Adult Development - Pennsylvania State University
This document contains protected information. You may not upload, copy, or share these notes (complete or incomplete) with any organization, company, or person who is not currently enrolled in the course without the written consent of the instructor. Violators may be sanctioned.------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Adolescence & Adulthood ? Lecture Goals ??? Introduce Developmental Psychology ??? Introduce Moral Reasoning ??? Introduce Psychosocial Development ? Corresponding Readings ??? Module 16 ? Moral Reasoning ??? =Ability to make judgments about _____________________ ??? Investigated by Jean Piaget ??????? -Tied moral reasoning to cognitive development ??????? -Tested with stories ????Piaget noticed preschoolers consider ____________________ ????Preschoolers do NOT consider _____________ ????_____________________ consider intentions ? ? ??? Laurence Kohlberg ??????? - Extended Piaget's work to include teenagers __________________________ ??????? - Also used stories (e.g., Jim’s wife story)??????? - Interested in reason, not yes/no??????? - 3 levels of moral reasoning Preconcentional Conventional Postconventional? ????Preconventional Level Young children learn from consequences??????????????? Focus on _________________________??????????????????? - Avoid punishment & seek reward????Conventional Level???????????? Focus on _________________________ - Seek to avoid disapproval??????????????? - Do one’s duty (follow social rules)????Postconventional Level?????????????Focus on ________________________________?????????????? - Focus on rights, freedoms, respect - Focus on self-chosen principles - ___________________ reach highest levelCriticisms of Kohlberg's Ideas ??? Moral reasoning _________________ ??? No role of ______________________ ??? Difficulty categorizing rationales ??? Kohlberg used only _______ subjects ??????? - __________________ typically score lower ??????? - Theory not as applicable to women ? ? Gilligan's Moral Reasoning ??? Men & women _____________ to view moral behavior differently ??????? Men = in terms of __________________ (e.g., justice, fairness) ??????? Women = focus on _____________________________________??? Stage 1: Individual Survival Orientation??????? - Focus on _____________________________________ ??? Stage 2: Goodness as Self-Sacrifice??????? - Sacrifice own interests to _________________________ ??? Stage 3: Morality of nonviolence??? - Hurting anyone (including self) ______________________??????? "The abortion decision depends on beliefs about whether or not the fetus is living, health issues, and the potential mother's personal situation.Criticisms of Gilligan's Stages ??? Designed for _________________ ??? Do men and women really differ morally? ??? _____________________________ rather than account for both sexes ? ?Moral Foundations Theory??? Care??? ____________________??? Loyalty??? ____________________??? SanctityErikson's Psychosocial Dev. ??? - 8 stages ??? - Each requires a conflict to be resolved ? ??? Stage 1: ______________________________ (0 - 1.5) ??????? Q = ___________________________? ??????????? - Infants develop feelings of trust if ____________________ ??????????? - Otherwise develop feelings of mistrust ? ? ??? Stage 2: __________________________________ (1.5 - 3) ??????? Q = ____________________________________? ??????????? - Toddlers develop independence if _____________________ ??????????? - Caregivers must provide appropriate amount of control ????????????- Too _______________________________ - Child does NOT develop sense of control over environment - Becomes overly dependent (doubt in self)????????????- Too _______________________________ - Child becomes overly controlling & demanding (doubt in others)? ? ??? Stage 3: __________________________________ (3 - 6) ??????? Q = _________________________________________? ??????????? - Child wants to initiate activities independently ??????????? - Child feels guilt over unwanted or unexpected consequences ??????????? Adults should ___________________________________ ? ? ??? Stage 4: _____________________________ (6 - 12) ??????? Q = Am I worthy/successful? ??????????? - Depends on increased competency in all areas (social interactions, school, etc.) ??????????? - No increase = feelings of _______________________________ ? ???? Stage 5:______________________________________________ (Adolescence) ??????? Q = Who am I???????????????- Pressures to decide what want to do with life??????????????- People try to determine what makes them special/_________________???????? Physical Changes????????????- Puberty????????????????? -Heart efficiency (pump & oxygenation)????????????????????? - Males = 18-19 yrs. (gymnasts)????????????????????? - Females = 13-15 yrs. (gymnasts)?????????Want to define identity (masks)?????????Want self and social ______________________________?????????Personality Switches?!?!?!?????????Emotional Changes?????? ??????- ? passion & energy????????????? - ? ______________________________ (sex, crime) Lack of common sense???? - Teens = use brain's ______________________ area??? - Adults = use ___________________________________________ areas?????????Emotions and MRI research?????????????- Not interpret same way????????????- Can lead to bad _________________________________________??????????????- Overemotional reaction to rejection??????????Want to be accepted??????????????-? ______________ reliance on peers for social info.??????????????-? ______________ reliance on adults for social info.?????????Role of Parents??????????????- Teens ______________________??????????????- Re-earn trust & respect??????????????- Teen talks 1st??????????????- Ask questions & _____________________??????????????- Set few important rules????????????????? - To set limits????????????????? - __________________________________??????????????- Praise/acceptance important? ??? Stage 6: ____________________________ (18 - 30) ??????? Q = _____________________________________? ??????????? - Focus on developing close relationships with others ??????????? - Failure = fear, loneliness, _________________________ problems ? ??? Stage 7: ________________________________ (Middle adulthood) ??????? Q = ___________________________________? ??????????? - Focus on ______________________________ ??????????? - Failure = feelings of life triviality ??????????? - Success = feelings of continuity ? ??? Stage 8: _______________________________ (Late adulthood) ??????? Q = ____________________________? ??????????? - Failure = regret over what might have been ??????????? - Success = sense of accomplishment ................
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