Non-Wood Forest Products From Conifers

NON-WOOD FOREST PRODUCTS 12

Page 1 of 8

Non-Wood Forest Products From Conifers

FAO - Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations The designations employed and the presentation of material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its

frontiers or boundaries.

M-37 ISBN 92-5-104212-8

(c) FAO 1995

TABLE OF CONTENTS

FOREWORD ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ABBREVIATIONS INTRODUCTION CHAPTER 1 - AN OVERVIEW OF THE CONIFERS WHAT ARE CONIFERS? DISTRIBUTION AND ABUNDANCE USES CHAPTER 2 - CONIFERS IN HUMAN CULTURE FOLKLORE AND MYTHOLOGY RELIGION POLITICAL SYMBOLS ART CHAPTER 3 - WHOLE TREES LANDSCAPE AND ORNAMENTAL TREES

Historical aspects Benefits Species Uses Foliage effect Specimen and character trees Shelter, screening and backcloth plantings Hedges

CHRISTMAS TREES

Historical aspects Species Abies spp Picea spp Pinus spp Pseudotsuga menziesii Other species Production and trade

BONSAI

Historical aspects Bonsai as an art form Bonsai cultivation Species Current status

TOPIARY CONIFERS AS HOUSE PLANTS

CHAPTER 4 - FOLIAGE

EVERGREEN BOUGHS

Uses Species Harvesting, management and trade

PINE NEEDLES

Mulch Decorative baskets

OTHER USES OF CONIFER FOLIAGE

CHAPTER 5 - BARK AND ROOTS

TRADITIONAL USES

Inner bark as food Medicinal uses Natural dyes Other uses

TAXOL

Description and uses Harvesting methods Alternative sources

Page 2 of 8

Page 3 of 8

TANNIN

Historical background Composition and properties Sources

EFFORTS TO INCREASE UTILIZATION OF WASTE BARK

Absorption of oil spills Particleboard Use of bark as a soil amendment and in landscaping Silvacon Other uses of conifer bark

CHAPTER 6 - RESIN

RESIN FROM PINES

Sources Primary products Turpentine Rosin Historical aspects Species Effects of resin tapping on pines Uses Unprocessed resin Rosin and Turpentine Production and trade

RESINS FROM OTHER PINACEAE

Resins from Abies spp Resins from Picea spp Other resins

SANDARAC MANILA COPAL MINOR SOURCES OF RESIN FOSSIL RESIN

Sources Geographic occurrence Uses

CHAPTER 7 - ESSENTIAL OILS

DEFINITION COMMERCIAL EXTRACTION METHODS "CEDAR" OILS

Cedar leaf oil Essential oils from Juniperus and Cupressus Species Production standards Production and international trade Essential oils from Cedrus spp.

ESSENTIAL OILS FROM THE PINACEAE OTHER ESSENTIAL OILS FROM CONIFERS

CHAPTER 8 - SEEDS, FRUITS AND CONES

Page 4 of 8

PINE NUTS

Species which produce edible nuts Nutritional value Historical aspects Contemporary uses

ARAUCARIA NUTS SEEDS OF T?RREYA SPP GINGKO FRUITS AND SEEDS JUNIPER BERRIES CONES

Uses Sources and markets

CHAPTER 9 -NON-WOOD PRODUCTS FROM ORGANISMS ASSOCIATED WITH CONIFERS

EDIBLE MUSHROOMS

Types of fungi Edible mushrooms associated with conifers Production and trade Problems associated with harvesting of edible forest mushrooms

EDIBLE INSECTS LICHENS

Dyes Food Forage, floral decorations and simulated foliage

DWARF MISTLETOE SHOOTS

CHAPTER 10 - SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS

LITERATURE CITED

APPENDIX 1 - ORDERS, FAMILIES AND GENERA OF CONIFERS

APPENDIX 2 - SAMPLE RECIPES WHICH CALL FOR INGREDIENTS FROM CONIFERS

APPENDIX 3 - SCIENTIFIC NAMES, COMMON NAMES, PRINCIPAL NWFPs AND TYPE OF USE FOR CONIFERS MENTIONED IN THIS PAPER

TABLES:

Table 3.1 Varieties of Juniperus communis and their characteristics Table 3.2 Christmas tree production, exports and imports, Canada 1993-94 Table 3.3 Mexican imports of Christmas trees, 1991-93 Table 3.4 Some conifers used for bonsai Table 4.1 Prices paid to bough harvesters for selected North Americanconifers Table 5.1 Uses of conifer bark for medicinal purposes by indigenous tribesof North-western British Columbia, Canada Table 6.1 Pines, which are important commercial sources of resin Table 6.2 Principal uses of turpentine and rosin Table 6.3 Major rosin and turpentine producing countries - 1964-1966 Table 6.4 Major crude resin, rosin and turpentine producing countries1990-1993 Table 6.5 Estimated exports of gum rosin and turpentine - 1990-1994 Table 6.6 Status of the pine resin tapping industry in Honduras - 1993 Table 6.7 Families of resin producing plants, which are sources of amber

Page 5 of 8

Table 7.1 Global production of major essential oils from Cedrus, Cupressusand Juniperus ? 1984 69 Table 8.1 Pine species with edible nuts Table 8.2 The pi?on pines of Mexico and the United States Table 8.3 Dietary value of several species of pine nuts in comparison withother commercially important nuts Table 8.4 Retail prices for conifer cones, Pacific north-western USA - 1991 Table 9.1 Edible mushrooms harvested from conifer forests in India Table 9.2 Average price per kilogram paid to mushroom pickers in thePacific north-west Region, USA - 1992 Table 9.3 Key final markets as a percentage of the total volume of edible ectomycorrhizal mushrooms from conifer forests in the Pacificnorth-west, USA - 1992 Table 9.4 Exports of edible mushrooms from Chile - 1990-1993

TEXTBOXES

The world's oldest and the world's most massive trees are both conifers How the arborvitae came to Europe Bonsai, the fountain of youth Naturally occurring bonsai Mexico's sacred fir The gasoline tree Resin added to white wine: A Greek tradition Cedarwood oil - A natural pesticide? Harvesting pi?on nuts Passing trees from generation to generation

ILLUSTRATIONS

(Photos by author unless otherwise noted)

Figure 1.1 The world's largest conifer, the General Sherman Tree, Sequoia - Kings Canyon National Park, California (USA) Figure 1.2 Pinus longaeva in California's White Mountains (USA) are the oldest known trees Figure 1.3 Natural conifer forests: A. Juniperus procera, Maralal, Kenya, B. Pinus brutia, Isle of Rhodes, Greece, C. Araucaria araucana, Conguillio National Park, Chile, D. Pinus roxburghii, Uttar Pradesh, India Figure 2.1 Tile silhouette of Araucaria angustifolia in a sidewalk, Curitiba, Brazil Figure 2.2 Landscape with Araucaria angustifolia made of inlaid woods, southern Brazil Figure 3.1 Araucaria columnaris is widely used as a landscape tree in the tropics (Lanai City, Lanai, Hawaii, USA) Figure 3.2 Extensive plantings of columnar cultivars of Cupressus sempervirens in the Tuscany region of Italy has given the landscape a special character Figure 3.3 Planting of Araucaria angustifolia along a golf course, Curitiba, Brazil Figure 3.4 Christmas tree production in Canada by Province - 1994 Figure 3.5 A Juniperus procumbens bonsai in the shakan style Figure 3.6 Bonsai, Pinus parviflora for sale in a street market in Hefei, Anhui Province, China Figure 4.1 A rural resident in the state of Toluca, Mexico returns home with boughs of Abies religiousa. Greenery from this tree is used to decorate churches and homes during religious festivals Figure 4.2 Baskets made from the needles of Pinus caribaea by the Misketa Indians, Puerto Cabezas, Nicaragua Figure 5.1 Building in Balochistan Province, Pakistan with roof made from strips of the bark of Juniperus excelsa Figure 5.2 The western yew, Taxus brevifolia, is a prime source of the anti-cancer drug, taxol Figure 5.3 Close up of the foliage of Taxus brevifolia. Figure 6.1 Resin collection on Pinus massoniana, Anhui Province, China Figure 6.2 A woman collects resin from Pinus merkusii, Vinh Province, Vietnam Figure 8.1 Edible seeds of Pinus edulis Figure 8.2 An Anasazi cliff dwelling in northern New Mexico, USA. Some anthropologists believe that it was the occurrence of Pinus edulis, which provided a stable food source, that allowed an advanced civilization to develop in this region Figure 8.3 A forest of Pinus edulis in Owl Canyon, near Fort Collins, Colorado, USA.This stand is some150km north-east of the main distribution of this species and may be the result of indigenous people accidentally spilling seed along an ancient trade route Figure 8.4 A grove of Pinus pinea, south of Rome, Italy The edible seeds of this species are important in international trade Figure 8.5 Packaged nuts of Pinus koraiensis. The nuts of this species are harvested in China and exported world-wide

 ................
................

In order to avoid copyright disputes, this page is only a partial summary.

Google Online Preview   Download