Notes: Monday, October 31, 2011



Notes U.S. History: Thursday, March 22, 2012

SSUSH11 The student will describe the economic, social, and geographic impact of the growth of big business and technological innovations after Reconstruction.

a. Explain the impact of the railroads on other industries, such as steel, and on the organization of big business.

b. Describe the impact of the railroads in the development of the West; include the transcontinental railroad, and the use of Chinese labor.

c. Identify John D. Rockefeller and the Standard Oil Company and the rise of trusts and monopolies

d. Describe the inventions of Thomas Edison; include the electric light bulb, motion pictures, and the phonograph, and their impact on American life

Essential Question: How was the country changed by big businesses and technological advances? Were the changes for the better or the worse?

Post Civil War: What does the U.S. look like?

North- ____________________ , prosperous

South- Poor, ____________________ very popular

West- Dwindling ____________________ populations, RR opened West for settlement

The Industrial Age: The Age of Railroads & Westward Expansion

Why did America need Railroads?

• ____________________ from East to West was not very good

• Travelling time from East to West took 6 months +

• It would help fulfill ‘____________________’

• The U.S. needed to keep up with other countries

• Trade links with ____________________ and ____________________

• Help to bring law and order to the West

U.S. Westward Growth & Expansion

U.S. continued to grow & expand after Civil War, and railroads made it possible

1. U.S. government granted huge tracts of land to companies that were willing to build railroads

2. RRs allowed farmers, ranchers and other settlers to access markets and resources in the eastern U.S.

3. RRs made it easier for people to move west which increased ____________________ rates

____________________ Railroad:

1. In 1862 Congress authorizes the transcontinental railroad project between existing RR companies in order to create a “____________________”

2. In May, 1869, Union Pacific and Central Pacific joined their tracks in Promontory, Utah

3. Workers- ____________________ and ____________________ immigrants; difficult and dangerous life

RR Companies sold off extra land to farmers and ranchers

President Ulysses S. Grant: 1869-1877 -- Allied with the Radical Republicans

RRs and Big Business

RRs helped the growth of ____________________ industry and big business

1. Bessemer Process made steel production ____________________ and ____________________, therefore aided in the expansion of RRs and construction of buildings

2. ______________ changed America: Brooklyn Bridge, RRs, tin cans (food storage), farm machines, skyscrapers

3. RRs allowed ____________________ of goods to more areas than were previously accessible by river

The rapid rise of the steel and railroad industries spurred the growth of other big businesses, especially in the ____________, financial, and manufacturing sectors of the economy.

1. These businesses acquired enormous ____________________ which they often used to dominate and control many aspects of American cultural and ____________________ life.

2. As a consequence of these practices, by the beginning of the 20th century big business became the target of ____________________ _________________ movements at the state and national levels.

Giants of Big Business

• “____________________” was the name given to business leaders who made a lot of money in RRs (and other industries) and who were corrupt in business

Cornelius Vanderbilt: ____________________ industry; in 1869 extended his NY Central RR to Chicago

Andrew Carnegie: ____________________ industry; sold his steel interests to J.P. Morgan for $500MM

• Poor, Scottish immigrant- came to U.S. in 1848

John D. Rockefeller: ____________________ industry giant

• ____________________, Rockefeller’s company, was the nation’s first trust

• ____________________ = a business arrangement under which a number of companies unite into one system; trusts destroy competition and create ____________________ (a market in which there is only one supplier of a product and no market competition)

• Through his trust, JDR dictated prices, got rid of ____________________, and controlled the U.S. oil industry

• JDR used ____________________ ____________________: bought out his suppliers, controlled and owned every step of his manufacturing process; came to own more than ____________% of America’s oil industry.

• For example, in the oil industry, JDR made the barrels, cans and oil rigs company needed

• Carnegie said, “Pay no man but myself.” Steel magnate owned mines, barges, RRs, mills. Made money at every level.

Inventions and Technological Advances

Inventions and technological advances helped the U.S. progress as an ____________________ nation during late 19th and early 20th centuries

Thomas Edison’s inventions:

– Phonograph (1877): recorded sound

– Motion picture camera

– Electric light bulb (1880): transformed ____________________ and ____________________

• People could work and do more after dark in factories, offices and at home

– Central power companies (Edison came up with the idea for these kinds of companies)

President Rutherford B. Hayes: 1877-1881

• Republican

• ____________________ of ____________________

• Took ____________________ out of the South ending Reconstruction

Other Inventions: Westinghouse- made electricity safe and cheap; Sholes- typewriter (1867); Bell- telephone (1876)

____________________ made possible lights, power, refrigerated RR cars. Business advances: telephone, typewriter, cash register, adding machines. Mass popular culture: cameras, phonographs, bicycles, motion pictures (silent), amusement parks, professional sports.

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