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Physiology

California Biology/Life Science Standard 7 5.a

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Digestive system

Smooth muscle tissue

Stomach

Muscle cell

Quick Review

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[pic] The four levels of organization in a multicellular

organism include cells, tissues, organs, and organ

systems.

[pic] Organ systems work together to maintain

homeostasis in the body as a whole.

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Questions

1. How does the human digestive system contribute

to homeostasis in the body?

2. How does the term division of labor apply to

the organ systems of the bodies of multicellular

organisms?

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It provides the nutrients required for the body to function.

2. Organ systems are specialized, and each performs only a fraction of the functions required for maintenance of homeostasis in the

body as a whole.

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Physiology

California Biology/Life Science Standard 7 5.a

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Leaf

Stem

Root

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Quick Review

[pic] Plants are multicellular eukaryotes that have

cell walls made of cellulose.

[pic] Plants have the same levels of organization as

animals—cells, tissues, organs, and organ

systems.

♦ Plants consist of three main tissue systems:

dermal tissue, vascular tissue, and ground

tissue.

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Questions

1. For what process do plants require sunlight?

Dermal tissue

Vascular tissue

Ground tissue

2. What human organ could be compared to the

dermal tissue of a plant?

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1. Photosynthesis 2. Skin

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Physiology

California Biology/Life Science Standard 7 5.c

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Movement

Movement

Biceps

Biceps (relaxed)

Triceps (contracted)

Triceps

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Quick Review

[pic] Skeletal muscles generate force and produce

movement by pulling on body parts.

[pic] Skeletal muscles are joined to bones by tendons.

[pic] Tendons pull on bones and make them work like

levers.

[pic] Most skeletal muscles work in opposing pairs.

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Questions

1. When the arm bends, which muscle is relaxed?

Which is contracted?

2. In the example shown, what is the fulcrum (the

point around which the lever moves)?

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Triceps, biceps

The elbow

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Physiology

California Biology/Life Science Standard 7 6.j

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Blood vessels

in lungs

Artery to

lungs

Vein from

lungs

-Left

atrium

Right-

atrium

Right

ventricle

Lett

ventricle

Vein from

body

Artery to

body

Blood vessels

in body

Quick Review

[pic] The structure of an organ is adapted to perform

specific functions within one or more systems.

[pic] The circulatory system consists of the heart, blood

vessels, and blood. The circulatory system interacts

with the respiratory system to provide the body

with oxygen.

[pic] Valves keep blood moving in one direction.

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Questions

1. What is the role of the heart in the circulatory

system?

2. Is the blood that travels to the lungs oxygen-rich

or oxygen-poor? How about the blood that leaves

the lungs?

3. [pic]

1. It pumps blood through the system. 2. Oxygen-poor; oxygen-rich

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Physiology

California Biology/Life Science Standard BI 9.a

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Digestive System

Structures: Mouth, pharynx,

esophagus, stomach, small and

large intestines; rectum

Function: Converts foods into

simpler molecules that can be

used by the cells of the body;

absorbs food; eliminates wastes

Circulatory System

Structures: Heart,

blood vessels, blood

Function: Brings oxygen,

nutrients, and hormones to

cells; fights infection; removes

cell wastes; helps to regulate

body temperature

Respiratory System

Structures: Nose, pharynx,

larynx, trachea, bronchi,

bronchioles, lungs

Function: Provides oxygen

needed for cellular respiration

and removes excess carbon

dioxide from the body

Quick Review

[pic] In animals, organ systems are interdependent.

[pic] Organ systems work together in many functions;

for example, delivering oxygen to tissues requires

both the respiratory system and the circulatory

system.

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Questions

1. What body system removes wastes from the cells?

2. What two organ systems are needed to deliver

nutrients to cells?

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Circulatory system

Digestive and circulatory systems

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Physiology

California Biology/Life Science Standard BI 9.b

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Pituitary Gland Hormones

Hormone

Action

Pituitary Gland

Antidiuretic

hormone (ADH)

Stimulates the kidneys to reabsorb water from the collecting

tubules

Posterior pituitary

Stimulates contractions of uterus during childbirth;

releases milk in nursing mothers

Oxytocin

Follicle-stimulating

hormone (FSH)

Anterior pituitary

Stimulates production of mature eggs and sperm

Stimulates ovaries and testes; prepares uterus for implantation

of fertilized egg

Luteinizing

hormone (LH)

Stimulates the synthesis and release of thyroxine from the

thyroid gland

Thyroid-stimulating

hormone (TSH)

Adreno-corticotropic

hormone (ACTH)

Stimulates release of some hormones from the adrenal cortex

Stimulates protein synthesis and growth in cells

Growth hormone (GH)

Stimulates milk production in nursing mothers

Prolactin

Stimulates the melanocytes of the skin, increasing their

production of the skin pigment melanin

Melanocyte-stimulating

hormone (MSH)

Quick Review

[pic] The nervous system and endocrine system work

together to coordinate body activities.

[pic] The endocrine system is made up of glands that

release hormones into the bloodstream. Hormones

deliver messages throughout the body.

[pic] The endocrine system is regulated by feedback loops

that function to maintain homeostasis in the body.

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Questions

1. How does the body’s response to hormones compare

to the body’s response to nerve impulses?

2. Why is the health of the endocrine system

important to the overall health of the body?

3. [pic]

Response to hormones is usually slower to occur and longer lasting than response to a nerve impulse.

The endocrine system maintains homeostasis, which is vital to the health of the body.

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Physiology

California Biology/Life Science Standard Bl 9.c

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Hypothalamus

senses cells need

more energy

Quick Review

[pic] Homeostasis is the process by which organisms

keep internal conditions fairly constant despite

changes in the external environment.

[pic] Some unicellular organisms maintain homeostasis

through the use of organelles. Others produce

spores that can survive environmental conditions

that are unfavorable for growth.

[pic] Most multicellular organisms use feedback loops to

help maintain homeostasis.

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Questions

1. Why is it important for organisms to maintain a

relatively constant internal environment?

Hypothalamus

senses cells have

enough energy

How does feedback inhibition work?

3. What endocrine gland in the human body is

primarily responsible for maintaining homeostasis?

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1. Most organisms need to keep internal conditions fairly constant to survive. 2. It turns a particular body process off once the condition it produces reaches a specific level. 3. The hypothalamus

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Physiology

California Biology/Life Science Standard BI 9.d

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Nucleus

Axon terminals

Cell body

Myelin sheath

Axon

• Dendrites

Nodes

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Quick Review

[pic] The nervous system controls and coordinates

functions throughout the body and responds to

internal and external stimuli.

[pic] Messages carried by the nervous system are called

impulses. The cells that transmit these impulses are

called neurons.

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Questions

1. What type of cell is shown in the drawing?

2. What is the function of the cell shown in the

drawing?

3. Chemicals used by neurons to transmit an impulse

across a synapse to another cell are .

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1. A neuron 2. Neurons transmit electrical and chemical messages. 3. neurotransmitters

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Physiology

California Biology/Life Science Standard Bl 9.e

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Sensory neuron

Motor

neuron

Spinal

cord

Sensory

receptors

Tack

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Quick Review

* Neurons are classified into three types according

to the direction in which an impulse travels.

Interneuron

Effector

(responding muscle)

* Sensory neurons carry impulses from the sense

organs to the spinal cord and brain.

* Motor neurons carry impulses from the brain

and spinal cord to muscles and glands.

* Interneurons connect sensory and motor

neurons and carry impulses between them.

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Questions

1. What two organ systems allow a response to

stepping on a tack?

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Where are interneurons located?

Nervous and muscular systems

In the spinal cord

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Physiology

California Biology/Life Science Standard *BI 9.f

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Effects of Digestive Enzymes

Active Site

Enzyme

Effect on Food

Salivary

amylase

Mouth

Stomach

Pepsin

Small

intestine

(from

pancreas)

Amylase

Trypsin

Lipase

Maltase,

sucrase,

lactase

Small

intestine

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Quick Review

Breaks down starches

into disaccharides

[pic] Digestion involves physical and chemical

changes.

Breaks down proteins

into large peptides

[pic] Mechanical digestion is the physical breakdown

of large pieces of food into smaller pieces.

Continues the

breakdown of starch

Continues the

breakdown of protein

[pic] During chemical digestion, large food molecules

are broken down into smaller food molecules.

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Breaks down fat

Questions

Breaks down remaining

disaccharides into

monosaccharides

1. Which type of digestion involves digestive

enzymes?

Breaks down dipeptides

into amino acids

Peptidase

Where does the digestion of starch begin?

Where does the digestion of fat begin?

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1. Chemical digestion 2. Mouth 3. small intestine

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Physiology

California Biology/Life Science Standard *BI 9.g

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Kidney

Nephron

Capillaries

Cortex

Glomerulus

Medulla

Renal vein

Ureter

Collecting duct

Vein

Artery

To the ureter

To the bladder

Loop of Henle

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Quick Review

[pic] The kidneys are the main organs of the human

excretory system.

[pic] Nephrons in the kidneys control the composition,

volume, and pH of blood.

[pic] Most of the materials removed from the blood

during filtration are reabsorbed.

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Questions

1. What system does the blood belong to?

2. What happens to the wastes that are not

reabsorbed back into the blood?

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Circulatory system

They end up in the collecting duct.

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Physiology

California Biology/Life Science Standard *BI 9.h

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Movement of Actin Filament

Actin

Cross-bridge

Binding sites

Myosin

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Quick Review

[pic] A muscle contracts when the thin filaments in the

muscle fiber (actin) slide over the thick filaments in

the muscle fiber (myosin).

[pic] ATP supplies the energy for muscle contraction.

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Questions

What is actin? What is myosin?

Where in the cell is ATP produced?

What are the two ways a cell can produce ATP?

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1. Actin: thin filaments in skeletal muscle; myosin: thick filaments in skeletal muscle 2. mitochondria

3. cellular respiration and fermentation

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Endocrine System

Structures: Hypothalamus,

pituitary, thyroid, parathyroids,

adrenals, pancreas, ovaries

(in females), testes (in males)

Function: Controls growth,

development, and metabolism;

maintains homeostasis

Physiology

California Biology/Life Science Standard *BI 9.i

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Quick Review

[pic] The endocrine system is made up of glands that

release hormones into the bloodstream.

Hormones deliver messages throughout the

body.

[pic] The endocrine system is regulated by feedback

mechanisms that function to maintain

homeostasis in the body.

[pic] The hormones insulin and glucagon help keep

the level of glucose in the blood stable. Insulin

stimulates cells in the liver to remove sugar from

the blood. Glucagon stimulates the liver to

release glucose back into the blood.

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Questions

What hormone is released after you eat a meal?

What happens when low blood sugar is detected?

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Insulin

The production of glucagon is stimulated

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Physiology

California Biology/Life Science Standard BI 10.a

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Hair

Epidermis

Pore

Dermis

Oil gland

Sweat gland

Fat

Blood vessels

Hair

follicle

Nerve

Muscle

Quick Review

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[pic] The body’s first line of defense against infection is

barriers such as the skin, breathing passages,

mouth, and stomach.

[pic] The body’s second line of defense is the

inflammatory response.

[pic] The body’s third line of defense is the immune

response.

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Questions

What happens when the skin is broken?

What is the inflammatory response?

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Pathogens enter the body and multiple.

The body responds by leaking fluid and white blood cells from blood vessels into tissues.

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Physiology

California Biology/Life Science Standard BI 10.b

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Antigen-binding sites

Antigen

Antibody

Quick Review

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[pic] The immune system includes two categories of

defense mechanisms against infection: nonspecific

defenses and specific defenses.

[pic] Antibodies are proteins that recognize and bind to

antigens.

♦ Antibodies have two identical antigen-binding sites.

Small differences in the antigen-binding sites make

it possible for the antibody to recognize a specific

antigen.

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Question

Is the production of antibodies a specific or

nonspecific defense against infection?

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Specific

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Physiology

California Biology/Life Science Standard BI 10.c

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Vaccination

Vaccine

Weakened

or killed

pathogen

Antibody

“Real” pathogen

Antibody

Skin

1 If the “real” pathogen

invades later, memory cells

help to produce antibodies

that disable the pathogen.

A person receives an

injection with weakened

or killed pathogens.

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The immune system

produces antibodies

against the disease. It also

produces memory cells.

Quick Review

[pic] Louis Pasteur found that after a body became

infected with germs, it could become immune to

another infection by the same germs. He also

showed that vaccines could cause the body to

become immune to a disease without causing the

disease.

[pic] Vaccines are used to prevent diseases.

[pic] Antibiotics are used to treat bacterial infections.

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Questions

1. What type of immunity do vaccines produce?

2. If you have been vaccinated against measles, is it

likely that you will become infected with the

measles?

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1. Active 2. No

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Physiology

California Biology/Life Science Standard Bl 10.d

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Cell

wall

Ribosome

Peptidoglycan

Flagellum

DNA

Pili

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Quick Review

[pic] Living organisms must maintain a relatively

stable internal environment in order to live.

Stability is challenged by the presence of

disease-agents, such as viruses.

[pic] Viruses cause a wide range of human diseases

including yellow fever, the common cold, polio,

mumps, and AIDS.

[pic] The proteins on the surface of a virus

specifically fit the proteins on the surface of the

cell it infects.

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Questions

What do all viruses have in common?

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To which life process does flagellum contribute?

1. Viruses enter living cells and exploit host machinery to replicate. 2. Response to the environment (locomotion)

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Physiology

California Biology/Life Science Standard BI 10.d

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Common Diseases Caused by Bacteria

Disease

Prevention

Pathogen

Regular dental hygiene

Tooth decay

Streptococcus mutans

Lyme disease

Borrelia burgdorferi

Protection from tick bites

Current tetanus vaccination

Tetanus

Clostridium tetani

Vaccination

Tuberculosis

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Salmonella food poisoning

Salmonella enteritidis

Proper food-handling practices

Maintaining good health

Pneumonia

Streptococcus pneumoniae

Cholera

Vibrio cholerae

Clean water supplies

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Quick Review

[pic] Some bacteria can cause disease, by breaking down

host tissue for food or by releasing harmful toxins.

[pic] Bacterial toxins can spread throughout the body

(as in tetanus and food poisoning).

[pic] Antibiotics interfere with the life cycle of bacteria,

and are used to treat bacterial infections.

[pic] Sterilization destroys bacteria by subjecting them

to great heat or to chemical action.

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Questions

How can bacterial infections be prevented?

2. What happens when many people drink from the

same water supply contaminated with cholera

bacteria?

3. [pic]

1. Through good hygiene and vaccinations 2. An epidemic arises.

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Physiology

California Biology/Life Science Standard BI 10.e

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Viral

RNA

Envelope

Reverse

transcriptase

Capsid

enzyme

Quick Review

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[pic] HIV is a retrovirus—it caries its genetic information

in RNA rather than in DNA.

[pic] HIV attacks helper T cells and enters the cell. Once

inside, it forces the host cell to make DNA copies of

the virus’s RNA.

[pic] As the HIV particles reproduce, they kill more and

more helper T cells. Eventually this cripples the

immune system.

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Questions

1. Physicians count the number of helper T cells to

check the progress of HIV infection. What does a

low number of helper T cells indicate?

2. Why might a person with HIV get sick faster than a

healthy person?

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That the disease is more advanced.

Because the immune system is weakened and can’t fight off pathogens as easily.

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Physiology

California Biology/Life Science Standard Bl 10.f

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Superior

vena cava

Thymus

Heart

Thoracic

duct

Spleen

Lymph

nodes

Lymph

vessels

[pic]

Quick Review

[pic] White blood cells guard against infection, fight

parasites, and attack bacteria.

[pic] One type of white blood cell, called phagocytes,

engulf and digest bacteria.

[pic] Another type of white blood cell, called

lymphocytes, produce antibodies.

[pic] Lymphocytes called T cells mature in the thymus

before they can function in the immune system.

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Questions

1. What does an increase in white blood cell count

indicate?

2. To what two body systems do white blood cells

belong?

3. [pic]

1. the body is fighting an infection

2. circulatory system, immune system

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Physiology

California Biology/Life Science Standard *BI 10.f

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Macrophage

T cell binds

to activated

macrophage.

Antigens are

displayed on

surface of

macrophage.

TCell

T cell, activated

by macrophage

becomes a

helper T cell.

Helper

TCell

Helper T cell

activates killer

T cells and

B cells.

Killer

TCell

Infected

Cell

Killer T cells bind

to infected cells,

disrupting their cell

membranes and

destroying them.

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Quick Review

[pic] There are two types of lymphocytes:

B lymphocytes (B cells) and T lymphocytes

(T cells).

[pic] B cells provide immunity against antigens and

pathogens in the blood. T cells provide defense

against abnormal cells and pathogens inside

living cells.

♦ T cells differentiate into killer T cells, helper

T cells, and memory T cells.

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Questions

1. What type of T cell actives killer T cells?

2. What type of T cells destroys the tissue that

contains an antigen?

3. What might happen if the same antigen enters

the body a second time?

[pic]

1. helper T cells 2. killer T cells 3. the body produces a secondary response

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