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Earth Science

Test 23

“Our Solar System”

1. “Our solar system includes the sun, and the objects its gravity old around it.” (p. 557)

2. We are exploring outer space to answer the questions, “How did the solar system form?”

3. Kuiper Belt—a theory of the proposed source of comets in the outer reaches of the solar system

4. New Horizons (at NASA) invested money to explore the Kuiper Belt to explore the question, “How did the solar system form?”

5. God wants us to be curious, to explore His creation. With every truth, we discover we learn more about Him.

6. The word planet means ‘wanderer’.

7. Geocentric Theory—theory that says

a. the earth moves around fixed stars

b. earth is in the center

c. the planet paths are circular

8. problems with the Geocentric Theory:

a. Position: the planets are sometime close and large other times small and dim

b. Velocity: planets seem to slow down, and back up (this is called retrograde rotation)

9. Ptolemy—proposed a deferent (theory that the earth is the not center of the solar system. This deferent solved some problems of the Geocentric Theory:

a. Position: if the earth is not the center then the position of the planets would change

b. Velocity: Ptolemy proposed the planets orbit is not in a circle but rather an epicycle—small circles. This would explain the retrograde motion

10. Renaissance in the 14th, 15th and 16th century started a renewed interest in culture in Europe—this included the Bible and science.

11. Heliocentric Theory: the earth and planets move around the sun and only the moon orbit the earth and the earth rotates on its axis (this model was by Nicolaus Copernicus)

12. Since earth was not the center, leaders thought this was against the Bible. They felt it went against His sovereign grace toward us—people felt less important and fell away from God. This was called the Copernicus Revolution.

13. Tycho Brahe ‘improved’ these models of the universe by combining both the Geocentric and Heliocentric theories

14. Galileo—looked though a telescope at the moon orbiting Jupiter—this was proof not everything evolves around the earth.

15. Kepler (Brahe’s assistant) was a Christian and a brilliant mathematician! He proved, mathametically, that the planets rotate not in circles but in elipse (two points (foci) of a center…like a flattened circle)

16. Kepler wrote the three laws of planetary motion:

a. Planet move in an elipse, sun is one focus

b. If planets are close to the sun, they rotate fast, further away slower.

c. Orbital period—time it takes planet to orbit the sun (further out the longer orbital period)

17. perihelion—planet is close to the sun

18. aphelion—planet farthest away from the sun

19. Newton proposed gravity hold planets in their orbits as they move within their orbital speed

20. What happened to Pluto? Astronomers found a 10th planet larger than Pluto, even more than one…a total of three. This led them to question ‘what is a planet’ so they set out to re-define planet. When they did, this new definition excluded Pluto and Pluto became known as a ‘dwarf planet’ or ‘small solar system bodies’ (SSSB). (pages 563-4)

21. Currently a ‘planet’ can be defined as:

a. Orbit the sun

b. Has a spherical shape

c. Doesn’t share the space of its orbit with any other object of significant size (other than moons)

22. Planets can be classified by:

a. Properties

b. Position

23. Properties: Terrestrial and Jovian Planets

24. Terrestrial planets:

a. Simular in size and density to Earth

b. Terrestrial planets are: Mars, Venus Earth and Mercury

25. Jovian planets: these are the gas giants

a. Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune

b. Composed mostly of gas and ice

26. you must have oxygen and liquid water to support life…only Earth has this!

27. Position: inferior and superior planets

28. Inferior planets are between Earth and the sun (only Mercury and Venus)

29. transit—when a planet crosses in front of the sun (only inferior planets can do this)

30. superior planets—beyond earths orbit

31. retrograde motion—illusion that the planets are moving backward but in reality the earth’s orbit is passing another planets orbit

32. Mercury: p567

a. Terrestrial

b. Planet closet to sun

c. Smallest planet

33. Venus: p567-8

a. Nearest to Earth

b. Brightest object in sky (except for sun and moon)

c. Most like earth in size and mass

34. Earth—only planet with known life

35. Mars: p568-9

a. Red

b. Terrestrial

c. Superior

d. Larges volcano in solar system Olympus Mons

36. Jupiter: p570

a. Jovian

b. Largest

c. Fastest rotation

d. Metallic hydrogen (layer around core—hydrogen atoms are squeezed so tight they form a liquid state)

e. Great Red Spot

37. Saturn: p571

a. Large equatorial bulge

b. Less dense than water

c. Chunks of ice makes up its 12 main rings

38. Uranus: p571-2

a. Rotates on its side (tilt is 97.8°)

b. Little or no core

c. Thick atmosphere made of poisonous gasses

d. Coldest atmosphere in solar system

39. Neptune: p572

a. Discovered from observing Uranus—astronomers could tell something was pulling on Uranus…they discovered Neptune

b. Some of the rings around Neptune are disappearing

40. Most famous dwarf planet is Pluto.

41. Pluto’s perihelion is closer to the sun than Neptune’s perihelion so for part of its orbit, Pluto is closer to the sun than Neptune.

42. Charon, Pluto’s largest moon, forms a double planet or binary planet

43. Four other dwarf planets are:

a. Ceres

b. Haumea

c. Makemake

d. Eris

44. Kuiper Belt—five dwarf planet + innumerable objects

45. Other SSSB’s are asteroids, comets, and meteors (and dwarf planets)

46. Asteroids

a. Smaller than planets

b. Weak gravity

c. Cannot hold an atmosphere

d. Odd shape

47. Asteroid Belt—between Mars and Jupiter

48. Family asteroids are not in the asteroid belt and are group according to orbit and composition and most together.

49. Greek and Trojan asteroids are two large families near the orbit of Jupiter.

50. Near earth asteroids are closer to earth and some even cross Earth’s orbit.

51. Comets are made of frozen gas covered with a layer of gravel and dust and orbits the sun

52. The sun melts the ices then blows off the gas carrying bits of rock and dust with it. This creates a comets’ tail that reflect sunlight

53. Comets two main parts: head and tail.

a. Head includes a nucleus—solid part of the comet

b. Tails point away from sun

c. Long, narrow elliptical orbits

d. Some appear at regular intervals called periodic comets (Halley’s comet—2061)

54. Meteoroids, Meteors, and meteorites…LOCATION, LOCATION, LOCATION!

a. Meteoroid—in space, has its own orbit

b. Meteor—enters the earth’s atmosphere, glows from friction in the atmosphere

i. Also called a shooting star

ii. Meteor shower—meteors seem to come from one direction

iii. Bolide—a large chunk of rock makes a spectacular streak of light that may burst in a flash of light

iv. Most meteor burn up in the atmosphere

c. Meteorite—hits the ground

Earth Science Test 23

Quiz 23A, notes 7-19 [SA]

Quiz 23B, notes 22-31 [MC]

Quiz 23C, notes 32-39 [MA]

Quiz 23D, notes 45-54 [TF]

Test 23, notes

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