Chapter 6: Photosynthesis
Chapter 8
Sec. 2: Photosynthesis
Energy for Life Processes
← Autotrophs: ______________________________________________________________.
◦ Plants, who use _____________________________, are the most common example.
◦ Some bacteria also use _________________________________.
◦ Other autotrophic bacteria use chemicals instead of light for energy. They are call
________________________________.
← Heterotrophs: ___________________________________________________________.
◦ Energy comes from photosynthesis through a series of chemical reactions.
◦ In a ____________________ ____________________, one reaction leads to products, which lead to another reaction, which continues many times over.
Photosynthesis
← Photosynthesis: ________________________________________________________.
◦ It uses ____________________________ and ______________________to make organic compounds.
◦ It produces ______________________________ as a byproduct.
Light Absorption
← Chloroplasts: are the sites of ____________________________________.
◦ They are covered by a ____________________________ membrane.
◦ They are filled with a fluid called the __________________________.
← Inside the chloroplasts, there are pancake-like stacks of round membranes where the “light
reactions” take place.
◦ The membranes are called ________________________.
◦ The thylakoids are in stacks called ___________________________.
← These reactions are called the ____________ ________________because they (of course)
use light!
← Plants use several different ______________________ to absorb light’s energy.
◦ Whatever “_____________” a pigment absorbs is taken into the plant.
◦ The “______________” a pigment doesn’t absorb are reflected back to your eyes.
← Chlorophyll A: _____________________________________________.
◦ It absorbs ______________ and ______________________ light.
◦ It reflects ______________ light.
◦ This is why the majority of plant parts appear green.
← Chlorophyll B: _______________________________________.
◦ The _____________________ absorb __________ and reflect __________________,
_____________________ and _______________________.
← In the fall, many plants lose the _______________ and only the
____________________ remain.
← This is why fall leaves gain their colors.
Electron Transport Chain in Photosynthesis
← A _____________________ : is a cluster of ________________________ molecules.
← Two photosystems are known.
◦ ______________________________
◦ ______________________________
Steps of Electron Transport chain (Light Reaction)
1. Light strikes _____________________ and the energy is passed along to pigments.
2. Electrons in the pigments get “________________” and are passed down an _____________
___________________________________________.
◦ What happens to replace all those electrons?
← ____________from the roots is split into _______,________, and _________
← The electrons go into Photosystem II.
← The _________________ is given off as waste.
3. The electron transport chain provides energy to turn ________ into _________
(___________________________).
◦ The energy in the electrons is now all used up.
← We need more light to re-power electrons!
← We are about to head into _________________________.
4. Addition light strikes _______________________.
◦ This “____________________” electrons again.
◦ The electrons are sent down another electron transport chain.
◦ This ETC provides energy to turn ____________ to _____________ (___________
_________________________).
5. The ___________________________and _________________________ are sent to the
____________________________.
Photosystems
← Why does Photosystem II occur before Photosystem I?
◦ _____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________.
← Where do the electrons that enter Photosystem II come from?
◦ _____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________.
← What happens if there’s no water to replace the electrons?
◦ _____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________.
The Calvin Cycle
← The ______________________ is referred to as the “_____________________________”.
◦ This is because _________________ is not needed for energy.
◦ The energy for this cycle comes from ________ and __________ from the
photosystems (__________________________).
◦ These reactions occur in the ___________ (________________________________
_____________________________).
◦ _______________________ (________) is brought in.
◦ Some of the carbon is used to make organic molecules (__________) for _________.
◦ The other carbon is used to keep the _______________________.
Photosynthesis Products
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
Alternative Pathways
← The Calvin Cycle is the most common way for plants to ______________ (_____________).
← Plants that do this are called _______________________.
← Some plants use a similar process, called the ______________________.
← This alternative process is a method for plants in ___________________________________
__________________________________________.
◦ ________________are small pores in leaves where plants exchange ____ and______.
◦ These plants leave their stomata partially closed, so they have less ________ but also
◦ lose less ________.
◦ They have a special ______________ to deal with the ________________________
____________________________.
◦ Examples are __________, _______________, and __________________________.
← Some plants use a different process called the ___________________________.
← This process is another method for plants to conserve water.
◦ Stomata are ________ at night and ___________ during the day (the opposite of most
plants).
◦ Because of this, these plants grow slowly.
◦ Examples are _______________ and __________________.
Rate of Photosynthesis
← Environmental factors can speed up or slow down the rate of photosynthesis.
◦ Light
← Increases in light ____________ up photosynthesis.
← This only occurs up to a point.
← Only so many electrons can be excited by light.
← Once they’re all busy, _________________________________________
◦ CO2
← Increases in ________ speed up photosynthesis.
← This only occurs up to a point.
← Only so much carbon can be fixed.
← Once carbon cycles are maxed, _____________________________________
◦ Temperature
← Increases in temperature ____________ up photosynthesis (up to a point).
← If temperatures get too hot, the stomata __________ and ________ CO2 is available.
← High temperatures can destroy needed ____________________ and shut
down ______________________________.
Chapter 8
Sec. 3: Cellular Respiration
Chemical Energy for Animals
← Cellular Respiration: __________________________________________________.
◦ Energy is in the form of _________________.
◦ Respiration is done by breaking down organic compounds.
◦ Cellular Respiration is basically the opposite of photosynthesis.
◦ The products of photosynthesis are the reactants of respiration.
◦ In other words, ________________ and ____________________ work together!
◦ “__________________________________”
Adenosine Tri-Phosphate
← ATP: is the main source of energy for cells.
◦ Energy holds the ___________ phosphate to the other 2.
◦ When the ______________ phosphate is released, ATP becomes ________________
__________________(__________).
◦ The “____________________” is also released, and energy is available for cell
processes.
◦ Remember, _______________ is the main energy molecule for cells.
◦ ATP is the _____________ source of energy the body can use for ________________
contraction.
◦ Our muscles have such small amounts of stored ATP that it is depleted within
________________________ of exercise!
◦ ___________ cannot be transferred to muscles, so it must be recycled immediately.
◦ To “recycle” it, ______________________must be converted back to ____________
__________________________.
← Sources of ATP recycling:
◦ _____________________________
◦ _____________________________
◦ _____________________________
Sources of ATP
← Creatine Phosphate (CP)
◦ This provides the most ________________ source of ATP recycling.
◦ The amount of CP stored in muscles is _______________________.
◦ There is only enough CP to maintain about ____________seconds of vigorous exercise.
← Carbohydrates
◦ These are obtained from _________________ and _____________________.
◦ ________________________ is the main simple sugar used for ATP recycling.
◦ Glucose can be stored in the _________________,_____________________,
and____________________.
← Fats
◦ Fats have ____________________ the energy of carbohydrates!
← The release of energy from fat is ___________________________, though.
← Fat can only be metabolized __________________________.
← Fat metabolism is essentially used for ______________________________
____________________________________________________________.
← Proteins
◦ Proteins are important to maintain the ___________________________________
_________________________________________________________________.
◦ Proteins can donate _______________ amounts of energy to recycle ATP during exercise.
← This process is ______________ and________________________.
← You might have heard of athletes’ bodies “eating” their own muscles.
← An athlete would have to have an extreme schedule and poor nutrition for this to happen!!!
Cellular Respiration (ATP Production)
← Glycolysis: ___________________________________________________________.
◦ It yields a ____________________ amount of ATP.
◦ It then leads to 1 of 2 paths depending on the presence or absence of _____________
← Anaerobic Fermentation ________________________________________.
◦ It yields _________ additional ATP.
← Aerobic Respiration ____________________________________________.
◦ It yields __________ ATP.
◦ It takes place in the ___________________ of the cell.
◦ 1 molecule of ____________________ (sugar) enters.
◦ 2 molecules of ______________________ are made.
◦ 2 (net) molecules of _________ are made.
Anaerobic Respiration
← Fermentation ______________________________________________________________.
◦ No ATP is produced, but _________________ is.
← NAD+ is used to keep _____________________________ going.
◦ Other products are ________________________ or ________________________.
← Lactic Acid Fermentation
◦ Pyruvic acid (from glycolysis) is converted to ______________________________.
◦ This process occurs in muscle cells when __________________________________.
← It occurs when there is ___________________________________________.
← The ____________ acidity in the cell cytosol reduces the ability of muscles to contract.
← This causes muscle __________________,__________________, &
___________________________.
◦ Lactic acid fermentation is used in the manufacture of _____________________ and
______________________________.
← Alcoholic Fermentation
◦ Some plants and unicellular organisms use ____________________________rather than lactic acid fermentation.
← Ethyl alcohol fermentation is used in making ____________ and ____________.
← It is also used by yeast in _________________________________.
◦ The ethyl alcohol is burned off, and the ______________________ make the bread rise.
Amount of Energy Produced
← Glycolysis is extremely ___________________________!
◦ It is only about __________% efficient.
◦ It is enough to provide energy for some unicellular and very small multi-cellular organisms, though.
◦ Most of the energy is contained in ______________________, not the 2 ATPs produced.
Aerobic Respiration
← Our cells usually have oxygen available.
◦ This allows for _________________________________.
◦ Nearly ____________________the ATP can be produced (over glycolysis)!!!
◦ Remember, we started with glycolysis which gave us ______ ATPs.
◦ Since we now have oxygen available, lactic acid fermentation is skipped.
◦ Remember the ____________________________molecules from glycolysis?
◦ Now they are made into ____________________and _____________________
instead of lactic acid.
◦ Your muscles don’t hurt as bad, and you can keep going longer! (Of course, you’re working at a slower rate.)
← Aerobic Respiration has 2 major stages:
1. ______________________________
← _________________ is changed to ______________________.
← In prokaryotes, this occurs in the cytosol.
← In eukaryotes, this occurs in the mitochondria.
2. ___________________________________________________
← NADH is used to make ATP.
Krebs Cycle
← Pyruvic Acid (from glycolysis) enters.
← _____________, _____________, and __________________ are produced.
← ______ molecule of glucose makes ______ molecules of pyruvic acid, so the Krebs cycle must turn twice.
◦ Only _________ are produced (the same as glycolysis).
◦ ____________molecules and ____________molecules are made.
← They drive the rest of aerobic respiration.
Electron Transport Chain
← The ___________ is the final stage of aerobic respiration.
◦ Up to _________________ are produced.
◦ Electrons are passed down a “bucket brigade” of molecules.
◦ The electrons grab __________________ ions and throw them out of the mitochondrial matrix.
◦ The Hydrogen naturally wants to leak back in (by diffusion).
◦ This “leaking” helps turn ___________ back into ___________.
◦ _________________ is the final electron acceptor.
Amount of Energy Produced
← The efficiency of aerobic respiration is roughly ______%.
◦ That may not seem like much, but your car is only about ______% efficient!!!
◦ Total of ________ ATPs made counting the two from glycolysis
Summarizing Cellular Respiration
← Reactants: glucose and oxygen
← Products: carbon dioxide, water, and energy
_____________ + ____________ ( ______________ +______________ + energy
(Sugar + Oxygen ( Carbon Dioxide + Water + Energy)
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