Chapter 6: Photosynthesis



Chapter 8

Sec. 2: Photosynthesis

Energy for Life Processes

← Autotrophs: ______________________________________________________________.

◦ Plants, who use _____________________________, are the most common example.

◦ Some bacteria also use _________________________________.

◦ Other autotrophic bacteria use chemicals instead of light for energy. They are call

________________________________.

← Heterotrophs: ___________________________________________________________.

◦ Energy comes from photosynthesis through a series of chemical reactions.

◦ In a ____________________ ____________________, one reaction leads to products, which lead to another reaction, which continues many times over.

Photosynthesis

← Photosynthesis: ________________________________________________________.

◦ It uses ____________________________ and ______________________to make organic compounds.

◦ It produces ______________________________ as a byproduct.

Light Absorption

← Chloroplasts: are the sites of ____________________________________.

◦ They are covered by a ____________________________ membrane.

◦ They are filled with a fluid called the __________________________.

← Inside the chloroplasts, there are pancake-like stacks of round membranes where the “light

reactions” take place.

◦ The membranes are called ________________________.

◦ The thylakoids are in stacks called ___________________________.

← These reactions are called the ____________ ________________because they (of course)

use light!

← Plants use several different ______________________ to absorb light’s energy.

◦ Whatever “_____________” a pigment absorbs is taken into the plant.

◦ The “______________” a pigment doesn’t absorb are reflected back to your eyes.

← Chlorophyll A: _____________________________________________.

◦ It absorbs ______________ and ______________________ light.

◦ It reflects ______________ light.

◦ This is why the majority of plant parts appear green.

← Chlorophyll B: _______________________________________.

◦ The _____________________ absorb __________ and reflect __________________,

_____________________ and _______________________.

← In the fall, many plants lose the _______________ and only the

____________________ remain.

← This is why fall leaves gain their colors.

Electron Transport Chain in Photosynthesis

← A _____________________ : is a cluster of ________________________ molecules.

← Two photosystems are known.

◦ ______________________________

◦ ______________________________

Steps of Electron Transport chain (Light Reaction)

1. Light strikes _____________________ and the energy is passed along to pigments.

2. Electrons in the pigments get “________________” and are passed down an _____________

___________________________________________.

◦ What happens to replace all those electrons?

← ____________from the roots is split into _______,________, and _________

← The electrons go into Photosystem II.

← The _________________ is given off as waste.

3. The electron transport chain provides energy to turn ________ into _________

(___________________________).

◦ The energy in the electrons is now all used up.

← We need more light to re-power electrons!

← We are about to head into _________________________.

4. Addition light strikes _______________________.

◦ This “____________________” electrons again.

◦ The electrons are sent down another electron transport chain.

◦ This ETC provides energy to turn ____________ to _____________ (___________

_________________________).

5. The ___________________________and _________________________ are sent to the

____________________________.

Photosystems

← Why does Photosystem II occur before Photosystem I?

◦ _____________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________.

← Where do the electrons that enter Photosystem II come from?

◦ _____________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________.

← What happens if there’s no water to replace the electrons?

◦ _____________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________.

The Calvin Cycle

← The ______________________ is referred to as the “_____________________________”.

◦ This is because _________________ is not needed for energy.

◦ The energy for this cycle comes from ________ and __________ from the

photosystems (__________________________).

◦ These reactions occur in the ___________ (________________________________

_____________________________).

◦ _______________________ (________) is brought in.

◦ Some of the carbon is used to make organic molecules (__________) for _________.

◦ The other carbon is used to keep the _______________________.

Photosynthesis Products

__________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

Alternative Pathways

← The Calvin Cycle is the most common way for plants to ______________ (_____________).

← Plants that do this are called _______________________.

← Some plants use a similar process, called the ______________________.

← This alternative process is a method for plants in ___________________________________

__________________________________________.

◦ ________________are small pores in leaves where plants exchange ____ and______.

◦ These plants leave their stomata partially closed, so they have less ________ but also

◦ lose less ________.

◦ They have a special ______________ to deal with the ________________________

____________________________.

◦ Examples are __________, _______________, and __________________________.

← Some plants use a different process called the ___________________________.

← This process is another method for plants to conserve water.

◦ Stomata are ________ at night and ___________ during the day (the opposite of most

plants).

◦ Because of this, these plants grow slowly.

◦ Examples are _______________ and __________________.

Rate of Photosynthesis

← Environmental factors can speed up or slow down the rate of photosynthesis.

◦ Light

← Increases in light ____________ up photosynthesis.

← This only occurs up to a point.

← Only so many electrons can be excited by light.

← Once they’re all busy, _________________________________________

◦ CO2

← Increases in ________ speed up photosynthesis.

← This only occurs up to a point.

← Only so much carbon can be fixed.

← Once carbon cycles are maxed, _____________________________________

◦ Temperature

← Increases in temperature ____________ up photosynthesis (up to a point).

← If temperatures get too hot, the stomata __________ and ________ CO2 is available.

← High temperatures can destroy needed ____________________ and shut

down ______________________________.

Chapter 8

Sec. 3: Cellular Respiration

Chemical Energy for Animals

← Cellular Respiration: __________________________________________________.

◦ Energy is in the form of _________________.

◦ Respiration is done by breaking down organic compounds.

◦ Cellular Respiration is basically the opposite of photosynthesis.

◦ The products of photosynthesis are the reactants of respiration.

◦ In other words, ________________ and ____________________ work together!

◦ “__________________________________”

Adenosine Tri-Phosphate

← ATP: is the main source of energy for cells.

◦ Energy holds the ___________ phosphate to the other 2.

◦ When the ______________ phosphate is released, ATP becomes ________________

__________________(__________).

◦ The “____________________” is also released, and energy is available for cell

processes.

◦ Remember, _______________ is the main energy molecule for cells.

◦ ATP is the _____________ source of energy the body can use for ________________

contraction.

◦ Our muscles have such small amounts of stored ATP that it is depleted within

________________________ of exercise!

◦ ___________ cannot be transferred to muscles, so it must be recycled immediately.

◦ To “recycle” it, ______________________must be converted back to ____________

__________________________.

← Sources of ATP recycling:

◦ _____________________________

◦ _____________________________

◦ _____________________________

Sources of ATP

← Creatine Phosphate (CP)

◦ This provides the most ________________ source of ATP recycling.

◦ The amount of CP stored in muscles is _______________________.

◦ There is only enough CP to maintain about ____________seconds of vigorous exercise.

← Carbohydrates

◦ These are obtained from _________________ and _____________________.

◦ ________________________ is the main simple sugar used for ATP recycling.

◦ Glucose can be stored in the _________________,_____________________,

and____________________.

← Fats

◦ Fats have ____________________ the energy of carbohydrates!

← The release of energy from fat is ___________________________, though.

← Fat can only be metabolized __________________________.

← Fat metabolism is essentially used for ______________________________

____________________________________________________________.

← Proteins

◦ Proteins are important to maintain the ___________________________________

_________________________________________________________________.

◦ Proteins can donate _______________ amounts of energy to recycle ATP during exercise.

← This process is ______________ and________________________.

← You might have heard of athletes’ bodies “eating” their own muscles.

← An athlete would have to have an extreme schedule and poor nutrition for this to happen!!!

Cellular Respiration (ATP Production)

← Glycolysis: ___________________________________________________________.

◦ It yields a ____________________ amount of ATP.

◦ It then leads to 1 of 2 paths depending on the presence or absence of _____________

← Anaerobic Fermentation ________________________________________.

◦ It yields _________ additional ATP.

← Aerobic Respiration ____________________________________________.

◦ It yields __________ ATP.

◦ It takes place in the ___________________ of the cell.

◦ 1 molecule of ____________________ (sugar) enters.

◦ 2 molecules of ______________________ are made.

◦ 2 (net) molecules of _________ are made.

Anaerobic Respiration

← Fermentation ______________________________________________________________.

◦ No ATP is produced, but _________________ is.

← NAD+ is used to keep _____________________________ going.

◦ Other products are ________________________ or ________________________.

← Lactic Acid Fermentation

◦ Pyruvic acid (from glycolysis) is converted to ______________________________.

◦ This process occurs in muscle cells when __________________________________.

← It occurs when there is ___________________________________________.

← The ____________ acidity in the cell cytosol reduces the ability of muscles to contract.

← This causes muscle __________________,__________________, &

___________________________.

◦ Lactic acid fermentation is used in the manufacture of _____________________ and

______________________________.

← Alcoholic Fermentation

◦ Some plants and unicellular organisms use ____________________________rather than lactic acid fermentation.

← Ethyl alcohol fermentation is used in making ____________ and ____________.

← It is also used by yeast in _________________________________.

◦ The ethyl alcohol is burned off, and the ______________________ make the bread rise.

Amount of Energy Produced

← Glycolysis is extremely ___________________________!

◦ It is only about __________% efficient.

◦ It is enough to provide energy for some unicellular and very small multi-cellular organisms, though.

◦ Most of the energy is contained in ______________________, not the 2 ATPs produced.

Aerobic Respiration

← Our cells usually have oxygen available.

◦ This allows for _________________________________.

◦ Nearly ____________________the ATP can be produced (over glycolysis)!!!

◦ Remember, we started with glycolysis which gave us ______ ATPs.

◦ Since we now have oxygen available, lactic acid fermentation is skipped.

◦ Remember the ____________________________molecules from glycolysis?

◦ Now they are made into ____________________and _____________________

instead of lactic acid.

◦ Your muscles don’t hurt as bad, and you can keep going longer! (Of course, you’re working at a slower rate.)

← Aerobic Respiration has 2 major stages:

1. ______________________________

← _________________ is changed to ______________________.

← In prokaryotes, this occurs in the cytosol.

← In eukaryotes, this occurs in the mitochondria.

2. ___________________________________________________

← NADH is used to make ATP.

Krebs Cycle

← Pyruvic Acid (from glycolysis) enters.

← _____________, _____________, and __________________ are produced.

← ______ molecule of glucose makes ______ molecules of pyruvic acid, so the Krebs cycle must turn twice.

◦ Only _________ are produced (the same as glycolysis).

◦ ____________molecules and ____________molecules are made.

← They drive the rest of aerobic respiration.

Electron Transport Chain

← The ___________ is the final stage of aerobic respiration.

◦ Up to _________________ are produced.

◦ Electrons are passed down a “bucket brigade” of molecules.

◦ The electrons grab __________________ ions and throw them out of the mitochondrial matrix.

◦ The Hydrogen naturally wants to leak back in (by diffusion).

◦ This “leaking” helps turn ___________ back into ___________.

◦ _________________ is the final electron acceptor.

Amount of Energy Produced

← The efficiency of aerobic respiration is roughly ______%.

◦ That may not seem like much, but your car is only about ______% efficient!!!

◦ Total of ________ ATPs made counting the two from glycolysis

Summarizing Cellular Respiration

← Reactants: glucose and oxygen

← Products: carbon dioxide, water, and energy

_____________ + ____________ ( ______________ +______________ + energy

(Sugar + Oxygen ( Carbon Dioxide + Water + Energy)

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