood. The circulatory system interacts
with the respiratory system to provide the body
with oxygen.
[pic] Valves keep blood moving in one direction.
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Questions
1. What is the role of the heart in the circulatory
system?
2. Is the blood that travels to the lungs oxygen-rich
or oxygen-poor? How about the blood that leaves
the lungs?
3. [pic]
1. It pumps blood through the system. 2. Oxygen-poor; oxygen-rich
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Physiology
California Biology/Life Science Standard BI 9.a
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Digestive System
Structures: Mouth, pharynx,
esophagus, stomach, small and
large intestines; rectum
Function: Converts foods into
simpler molecules that can be
used by the cells of the body;
absorbs food; eliminates wastes
Circulatory System
Structures: Heart,
blood vessels, blood
Function: Brings oxygen,
nutrients, and hormones to
cells; fights infection; removes
cell wastes; helps to regulate
body temperature
Respiratory System
Structures: Nose, pharynx,
larynx, trachea, bronchi,
bronchioles, lungs
Function: Provides oxygen
needed for cellular respiration
and removes excess carbon
dioxide from the body
Quick Review
[pic] In animals, organ systems are interdependent.
[pic] Organ systems work together in many functions;
for example, delivering oxygen to tissues requires
both the respiratory system and the circulatory
system.
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Questions
1. What body system removes wastes from the cells?
2. What two organ systems are needed to deliver
nutrients to cells?
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Circulatory system
Digestive and circulatory systems
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Physiology
California Biology/Life Science Standard BI 9.b
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Pituitary Gland Hormones
Hormone
Action
Pituitary Gland
Antidiuretic
hormone (ADH)
Stimulates the kidneys to reabsorb water from the collecting
tubules
Posterior pituitary
Stimulates contractions of uterus during childbirth;
releases milk in nursing mothers
Oxytocin
Follicle-stimulating
hormone (FSH)
Anterior pituitary
Stimulates production of mature eggs and sperm
Stimulates ovaries and testes; prepares uterus for implantation
of fertilized egg
Luteinizing
hormone (LH)
Stimulates the synthesis and release of thyroxine from the
thyroid gland
Thyroid-stimulating
hormone (TSH)
Adreno-corticotropic
hormone (ACTH)
Stimulates release of some hormones from the adrenal cortex
Stimulates protein synthesis and growth in cells
Growth hormone (GH)
Stimulates milk production in nursing mothers
Prolactin
Stimulates the melanocytes of the skin, increasing their
production of the skin pigment melanin
Melanocyte-stimulating
hormone (MSH)
Quick Review
[pic] The nervous system and endocrine system work
together to coordinate body activities.
[pic] The endocrine system is made up of glands that
release hormones into the bloodstream. Hormones
deliver messages throughout the body.
[pic] The endocrine system is regulated by feedback loops
that function to maintain homeostasis in the body.
[pic]
Questions
1. How does the body’s response to hormones compare
to the body’s response to nerve impulses?
2. Why is the health of the endocrine system
important to the overall health of the body?
3. [pic]
Response to hormones is usually slower to occur and longer lasting than response to a nerve impulse.
The endocrine system maintains homeostasis, which is vital to the health of the body.
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Physiology
California Biology/Life Science Standard Bl 9.c
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Hypothalamus
senses cells need
more energy
Quick Review
[pic] Homeostasis is the process by which organisms
keep internal conditions fairly constant despite
changes in the external environment.
[pic] Some unicellular organisms maintain homeostasis
through the use of organelles. Others produce
spores that can survive environmental conditions
that are unfavorable for growth.
[pic] Most multicellular organisms use feedback loops to
help maintain homeostasis.
[pic]
Questions
1. Why is it important for organisms to maintain a
relatively constant internal environment?
Hypothalamus
senses cells have
enough energy
How does feedback inhibition work?
3. What endocrine gland in the human body is
primarily responsible for maintaining homeostasis?
4. [pic]
1. Most organisms need to keep internal conditions fairly constant to survive. 2. It turns a particular body process off once the condition it produces reaches a specific level. 3. The hypothalamus
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Physiology
California Biology/Life Science Standard BI 9.d
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Nucleus
Axon terminals
Cell body
Myelin sheath
Axon
• Dendrites
Nodes
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Quick Review
[pic] The nervous system controls and coordinates
functions throughout the body and responds to
internal and external stimuli.
[pic] Messages carried by the nervous system are called
impulses. The cells that transmit these impulses are
called neurons.
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Questions
1. What type of cell is shown in the drawing?
2. What is the function of the cell shown in the
drawing?
3. Chemicals used by neurons to transmit an impulse
across a synapse to another cell are .
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1. A neuron 2. Neurons transmit electrical and chemical messages. 3. neurotransmitters
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Physiology
California Biology/Life Science Standard Bl 9.e
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Sensory neuron
Motor
neuron
Spinal
cord
Sensory
receptors
Tack
[pic]
Quick Review
* Neurons are classified into three types according
to the direction in which an impulse travels.
Interneuron
Effector
(responding muscle)
* Sensory neurons carry impulses from the sense
organs to the spinal cord and brain.
* Motor neurons carry impulses from the brain
and spinal cord to muscles and glands.
* Interneurons connect sensory and motor
neurons and carry impulses between them.
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Questions
1. What two organ systems allow a response to
stepping on a tack?
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Where are interneurons located?
Nervous and muscular systems
In the spinal cord
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Physiology
California Biology/Life Science Standard *BI 9.f
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Effects of Digestive Enzymes
Active Site
Enzyme
Effect on Food
Salivary
amylase
Mouth
Stomach
Pepsin
Small
intestine
(from
pancreas)
Amylase
Trypsin
Lipase
Maltase,
sucrase,
lactase
Small
intestine
[pic]
Quick Review
Breaks down starches
into disaccharides
[pic] Digestion involves physical and chemical
changes.
Breaks down proteins
into large peptides
[pic] Mechanical digestion is the physical breakdown
of large pieces of food into smaller pieces.
Continues the
breakdown of starch
Continues the
breakdown of protein
[pic] During chemical digestion, large food molecules
are broken down into smaller food molecules.
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Breaks down fat
Questions
Breaks down remaining
disaccharides into
monosaccharides
1. Which type of digestion involves digestive
enzymes?
Breaks down dipeptides
into amino acids
Peptidase
Where does the digestion of starch begin?
Where does the digestion of fat begin?
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1. Chemical digestion 2. Mouth 3. small intestine
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Physiology
California Biology/Life Science Standard *BI 9.g
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Kidney
Nephron
Capillaries
Cortex
Glomerulus
Medulla
Renal vein
Ureter
Collecting duct
Vein
Artery
To the ureter
To the bladder
Loop of Henle
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Quick Review
[pic] The kidneys are the main organs of the human
excretory system.
[pic] Nephrons in the kidneys control the composition,
volume, and pH of blood.
[pic] Most of the materials removed from the blood
during filtration are reabsorbed.
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Questions
1. What system does the blood belong to?
2. What happens to the wastes that are not
reabsorbed back into the blood?
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Circulatory system
They end up in the collecting duct.
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Physiology
California Biology/Life Science Standard *BI 9.h
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Movement of Actin Filament
Actin
Cross-bridge
Binding sites
Myosin
[pic]
Quick Review
[pic] A muscle contracts when the thin filaments in the
muscle fiber (actin) slide over the thick filaments in
the muscle fiber (myosin).
[pic] ATP supplies the energy for muscle contraction.
[pic]
Questions
What is actin? What is myosin?
Where in the cell is ATP produced?
What are the two ways a cell can produce ATP?
[pic]
1. Actin: thin filaments in skeletal muscle; myosin: thick filaments in skeletal muscle 2. mitochondria
3. cellular respiration and fermentation
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[pic]
[pic]
Endocrine System
Structures: Hypothalamus,
pituitary, thyroid, parathyroids,
adrenals, pancreas, ovaries
(in females), testes (in males)
Function: Controls growth,
development, and metabolism;
maintains homeostasis
Physiology
California Biology/Life Science Standard *BI 9.i
[pic]
Quick Review
[pic] The endocrine system is made up of glands that
release hormones into the bloodstream.
Hormones deliver messages throughout the
body.
[pic] The endocrine system is regulated by feedback
mechanisms that function to maintain
homeostasis in the body.
[pic] The hormones insulin and glucagon help keep
the level of glucose in the blood stable. Insulin
stimulates cells in the liver to remove sugar from
the blood. Glucagon stimulates the liver to
release glucose back into the blood.
[pic]
Questions
What hormone is released after you eat a meal?
What happens when low blood sugar is detected?
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Insulin
The production of glucagon is stimulated
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Physiology
California Biology/Life Science Standard BI 10.a
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Hair
Epidermis
Pore
Dermis
Oil gland
Sweat gland
Fat
Blood vessels
Hair
follicle
Nerve
Muscle
Quick Review
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[pic] The body’s first line of defense against infection is
barriers such as the skin, breathing passages,
mouth, and stomach.
[pic] The body’s second line of defense is the
inflammatory response.
[pic] The body’s third line of defense is the immune
response.
[pic]
Questions
What happens when the skin is broken?
What is the inflammatory response?
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Pathogens enter the body and multiple.
The body responds by leaking fluid and white blood cells from blood vessels into tissues.
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Physiology
California Biology/Life Science Standard BI 10.b
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Antigen-binding sites
Antigen
Antibody
Quick Review
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[pic] The immune system includes two categories of
defense mechanisms against infection: nonspecific
defenses and specific defenses.
[pic] Antibodies are proteins that recognize and bind to
antigens.
♦ Antibodies have two identical antigen-binding sites.
Small differences in the antigen-binding sites make
it possible for the antibody to recognize a specific
antigen.
[pic]
Question
Is the production of antibodies a specific or
nonspecific defense against infection?
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Specific
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Physiology
California Biology/Life Science Standard BI 10.c
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Vaccination
Vaccine
Weakened
or killed
pathogen
Antibody
“Real” pathogen
Antibody
Skin
1 If the “real” pathogen
invades later, memory cells
help to produce antibodies
that disable the pathogen.
A person receives an
injection with weakened
or killed pathogens.
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The immune system
produces antibodies
against the disease. It also
produces memory cells.
Quick Review
[pic] Louis Pasteur found that after a body became
infected with germs, it could become immune to
another infection by the same germs. He also
showed that vaccines could cause the body to
become immune to a disease without causing the
disease.
[pic] Vaccines are used to prevent diseases.
[pic] Antibiotics are used to treat bacterial infections.
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Questions
1. What type of immunity do vaccines produce?
2. If you have been vaccinated against measles, is it
likely that you will become infected with the
measles?
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1. Active 2. No
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Physiology
California Biology/Life Science Standard Bl 10.d
[pic]
Cell
wall
Ribosome
Peptidoglycan
Flagellum
DNA
Pili
[pic]
Quick Review
[pic] Living organisms must maintain a relatively
stable internal environment in order to live.
Stability is challenged by the presence of
disease-agents, such as viruses.
[pic] Viruses cause a wide range of human diseases
including yellow fever, the common cold, polio,
mumps, and AIDS.
[pic] The proteins on the surface of a virus
specifically fit the proteins on the surface of the
cell it infects.
[pic]
Questions
What do all viruses have in common?
[pic]
To which life process does flagellum contribute?
1. Viruses enter living cells and exploit host machinery to replicate. 2. Response to the environment (locomotion)
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Physiology
California Biology/Life Science Standard BI 10.d
[pic]
Common Diseases Caused by Bacteria
Disease
Prevention
Pathogen
Regular dental hygiene
Tooth decay
Streptococcus mutans
Lyme disease
Borrelia burgdorferi
Protection from tick bites
Current tetanus vaccination
Tetanus
Clostridium tetani
Vaccination
Tuberculosis
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Salmonella food poisoning
Salmonella enteritidis
Proper food-handling practices
Maintaining good health
Pneumonia
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Cholera
Vibrio cholerae
Clean water supplies
[pic]
Quick Review
[pic] Some bacteria can cause disease, by breaking down
host tissue for food or by releasing harmful toxins.
[pic] Bacterial toxins can spread throughout the body
(as in tetanus and food poisoning).
[pic] Antibiotics interfere with the life cycle of bacteria,
and are used to treat bacterial infections.
[pic] Sterilization destroys bacteria by subjecting them
to great heat or to chemical action.
[pic]
Questions
How can bacterial infections be prevented?
2. What happens when many people drink from the
same water supply contaminated with cholera
bacteria?
3. [pic]
1. Through good hygiene and vaccinations 2. An epidemic arises.
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Physiology
California Biology/Life Science Standard BI 10.e
[pic]
Viral
RNA
Envelope
Reverse
transcriptase
Capsid
enzyme
Quick Review
[pic]
[pic] HIV is a retrovirus—it caries its genetic information
in RNA rather than in DNA.
[pic] HIV attacks helper T cells and enters the cell. Once
inside, it forces the host cell to make DNA copies of
the virus’s RNA.
[pic] As the HIV particles reproduce, they kill more and
more helper T cells. Eventually this cripples the
immune system.
[pic]
Questions
1. Physicians count the number of helper T cells to
check the progress of HIV infection. What does a
low number of helper T cells indicate?
2. Why might a person with HIV get sick faster than a
healthy person?
[pic]
That the disease is more advanced.
Because the immune system is weakened and can’t fight off pathogens as easily.
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Physiology
California Biology/Life Science Standard Bl 10.f
[pic]
Superior
vena cava
Thymus
Heart
Thoracic
duct
Spleen
Lymph
nodes
Lymph
vessels
[pic]
Quick Review
[pic] White blood cells guard against infection, fight
parasites, and attack bacteria.
[pic] One type of white blood cell, called phagocytes,
engulf and digest bacteria.
[pic] Another type of white blood cell, called
lymphocytes, produce antibodies.
[pic] Lymphocytes called T cells mature in the thymus
before they can function in the immune system.
[pic]
Questions
1. What does an increase in white blood cell count
indicate?
2. To what two body systems do white blood cells
belong?
3. [pic]
1. the body is fighting an infection
2. circulatory system, immune system
[pic]
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Physiology
California Biology/Life Science Standard *BI 10.f
[pic]
Macrophage
T cell binds
to activated
macrophage.
Antigens are
displayed on
surface of
macrophage.
TCell
T cell, activated
by macrophage
becomes a
helper T cell.
Helper
TCell
Helper T cell
activates killer
T cells and
B cells.
Killer
TCell
Infected
Cell
Killer T cells bind
to infected cells,
disrupting their cell
membranes and
destroying them.
[pic]
Quick Review
[pic] There are two types of lymphocytes:
B lymphocytes (B cells) and T lymphocytes
(T cells).
[pic] B cells provide immunity against antigens and
pathogens in the blood. T cells provide defense
against abnormal cells and pathogens inside
living cells.
♦ T cells differentiate into killer T cells, helper
T cells, and memory T cells.
[pic]
Questions
1. What type of T cell actives killer T cells?
2. What type of T cells destroys the tissue that
contains an antigen?
3. What might happen if the same antigen enters
the body a second time?
[pic]
1. helper T cells 2. killer T cells 3. the body produces a secondary response
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