Cell Structure and Function Notes



CELL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION NOTES

Cell Theory

1. All living things_________________________________________________________

2. Cells are the __________________________________________________________.

3. Cells are produced ______________________________________________________

All Living things have cells

a. Unicellular ______________________________

b. Multicellular _____________________________

Types of Cells

a. Prokaryote: _____________________________

i. Always ___________________________

ii. Lacks ____________________________

iii. Few ______________________________

iv. Bacteria are the only group of organisms that are prokaryote.

b. Eukaryote: ______________________________

v. Are unicellular or Multicellular.

vi. Has many _________________________

vii. Has specialized _____________________

Ex. __________________________________________________________

viii. All other living things.

Ex. __________________________________________________________

Cell Organelles

a. “Little” organs with specific jobs in the cell.

In the following table is a sample analogy for the cell: The Cell is Like a Cell Phone Factory

The Differences (at the end of ppt)

Animal

Shape _______________________

Organelles:

a. ___________________

b. ___________________

Plant

Shape ________________________

Organelles:

a. ___________________

b. ___________________

c. ___________________

|Organelle |Organelle Function |Organelle Facts |Sample Analogy |Organelle Image |

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|Cell Membrane | | | |[pic] |

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|Cytoplasm | | | |[pic] |

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|Nucleus | | | |[pic] |

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|Chromatin | | | |[pic] |

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|Ribosome | | | | |

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|Endoplasmic Reticulum | | | |[pic] |

|Smooth/ Rough | | | | |

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|Organelle |Organelle Function |Organelle Facts |Sample Analogy |Organelle Image |

|(Plant/Animal/Both) | | | | |

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|Golgi Apparatus | | | | |

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|Mitochondria | | | | |

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|Lysosomes | | | | |

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|Centriole | | | | |

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|Chloroplasts | | | | |

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|Cell wall | | | | |

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|Central Vacuole | | | | |

|or Vacuoles | | | | |

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|Vesicle | | | | |

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CELL ENERGY NOTES: PHOTOSYNTHESIS AND CELLULAR RESPIRATION

• All nutrients must be broken down to __________________

• Breakdown of nutrients to glucose occurs by ___________________.

[pic]

Photosynthesis:

WHERE: ___________________

WHO: _________________

WHY: ______________________________

WHEN: _____________________________

Two Reactions happen in photosynthesis:

Light Dependent Reactions:

1. Light is absorbed by ___________________________

2. Light splits water into ________________________

3. Energy from this split is used to make______________

Dark Reactions- Calvin Cycle

Steps

1. Energy from ATP used to make _______________ (_______________) from ___________ and _________

2. Oxygen is ______________

Photosynthesis Equation:

_________________ + ______________ + _______________→ _______________ + _____________

[pic]

Cellular Respiration:

WHERE: ______________________

WHO: ______________________

WHY: ________________________

The Equation:

__________________+ ______________→ _______________ + _______________ + ______________

carbon dioxide & water are “leftovers”

Two Types of Cellular Respiration:

Aerobic

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▪ Three Steps

Anaerobic

“Fermentation”

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– (ok for small things)

•

It’s a 3 STEP PROCESS

Why:_____________________________________________________________________________!

Glycolysis: Happens in the ________________________to break down ____________________

* All living things do _________________________________

Krebs Cycle: In the_________________________________, makes ____________________(not efficient)

Electron Transport: In the mitochondria, makes ____________________ of ATP

ATP- Adenosine Triphosphate

The Big Picture:

All nutrients must be broken down to _______________________

_________________ must be converted to ________________

ANALOGY:

ATP continued:

• The main __________________molecule used by organisms

• Energy is Stored in the _____________________

– _________________ a bond _______________energy

• ATP→ADP

– _________________a bond ____________ energy

• ADP→ ATP

[pic]

Cellular Energy in the form of ATP gets used to drive cell processes

EX: Cell Division

Cell Transport

CELL TRANSPORT NOTES

Several items make Cell Transport possible

1. The _______________________ ( __________________________________)

2. A _________________________ _____________________________

3. Selective Permeability

4. Membrane Bound __________________________

Selective Permeability:

• A property of biological membranes that allows ______________ substances to cross the ___________________ more easily than others.

Concentration Gradient:

• The ________________________ in the amount of solution on each side of a _______________________________________.

The Phospholipid

• Head:

• Tail:

i. Hydro: Water

ii. Philia: Love

iii. Phobia: Hates

• Heads ____________, tails _____________...the membrane forms a ______________

Types of Cellular Transport

Passive Transport

* Diffusion

* Facilitated Diffusion

* Need Channel Proteins

* No ATP

Active Transport

Needs Carrier Proteins

Requires ATP

Endocytosis

Exocytosis

I. Passive Transport

a. Diffusion: The tendency of a substance to move from an area of ________________ to an area of ___________________ across a _____________________ in which the cell expends _______ ______________.

b. Facilitated Diffusion: The process of transporting ___________________ by ______________ _______________ during ______________________ requires ________ ______________ output.

• Needs:

II. Active Transport

• Needs:

Transport of molecules _____________________ a ______________________ __________________ (from ______________ to ___________________) using ____________________ __________________ in the cell membrane and _________________ from ____________.

a. Exocytosis: The release of materials _______________________________Ex___________.

b. Endocytosis: The taking of materials ______________________________Ex___________.

How does that look in a cell?

A.

B.

C.

Exocytosis: The __________________ of materials _________________________________(pooping)

Endocytosis: The __________________of materials from _____________________________(eating)

Cell Size and Diffusion

• Cells must remain ____________ to ____________________ diffusion.

• The _______________ a cells volume becomes the ___________ efficient it becomes.

a. Prokaryotes –

b. Animal Cells (Eukaryotic) –

• Surface Area of cells must be _____________________________ larger than its size (________________).

Solutions and Cells

o Solvent:

o Solute:

o Solution:

Simple Rule: Salt Sucks!

• When salt is _______________ or _________________ the cell, it ___________ water in its direction.

o ____________ thing applies for ______________ other _________________________

Solutions and Cells

• All solutions want to be ________________ on ____________ sides of the ______________, for __________________________.

• Substances ________________________ in solution have special vocabulary to describe them.

• Hypertonic:

o The conc. of solute ____________________ the cell is _______________ than the conc. _________________.

o The solution ______________________ is ___________________________.

o _____________________________________________ of the cell until _________________________ is reached.

▪ The cell will ________________________ and ____________ mass.

• Hypotonic:

o The conc. of solute ____________________ the cell is _______________ than the conc. _________________.

o The solution ______________________ is ___________________________.

o _____________________________________________ in the cell until _________________________ is reached.

▪ The cell will ________________________ and ____________ mass

• Isotonic:

▪ The conc. of solute __________________ and __________________ are ____________________.

▪ The solution ____________________________________________________.

▪ Water diffuses ____________ and _______________ at ___________ rates.

• __________ net change in ____________ or __________________.

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