Name_______________________________



Name_______________________________TAKS Biology ReviewUnderstanding prefixes and root words is critical in any class, but especially in science. Bio means life, so biology is the study of life or living things.Biotic factors in an environment are the factors that are living.The prefix “a-” means without.Abiotic factors in an environment are nonliving factors. They are “without life.”Decide whether the following environmental factors are biotic (B) or abiotic (A).Soil_______Rainfall_______Producers_______Water_______Herbivores_______Air_______Consumers_______Light_______Carnivores_______Symbiosis_____________________ is the word used to describe the types of relationships that organisms have with each other. There are three types of symbiotic relationships that you need to know. Mutualism is the name for the relationship when both organisms benefit.Parasitism is the name for the relationship when one organism, the parasite, benefits while the other organism is hurt.Predation is when one organism kills and eats another organism.Decide whether the following relationships are mutualistic (M) or parasitic (P) or predatory (X).______ A tree provides food and shelter for an ant that protects the tree from invaders______ A bee collects nectar from a flower and spreads its pollen in return______ An armadillo digs out the roots of tree______ A snake devours a field mouse.______ A bacteria grows inside of a cut and passes toxins into the bloodstream______ A bacteria lives inside the digestive track breaking down complex nutrients for the host______ A tapeworm absorbs nutrients from the intestine of a dog______ A dog is provided shelter by a human while protecting the human from burglars______ A clownfish finds shelter in a sea anemone while chasing away predators of the anemonePredator vs. PreyAnimals have developed a number of different adaptations to help them defend themselves and stay alive. One of the main adaptations that animals use the most is camouflage. Camouflage helps animals hide from one another.There are two reasons why animals use camouflage to hide:Because they are being preyed on by a predator and are trying to hide for safetyBecause they are a predator and they are trying to ambush their prey3962400254002. Because of this animal’s adaptations, it would be most successful at – A competing with birdsB making its own foodC hiding from predatorsD running very rapidly1. Species of the genus Toxicodendron, which includes poison ivy and poison oak, produce a gummy oil that causes a severe itchy rash in some animals. This substance is part of the toxicodendron species’ –A defense mechanismsB nutritional processesC support systemD clinging abilitySo how can we control the amount of an organism in an environment?If you want to decrease an animal within an ecosystem, the best way to do it is to increase either its predators (so it will get eaten) or its parasites (so it will get sick).If you want to increase an animal’s population, the best way to do it is to increase its prey (so it can have more to eat) or decrease its competition (so it doesn’t have to fight for its food)4. After being introduced in the 1930s, the fire ant (Solenopsis invicta) became established throughout much of the southern United States. One biological way to control fire ants might be to introduce organisms that are –A mutualitstic with fire ant queensB nurtured by fire ant workersC preyed on by fire ant dronesD parasitic to fire ant larvae3. Which of the following is most likely to cause increases in a predator population?A Fewer preyB A reduction in competitionC More parasitesD A period of droughtRemember: Think about what each word means and how it is used. Do not answer any question before you have read every answer at least TWICE!Food Chains and Food WebsAnother way to show how organisms relate in an environment is to use food chains and food webs. These diagrams show the flow of energy through an ecosystem.Before we get started looking at food chains and webs, there is some vocabulary that you will need to look over. Once again, we will look at the prefixes and roots of our vocabulary to see what they mean.The root vore means to devour or eat.Carne means meat, so a carnivore eats ________________ Example:____________________Herb means plant, so a herbivore eats _________________Example:____________________Omni means everything, so an omnivore eats _________________Example:______________Plants use the energy from the sun to produce sugars.They change the _____________ energy of the Sun into the ______________ energy in sugars.Animals consume plants and other animals.They do this to get the _______________ energy that is stored inside of them.Fill in the blanks below using the following word bank:secondaryprimaryproducerstertiaryPlants produce sugars, so plants are _______________________.The FIRST animal or insect to eat a plant is the ___________________ consumer.The animal that eats the primary consumer is the _______________________ consumer.The animal that eats the secondary consumer is the ______________________ consumer.Each of these levels is known as a TROPHIC LEVEL.Plants AphidsSpiders SparrowsLabel each of the organisms in the food chain below using the correct producer/consumer terms.__________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ _______________What was the secondary consumer in the food chain above?_______________________The arrows may seem to be going the wrong direction, but you read them as follows:Plants are eaten by Aphids are eaten by Spiders are eaten by Sparrows.Create your own Food Chain below and answer the following questions:What is your secondary consumer? __________________________________What is your producer? ________________________________What is your primary consumer? ___________________________________What is your tertiary consumer? ____________________________________Test taking trick: To keep yourself from getting confused, you can use a simple numbering system that will allow you to know what each organism in a food web or chain is. Simply place a zero (0) on the producer and count upwards once for each arrow. This means that there should be a one (1) on the primary consumer, a two (2) on the secondary consumer and a three (3) on the tertiary consumer. This method will work every time as long as you start counting with a zero on the producer. (Don’t forget that plants are producers.)Use this food web to answer the questions 1-3:RabbitsHawksWolvesGrasshoppers MiceSparrowsGrass Grains Sunlight 1. Which organisms in this food web are omnivores?A SparrowsB RabbitsC MiceD Grasshoppers3. Which organisms in this food web can be described as both primary and secondary consumers?A HawksB RabbitsC WolvesD Mice2. Wolves and hawks are on the same trophic level because they -A both live on landB are both large animalsC both eat primary consumersD have similar hunting patternsSunlight is shown in the food web because __________________ get their energy from the sun.-378460228600Producers have the MOST energy, and each level after them gets less and less.3. A food pyramid represents the relative amounts of energy in trophic levels. Which of the following correctly shows a food pyramid?1. In this food pyramid, which level contains the greatest amount of energy?A Tertiary consumersB Secondary consumersC Primary consumersD ProducersBA-4572001879602. The difference in the size of each layer of this food pyramid is primarily the result of the difference in-A food choices of individual nichesB oceanic zones of habitatC the amount of food energy at each trophic levelD the relative heights of the organismsCDOsmosisWhen water moves from an area of low solute concentration to an area of high solute concentration, it is known as _______________________.This can cause cells to either BURST OPEN or SHRIVEL UP.2. Which would most likely cause the liquid in Tube A to rise?A Starch concentrations being equal on each side of the membrane B Water passing from a region of lower starch concentration to one of higher starch concentrationC Water and starch volumes being the sameD Solute in the tubes changing from a higher temperature to a lower temperatureOsmosis Apparatus1. When a sea urchin egg is removed from the ocean and placed in freshwater, the egg swells and bursts. Which of these causes water to enter the egg?A CoagulationB Sodium pumpC Active transportD Osmosis148590041148001200150491490010287004743450GeneticsThe ____________________ of the cell contains all of the genetic information of the cell. A cell will act according to the instructions inside of the nucleus, no matter where the nucleus came from. This is the basis for cloning.1. All of the following are found in a DNA molecule except – A carbon dioxideB deoxyriboseC nitrogenD phosphate___________ stands for deoxyribonucleic acidPhosphate groupNitrogenous baseSugar (deoxyribose)Base PairingWhen DNA pairs up: A = TG = CWrite out the DNA base sequence that will complement the following sections of DNA.3’ A A T G C G 5’3’ T A G C C G A T 5’3’ G C C G C A A T 5’5’ ____________ 3’5’ _______________ 3’5’ _______________ 3’3’ G T A G T A 5’3’ G A T T A C A 5’3’ A T T C A T A A 5’5’ ____________ 3’5’ ______________ 3’5’ _______________ 3’The process of passing information from DNA to RNA is called __________________________________When DNA pairs with RNA, the only change is that instead of T, we use U.Write out the RNA base sequence that will complement the following sections of DNA.3’ A A T G A A 5’3’ C A A C G G A A 5’3’ T G C G A A A T 5’5’ ____________ 3’5’ _______________ 3’5’ _______________ 3’3. Which molecule is most responsible for determining an organism’s eye color, body structure, and cellular enzyme production?A Complex starchB Fatty acidC CarbohydrateD Deoxyribonucleic acid4. If the template strand of DNA is 5’AGATGCATC3’, the complimentary strand will be – A 3’TCTACGTAG5’B 5’CTACGTAGA3’C 3’AGATGCATC5’D 5’AGACGTCTA3’2. DNA passes information to RNA during the process of –A transcriptionB active transportC regenerationD osmosisThe process of passing information from RNA to proteins is called __________________________________Use the codon chart below to fill in the appropriate amino acid sequences:(Hint: If you want to make this simple, draw a line after every 3rd letter and then just look for the codons in order.)762004000501) A G U A A U A A A 2) U U G G U G G C A ___________________________________ _____________________________________5’AGAUCGAGU3’5’ACAUCGAGU3’1. The chain above represents three codons. Which of the following changes would be expected in the amino acid chain if the mutation shown above occurred?A The amino acid sequence would be shorter than expected.B The identity of one amino acid would change.C The amino acid sequence would remain unchanged.D The identities of more than one amino acid would change.2. The assembly of a messenger RNA strand that normally begins with UAC has been changed so that the newly assembled messenger RNA strand begins with UAG. Which of the following will most likely occur?A The protein will be missing the first amino acid.B The amino acids that make up the protein will all be different.C The mRNA will become attached to a ribosomeD The production of the protein will be stopped.The proteins in your body are determined by the sequence of bases in the DNA strand.A ______________________ is when the sequence of bases is changed because it has not been copied exactly.Mutations can happen in any cell, but only mutations that occur in the gamete cells (sperm and egg cells) are passed on to the next generation.2. In DNA, which of the following determines the traits of an organism?A Amount of adenineB Number of sugarsC Sequence of nitrogen basesD Strength of hydrogen bonds1. Mutations in DNA molecules can occur when-A replication of DNA is exactB a DNA enzyme attaches to an RNA codonC RNA codons are replaced by DNA nucleotidesD a change occurs in DNA nucleotide basesAlthough mutations can occur when DNA is being copied, cells copy their chromosomes so that each daughter cell that is created is genetically identical to the parent cell.4. If a cat has 38 chromosomes in each of its body cells, how many chromosomes will be in each daughter cell after mitosis?A 11B 19C 38D 763. DNA molecules separate into single strands, which are then used to construct two identical strands of DNA. This process ensures that the-A cytoplasm is in equilibriumB mitochondria are genetically identical to the chloroplastsC parent cells use little ATPD daughter cells are genetically identical to the parent cellsTo examine what traits will be passed on to the next generation, we can use a tool called PUNNETT SQUARES.Every child has 2 copies of EVERY gene. (One from each parent) This combination of alleles is your genotype.Dominant alleles are shown by using a ____________ letter.Recessive alleles are shown by using a ______________ letter.You only need 1 copy of the dominant allele for that phenotype to win and show up.Both copies have to be the recessive allele for that phenotype to show up.Test taking trick: If you have to look at more than one allele at a time, don’t panic. You can just do each of them separately and you will get the same answer. GgBb (male) x ggBB (female) g g G g B b B BBBBbBBBbGgggGgggGeneTraitGGreen feathers (dominant)gYellow feathers (recessive)LLong beak (dominant)lShort beak (recessive)Make sure that you DO NOT mix up your letters. (GB x gB does NOT work!)AlleleTraitTypeGSolid gray furDominantgStriped gray furRecessiveBGreen eyesDominantbBlue eyesRecessiveGGLl (male) x Ggll (female)1. Which trait will most likely be observed in all offspring of the above set of parents?A Green feathersB Yellow feathersC Long beakD Short beakGgBb (male) x ggBB (female)3. According to the table, which of the following phenotypes would probably occur in all the offspring from the parents shown above?A Solid gray furB Striped gray furC Green eyesD Blue eyes2. If an organism has the genotype RrSsTtUu,what proportion of its gametes will be RSTU?A 1/2 B 1/4 C 1/8 D 1/16Energy1. Energy conversion within an animal cell would be severely limited by removal of the cell’s –A mitochondriaB chloroplastsC plastidsD lysosomes2. Which molecule provides most of the energy used to drive chemical reactions in cells?A DNAB RNAC ATPD ADP__________ is the molecule that provides All The Power to a cell.The powerhouse of the animal cell is the ____________________________.This is where energy conversions happen inside of all animal cells.PlantsPlants produce sugars, so plants are _______________.PlantsPlants get their energy from the ____________.Plants absorb their energy from the sun in their ________________.(This means that the broader their leaves are, the more sunlight they will absorb!)Plants convert the ___________energy of the sun into ______________ energy that can be stored in sugars.838200685804191000577852. Which structure regulates gas exchange during the processes of photosynthesis andrespiration?A QB RC SD T1. Which of these structures protects a leaf from drying out?A QB RC SD T3. Energy used by producers in a grassland food web is provided by -A sunlightB photosynthesisC oxygenD carbon dioxide5. Which of these characteristics might help a plant species survive in an area of limited sunlight?A Bright flowersB Large leavesC Short stemsD Thick cuticles4. Which process best shows the conversion of solar energy to chemical energy?A Prevailing winds causing windmills to spinB Green plants making their own foodC Uranium producing heat to make steamD Tides generating electricityBacteria1485900654051. In this food web, the bacteria probably function as –A producersB herbivoresC decomposersD carnivoresBacteria are the most __________ organisms on the face of the earth!(This means that there are more types of bacteria than anything else.)Bacteria are killed by __________________.VERY IMPORTANT FACT:Bacteria live inside your intestines and HELP you break down food!2. Some antibiotics cause patients to exhibit digestive side effects. These side effects are most often the result of –A bacteria being killed in the digestive trackB the antibiotics being converted into stomach acidsC too much water being drawn into the digestive tractD the stomach wall being torn3. Some bacteria thrive in hostile environments such as salt flats, boiling-hot springs, and carbonate-rock interiors, primarily because of bacteria’s – A biochemical diversityB small sizesC round shapesD methods of movement4. Some bacteria benefit mammals by helping with-A growthB defenseC digestionD respirationVirusesViruses MUST be reproduced inside of living cells.Viruses are NOT susceptible to antibiotics.(Antibiotics won’t kill viruses; they only kill bacteria.)Viruses are very dangerous because they DESTROY living cells.HIV is a virus that attacks Helper T cells.289560099060(These cells are a major part of your immune system.)-2286001454151. The diagram on the left represents a virus with its surface markers. The diagrams to the right show various animal cells with receptor sites. Which of the following cells is most likely affected by this virus?4. One characteristic shared by a virus and a living cell is that both –A store genetic information in nucleic acidsB have a crystalline structureC gain energy directly from the sunD use glucose for respiration2. Viruses differ from bacteria in that all viruses-A cause insect-borne diseasesB can be destroyed by antibioticsC have rigid cell wallsD must be reproduced in living cells5. Most viruses infect a specific kind of cell. Which of the following are infected by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)?A Helper T cellsB Liver cellsC GABA-receptor cellsD Red blood cells3. What is the most common threat to a host organism posed by an invading virus?A Production of viral fluids in the bloodstreamB Fermentation of acids in the digestive systemC Destruction of cells by viral reproductionD Stimulation of muscle tone in the heartTaxonomyGenus SpeciesAll living things are put into each of the following categories:Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus and Species are the most specific. These two categories are used to name all living organisms.Test Taking Tip: You can tell whether or not two different species are closely related by looking at their scientific names. These are the ones in italics. The most closely related species will be in the same ____________.2. Dogs (Canis familiaris) are most closely related genetically to which of the following organisms?A African hunting dog (Lycaon pictus)B Gray wolf (Canis lupus)C Grizzly bear (ursus arctos)D Domestic cat (Felis catus)1. The Bullfrog, Rana catesbiana, is most closely related to the - A spotted chorus frog, Pseudacris clarkiB Asian flying frog, Polypedates leucomystaxC northern leopard frog, Rana pipiensD African bullfrog, Pyxicephalus adspersusDO NOT be fooled by the animals with similar common names.Only pay attention to the Latin names written in italics.There are 3 Kingdoms in particular that you need to know about:ProtistaProtistsSingle celled or multi-cellularEukaryoticCilia or flagellaObtain nutrients from surroundingsPlantaePlants:Multi-cellularEukaryoticNot mobileProduce their own sugars during photosynthesisHave cells wallsAnimaliaAnimals:Multi-cellularEukaryoticMobile Obtain food from other organismsUsing your knowledge of the Kingdoms and the information above, answer the following questions:7. The kingdom Animalia includes all of these except – A jellyfishB spongesC amoebasD roundworms5. A laboratory investigation included examining prepared slides of pond water. Single-celled organisms were visible. These organisms probably belong to the kingdom – A AnimaliaB FungiC PlantaeD Protista3. Multicellular eukaryotes that are usually mobile and obtain food from other organisms probably belong to the kingdom – A PlantaeB FungiC AnimaliaD Protista426720012331704. Which of these classifications is most specific?A FamilyB GenusC PhylumD Order6. Which of these classifications is least specific?A FamilyB GenusC KingdomD Class8. The cell above most likely belongs to an organism of the kingdom —A AnimaliaB PlantaeC FungiD EubacteriaTest Taking Tip: You will also be expected to determine the kingdom or phylum of an organism based on its physical characteristics. You will be shown a picture of the organism and expected to figure out what it is based on a table of characteristics. There may be many words that you DO NOT remember in the table. Look for things that you do know and cancel out answers based on that.Body SystemsEndocrine System1) Responsible for producing hormones such as adrenaline.Nervous System1) Sends chemical signals throughout the body that pass from nerve cell to nerve cellRespiratory System1) Responsible for all of the body’s gas exchanges (inhaling and exhaling)Muscular System1) In charge of extending limbsIMPORTANT FACT:2) Allows for all movementMuscles always PULL, they never push.Circulatory System1) Delivers nutrients to the cells2) Carries oxygen and carbon dioxide to and from the lungsImmune System1) Main component is WHITE blood cellsIMPORTANT FACT:HIV attacks Helper T cells which are one type of white blood cell.Digestive System1) Breaks down nutrients2) Delivers nutrients to circulatory systemIMPORTANT FACT:There are bacteria living inside your digestive track that actually help you break down food. This means that they have a mutualistic relationship with you.Nutrition VocabularyLipids = FatsCarbohydrates = Sugars and StarchesAmino Acids = Proteins1. Which system of the body would be directly affected if a large number of T cells were attacked by a virus?A Cardiovascular systemB Immune systemC Endocrine systemD Respiratory system5. When a person is frightened by a wild animal, some organ systems immediately become active, while others are suppressed. Which of these systems is likely to be suppressed?A Muscular SystemB Respiratory SystemC Endocrine SystemD Digestive System2. Which of the following is directly caused by muscle action?A Regeneration of nervesB Healing of woundsC Release of hormonesD Extension of limbs6. Which body system is directly responsible for delivering nutrients to cells throughout the body?A Circulatory systemB Integumentary systemC Endocrine systemD Respiratory system3. Nutrients from digested food move from the digestive system directly into the -A circulatory systemB integumentary systemC excretory systemD endocrine system4114800539757. Which structure in the upper arm is responsible for raising the lower arm?A 1B 2C 3D 44. Food provides the human body with all of the following except –A caloriesB amino acidC hydrochloric acidD lipids ................
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