Audrey’s US History Midyear Study Sheet



US History Midyear Review Sheet

Columbian Exchange: the transfer - beginning w. Columbus’s first voyage - of plants, animals, & diseases between Western & Eastern Hemispheres

Encomienda: system in which Spanish authorities granted colonial landlords service of N. Am. as forced laborers

*To exploit land for its valuable resources - N. Am. farmed, ranched, or mined for Sp.; 1542: Sp. monarchy abolished it to try to encourage fair treatment of native subj.

Jamestown: first permanent English settlement in N. Am. est. Apr. 1607 w. 150 people + crew members on 3 ships: Susan Constant, Discovery, Godspeed; founded by VA Company - King James I gave charter

*Started off badly - only mined for gold - got help from Powhatan - flourish b/c export tobacco

Roanoke: England’s first attempt to est. colony in N. Am.; complete failure; do not know what happened to those people

Joint stock companies: businesses in which investors pool their wealth for common purpose

*How English colonies were originally funded & maintained; obtained charter - accept responsibility to maintain colony - entitled to receive most of colony’s profits

Headright system: VA Company’s policy of granting 50 acres to each settler & each family member who accompanied him

*b/c of this, immigration to colonies increased dramatically; used to obtain field laborers to grow tobacco

Indentured servant: person who has contracted to work for another for a limited period of time (usually 4-7 yrs.) often in return for travel expenses, shelter, & sustenance

*Were usually from lower classes of society

Mercantilism: economic system in which nations seek to inc. wealth & power by obtaining large amt. of gold & silver & by est. favorable balance of trade

*Main reason why Br. wanted to est. colonies

Navigation Acts: series of laws enacted by Parliament, beginning in 1651, to tighten England’s control of trade in Am. colonies

*Eng. felt colonies’ exporting goods to other countries = economic threat; would benefit both sides

Glorious Revolution: transfer of Br. monarchy from James II (Roman Catholic) to William & Mary (Protestant) in 1688-9

Triangular Trade: transatlantic system of trade in which goods & people, incl. slaves, were exchanged between Af., Eng., Europe, W. Indies, & N. Am. colonies

Great Awakening: revival in religious feeling in Am. colonies during 1730s & 50s

Benjamin Franklin: outstanding Enlightenment figure who embraced notion of obtaining truth thru reason & experimentation

Fr. & Indian War: conflict in N. Am. lasting from 1754-63 that was part of worldwide struggle between Fr. & Br. & ended w. defeat of Fr. & transfer of Fr. Canada to Br.

Proclamation of 1763: order in which Br. prohibited colonists from settling W. of App. Mts. to avoid future conflicts with N. Am.

Sugar Act: trade law enacted by Parliament in 1764 in attempt to reduce smuggling in Br. colonies in N. Am.

*1. Halved duty on foreign-made molasses 2. Placed duties on certain imports 3. Strengthened enforcement of law allowing prosecutors to try smuggling cases in vice-admiralty court vs. colonial court

Samuel Adams: powerful & influential political activist who helped found Sons of Liberty

*Encouraged colonists to boycott Br. goods b/c of taxes

Townshend Acts: series of laws enacted by Parliament in 1767 est. indirect taxes on goods (glass, lead, paint & paper & 3 penny tax on tea) imported from Br. by Br. colonies in N. Am.

Boston Massacre: clash between Br. soldiers & Boston colonists in 1770, in which 5 colonists were killed

Committees of Correspondence: one of groups set up by Am. colonists to exchange info about Br. threats to their liberties

Boston Tea Party: dumping of 18,000 lbs of tea into Boston Harbor by colonists disguised as N. Am. in 1773 to protest Tea Act

Intolerable Acts: series of law enacted by Parliament in 1774 to punish MA colonists for Boston Tea Party

*B/c didn’t want to pay for damage: 1. Shut down Boston Harbor 2. Quartering Act 3. Boston placed under martial law ruled by Thomas Gage

Martial law: temporary rule by military rather than civilian authority

Minutemen: Patriot civilian soldiers just before & during Am. Rev. pledged to be ready to fight at the minute’s notice

Second Continental Congress: Cont. Cong. That convened in May 1775, approved Dec. of Ind. & served as only agency of nation govt. during Am. Rev.

Thomas Jefferson: VA lawyer known for his broad knowledge & skillfully crafted prose; was chosen to write Dec. of Ind.

Olive Branch Petition: document written by Second Cont. Cong. To King George III, proposing reconciliation between colonies & Br.

*Rejected by King George III - issued proclamation saying colonies in rebellion & order naval blockade

Declaration of Independence: document written by Thomas Jefferson in 1776, in which delegates of Cont. Cong. Declared colonies’ independence from Br.

*Contains John Locke’s ideas

Common Sense: pamphlet by Thomas Paine, published in 1776 that called for separation of colonies from Br.

*Attacks King George III; sold nearly 500,000 copies

Popé: Pueblo religious leader who was abused by Sp. 1680: led well-organized uprising against Sp. that involved 17,000 from villages all over New Mexico; destroyed Sp. churches & drove Spaniards back into New Spain - Spain never had complete control of Am. again

Nathaniel Bacon: led rebellion to fight N. Am. on VA frontier - set fire to town as governor fled; died soon after succeeded in drawing King Charles’s attention to govt.

John Winthrop: first gov. of MA Bay Colony (Boston); “City on a Hill”; left for religious freedom; allowed right to vote to any male of Puritan Church

*PURITANS; Plymouth Colony = Pilgrims (2nd permanent Eng. colony in Am.)

Pequot War: conflict in which Pequot nation battled CT colonists & Narragansett allies (1637)

King Philip’s War: (King Philip = Metacom, Wampanoag chief) conflict, in 1675-6, between N.E. colonists & N. Am. groups allied under leadership of Metacom

Sir Edmund Andros: veteran military officer from English aristocratic family chose to govern Dominion of New England who was very unpopular w. colonists

Salutary neglect: English policy of relaxing enforcement of regulations in its colonies in return for colonies’ continued economic loyalty

Stamp Act: law in which Parliament est. first direct taxation of goods & services within Br. colonies in N. Am, which required colonists to purchase special stamped paper for every legal document, license, newspaper, pamphlets & almanac & imposed special stamp duties on packages of playing cards & dice

VA colony

- 1607: VA colony is est.

- 1612: Colony is saved by export of tobacco

- 1619: First Af. Slaves brought to N. Am.

- 1622: settlers clash w. Powhatan tribe

- 1676: settlement burns in Bacon’s Rebellion

MA colony

- 1620: English pilgrims est. colony @ Plymouth

- 1630: English Puritans est. colony @ Boston

- 1635-6: Roger Williams is banished & founds colony @ Providence

- 1638: Anne Hutchinson is banished for heresy

- Puritans clash w. N. Am. in Pequot War (1637) & King Philip’s War (1675)

Mid-Atlantic colonies:

- 1621: Dutch found colony of New Netherland

- 1664: Eng. acquired N. Netherland & rename NY

- 1681: William Penn est. colony of Penn.

- By mid-1700s, there’re 13 English colonies in N. Am.

Republic: govt. in which citizens rule through elected representatives

Republicanism: belief that govt. should be based on the consent of the people

Articles of Confederation: document adopted by the Second Continental Congress in 1777 & finally approved by the states in 1781, outlined the form of govt. of new US

*Central govt. was very weak; states hold most of power

Confederation: alliance permitting states or nation to act together on matters of mutual concern

Land Ordinance of 1785: law that est. a plan for surveying & selling federally owned lands west of App. Mts.

*this and NW Ordinance of 1787 est. blueprint for future growth of nation

Northwest Ordinance of 1787: law that est. procedure for admission of new states to Union

*1. Congress would appoint territorial governor & judges 2. When terr. had 5000 voting residents, could write own const. & elect own govt. 3. When population reaches 60000, could write state const.

Shay’s Rebellion: uprising of debt-ridden MA farmers protesting increased state taxes in 1787

*Showed that central govt. was too weak, need to call for Const. Convention

James Madison: member of Const. Convention [from VA]

*Kept record of debates that took place at Convention; “father of the Constitution”; thought of VA Plan: bicameral legislature w. membership based on state population

Roger Sherman: political leader from CT who came up w. Great Compromise

Great Compromise: Const. Convention’s agreement to est. two-house national legislature w. all states having = rep. in one house & each state having rep. based on its population in other house

Three-Fifths Compromise: Const. Convention’s agreement to count 3/5 of state’s slaves as population for purposes of rep. & taxation

Federalism: political system in which national govt. & constituent units such as state govt. share power

Checks and balances: provisions in US Const. that prevent any branch of US govt. from dominating other two branches

Electoral college: group selected by states to elect pres. and vice-pres. in which state’s # of electors = # of senators + # reps. in Congress

Ratification: official approval of Const. or amendment by states

The Federalist: series of essays defending & explaining Const. written by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison & John Jay

*85 essays that appeared in New York newspapers 1787-8; published under pseudonym Publius

Bill of Rights: first ten amendments to US Const. added in 1791 & consisting of formal list of citizen’s rights & freedoms

*Added to Const. so Antifederalists would ratify Const.

Judiciary Act of 1789: law that est. federal court system & # of Supreme Court justices & that provided for appeal of certain state court decisions to federal courts

*Supreme Court: one chief justices & 5 associate judges; 3 fed. circuits & 13 fed. district courts

Alexander Hamilton: first Secretary of Treasury who was also leader of Federalist Party

Cabinet: group of dept. heads who serve as President’s chief advisers

*First Cabinet: Dept. of State, War, Treasury

Bank of the United States: either of 2 national banks, funded by fed. govt. & private investors, est. by Congress first in 1791 and second in 1816

*Issue paper money & handle tax receipts & other govt.

Democratic-Republicans: political party known for its support of strong state govt. founded by Thomas Jefferson in 1792 in opposition to Federalist Party

*Ancestors of today’s Democratic Party

Two-party system: political system dominated by 2 major parties

Excise tax: tax on production, sale, or consumption of goods produced within a country

*Led to Whiskey Rebellion

Protective tariff: tax on imported goods that are intended to protect nation’s businesses from foreign competition

Neutrality: refusal to take part in war between other nations

Edmond Genet: young Fr. Diplomat sent to US to win Am. support for Fr. Rev.

*Instead of following diplomatic procedure & presenting his credentials to Washington; recruited Am. for war effort against Br. -> violated Am. neutrality

Thomas Pinckney: US minister to Great Br.

*Pinckney’s Treaty of 1795 - Sp. gave up all claims to land E of Miss. & recognized 31 parallel as southern boundary of US; open Miss. River to traffic to Am.; allow Am. to use N. Orleans

Little Turtle: chieftain of Miami tribe who battled fed. army for control of OH & won

*Was replaced by someone else b/c wanted to seek peace

John Jay: chief justice of Supreme Court who went to Br. to negotiate treaty about control of terr. W of App. Mts.

*His treaty allowed Br. fur trade to continue on Am. side of US-Canadian border - Western settlers upset

Sectionalism: placing of interests of one’s own region ahead of nation’s interests as whole

XYZ Affair: incident in which Fr. officials demanded bribe from US diplomats

*Wanted $250,000 to see Tallyrand, Fr. foreign minister

Alien and Sedition Acts: series of four laws enacted in 1798 to reduce political power of recent immigrant to US

Nullification: state’s refusal to recognize act of Congress that it considers unconstitutional

Federalism: political system in which national govt. and constituent units such as state govt. share power

Elastic Clause: statement in Const. that gives Congress authority to do whatever is “necessary and proper” to carry out its specific enumerated powers

Ex post facto: applying to events that have already occurred as well as to subsequent events

Eminent domain: governmental power to appropriate private prop.

How the Weakness of the Articles of Confederation were corrected by Const.

|Articles of Confederation |Const. of US |

|States have most of power; national govt. has little|National govt. has most power; states have some |

|No executive officers to carry out laws of Congress |Pres. heads executive branch of govt. |

|No national courts; only state courts |Court system created - national AND state courts |

|Congress is responsible to states |Congress is responsible to people |

|9/13 states have to approve law before it can go |Laws may be passed by majority vote of both house |

|into effect |of Congress |

|Congress has no power to tax |Congress given power to tax |

|Congress can’t regulate trade among states |Congress given power to regulate interstate & |

|No national currency |foreign trade |

| |Only national govt. has power to coin money |

The Bill of Rights:

1. Religious/political freedom -- guarantees citizen’s rights to freedom of religion/speech/press/political activity

2. Right to bear arms

3. Freedom from quartering troops

Fourth through Eighth amendments -- guarantees fair treatment for individuals suspected of accused crimes

Ninth Amendment -- makes it clear that people’s rights not restricted to those specifically mentioned in Const.

Tenth Amendment -- clarifies that people & states have all the power that Const. does not specifically give to national govt. or deny to states

Contrasting views of federal govt.

|Hamilton - Federalists |Jefferson - Democratic-Republican |

|Concentrating power in federal govt. |Sharing power w. state & local govt.; limited |

|Fear of mob rule |national govt. |

|Republic by well-educated elite |Fear of abs. power/ruler |

|Loose interpretation of Const. |Democracy of virtuous farmers/tradespeople |

|National bank const. (loose interpretation) |Strict interpretation of Const. |

|Economy based on shipping & manufacturing |National Bank unconst. (strict interp.) |

|Payment of national & state debts (favoring |Economy based on farming |

|creditors) |Payment of only national debt (favoring debtors) |

|Supporters: merchants, manufacturers, landowners, |Supporters: “plain people” |

|investors, lawyers, clergy | |

Second Great Awakening: 19th century religious movement in which individual responsibility for seeking salvation was emphasized, along with the need for personal & social improvement

*Rejected 18th century Calvinistic belief that God predetermined one’s salvation or damnation

Charles Grandison Finney: “father of modern revivalism”; most famous preacher whose sermons inspired emotion religious faith

Revival: emotional meeting designed to reawaken religious faith through impassioned preaching & prayer

Transcendentalism: philosophical & literary movement that emphasized living a simple life & celebrated the truth found in nature & in personal emotion & imagination

Ralph Waldo Emerson: New England writer who took pride in emerging Am. culture; put idea of self-reliance into practice

Henry David Thoreau: encouraged civil disobedience

Civil disobedience: refusal to obey those laws, which are seen as unjust in an effort to bring about change in govt. policy

Utopian community: experimental community designed to be a perfect society in which its members could live together in harmony

*Goal: self-sufficiency

Dorothea Dix: part of social reform movement; lobbied for legislation to set up public hospitals for mentally ill

A renewal of religious sentiment - known as the Second Great Awakening - inspired a host of reform movements. Slavery became an explosive issue, as more Am. joined reformers working to put an end to it

Abolition: movement to end slavery

William Lloyd Garrison: started newspaper, The Liberator, in 1831 to emancipate slaves; founded N. England/Am. Anti-slavery Society

David Walker: writer who advised blacks to fight for freedom rather than wait for slave owners to end slavery in his Appeal to the Colored Citizens of the World

Frederick Douglass: born into slavery but learned how to read & write, escaped to NY & started his own newspaper, The North Star

Nat Turner: slave who led rebellion of 80 followers & killed 60 white people before being captured

Gag rule: rule limiting or preventing debate on an issue

Cult of domesticity: belief that married women should restrict their activities to the home & family

Temperance movement: effort to prohibit the drinking of alcohol

Seneca Falls Convention: women’s rights convention held at Seneca Falls, NY in 1848 held by Elizabeth Cady Stanton & Lucretia Mott

*Declaration of sentiments - modeled after Dec. of Ind.

Technological changes created greater interaction & more economic diversity among the regions of the nation

Samuel F. B. Morse: inventor of the electromagnetic telegraph

Specialization: in farming, the raising of 1 or 2 crops for sale rather than a variety of foods for personal use

Market revolution: major change in the US economy produced by people’s beginning to buy & sell goods rather than make for themselves

Capitalism: economic system in which private individuals & corporations control the means of production & use them to earn profits

Americans moved west, energized by the belief in the rightful expansion of the US from the Atlantic to the Pacific

Manifest destiny: the 19th century belief that the US would inevitably expand westward to the Pacific Ocean & into Mexican terr.

Treaty of Fort Laramie: treaty requiring the Sioux to live on a reservation along the Missouri River

Santa Fe Trail: route from Indep., Missouri to Santa Fe, NM, used by traders in the early and mid-1800s

Oregon Trail: route from Indep., Missouri to Oregon City, OR used by pioneers traveling to the Oregon terr.

Mormon: member of a church founded by Joseph Smith & his associates

“Fifty-four Forty or Fight!”: slogan used in 1844 presidential campaign as a call for the US annexation of the entire Oregon terr.

Americans headed west to:

❖ Escape religious persecution

❖ Find new markets for commerce

❖ Claim land for farming, ranching, and mining

❖ Locate harbors on the Pacific

❖ Seek employment and avoid creditor after the panic of 1837

❖ Spread the virtues of democracy

Mexico offered land grants to American settlers, but conflict developed over religion and other cultural differences and the issue of slavery.

Texas Revolution: the 1836 rebellion in which Texas gained its independence from Mexico

Tensions over the US annexation of Texas led to war with Mexico, resulting in huge territorial gains for the US

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo: 1848 treaty ending the US war w. Mexico, in which Mexico ceded CA & NM to US

Gadsden Purchase: 1853 purchase by the US of land from Mexico, est. the present US-Mexico boundary

Market Revolution:

❖ Technological changes

❖ Economic interdependence

❖ Greater economic diversity among the regions of the nation

Manifest Destiny:

❖ Idea of manifest destiny used to justify settling the land

❖ Increasing westward immigration

Expansion in Texas:

❖ Land grants offered by Mexico

❖ American settlement of Texas

❖ Conflict over cultural differences & slavery

❖ American uprising

❖ Texas indep.

❖ US annexation of TX

War w. Mexico

❖ Tension over annexation of TX

❖ War with Mexico

❖ Huge territorial gains for US

❖ Greater westward movement of settlers

California Gold Rush

❖ Discovery of gold in CA

❖ Population & economic boom in CA

❖ CA statehood (1850)

The issue of slavery dominated US politics in the early 1850s.

Wilmot Proviso: amendment to 1846 military appropriations bill, proposing that none of the territory acquired in the war w. Mexico will be open to slavery

Compromise of 1850: series of Congressional measures intended to settler major disagreements btwn slave states & free states

*CA admitted as free state; UT and NM decide about slavery; Fugitive Slave Act required people in free states to help capture & return escaped slaves

Fugitive Slave Act: law enacted as part of the Comp. of 1850, designed to ensure that escaped slaves would be returned into bondage

Personal liberty laws: statutes, passed in nine Northern states in 1850s that forbade imprisonment of runaway slaves & guaranteed jury trials for fugitive slaves

Uncle Tom’s Cabin: best-selling novel by Harriet Beecher Stowe, published in 1852, that portrayed slavery as great moral evil

Kansas-Nebraska Act: law enacted in 1854 that est. terr. of KS & NE & gave their residents right to decide whether or not to allow slavery

Bleeding Kansas: name applied to KS terr. in years before Civil War, when terr. was battleground btwn pro-& anti-slavery forces

Dred Scott v. Sanford: declared Missouri Comp. unconst. & declared slaves as prop.

Anaconda Plan: 3-part plan to conquer South in Civil War: 1. Union navy blockades Southern ports 2. Union river boats & armies move down Mississippi River & cut off Confed. 3. Capture Confed. capital at Richmond

Emancipation Proclamation: executive order issued by Abraham Lincoln on 01.01.1863 at the dedication of national cemetery on site of the Battle at Gettysburg

The Civil War:

Long term causes:

❖ Conflict over slavery in terr.

❖ Economic differences btwn N & S

❖ Conflict btwn states’ rights & fed. control

Immediate Causes:

❖ Election of Lincoln

❖ Secession of Southern states

❖ Firing on Fr. Sumter

Immediate effects:

❖ Abolition of slavery

❖ Widening gap btwn economies of N & S

❖ Physical devastation of S

❖ Reunification of country

Long-term effects:

❖ Reconstruction of S

❖ Industrial boom

❖ Increased fed. authority

................
................

In order to avoid copyright disputes, this page is only a partial summary.

Google Online Preview   Download