A Review - WHO
UN INTER-AGENCY DONOR
ALERT FOR THE DROUGHT IN
KENYA – 2001
Nairobi, 12 February 2001
TABLE OF CONTENT
Executive Summary …………………………………………………………………………….3
Table of Funds requested………………………………………………………………………5
1. YEAR IN REVIEW
1.1 Changes in the humanitarian situation………………………………………………6
1.2 Financial Overview…………………………………………………………………….7
1.3 Progress Made…………………………………………………………………………8
1.4 Lessons Learned......................…………………………………………. 8
2. HUMANITARIAN CONTEXT
2.1 Political, Economic, Security and Constraints Analysis………………………….10
2.2 Problem Analysis…………………………………………………………………….11
2.3 Prospects for Recovery……………………………………………………………..11
3. COMMON HUMANITARIAN ACTION PLAN (CHAP)
3.1 Scenarios…………………………………………………………………………….12
3.2 Competencies and Capacity Analysis…………………………………………….13
4. SECTOR ANALYSIS AND OBJECTIVES
4.1 Food Security………………………………………………………………………..14
4.2 Health and nutrition…………………………………………………………………15
4.3 Water and sanitation………………………………………………………………..17
4.4 Livestock……………………………………………………………………………..19
4.5 Seeds and agriculture………………………………………………………………21
4.6 Education…………………………………………………………………………….22
4.7 Logistics………………………………………………………………………………24
4.8 Support Services
A. Coordination……………………………………………………………………….25
B. Security…………………………………………………………………………….26
5. PROJECTS
Food Security…………………………………………………………………………………27
Health………………………………………………………………………………………….30
Water………………………………………………………………………………………..…36
Livestock…………………………………………………………………………………..….38
Agriculture and Seeds…………………………………………………………………..…..40
Education………………………………………………………………………………...……42
Logistics………………………………………………………………………………….……48
Support Services
A. Coordination………………………………………………………………………..……50
B. Security………………………………………………………………………………..…52
ANNEXES
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
The current drought in Kenya, the worst in 60 years, is affecting over 4 million people. Humanitarian assistance remains a priority in the 22 worst affected districts and the focus may expand to include marginalized areas in a further 25 districts which have been identified by the Government of Kenya (GoK) as being in need of assistance. The most vulnerable population include the families of small-scale subsistence farmers, who are dependent on rain-fed crop production, as well as pastoralists and agro-pastoralists, who are dependent on the rains to provide water and pasture/browse for their livestock. In order to achieve its goal, the United Nations in Kenya is appealing for $ 122,630,146 to operate its 2001 emergency programme.
This is the fourth successive drought over a period of two years which has severely affected much of the country. A majority of the population in pastoral, agro-pastoral and marginal agricultural areas of the country have been reduced to a state of near destitution and dependency on food aid. This negative trend is likely to continue until reasonable rains and a normal harvest are forthcoming, thereby enabling communities to begin the road to recovery.
Insecurity, particularly in the north, however, continues to plague the country and be a considerable constraint to humanitarian operations. The drought has caused increasing intra and inter-ethnic clashes in northern districts as pastoral groups compete over scarce water and pasture resources. There has also been an escalation of highway robbery, cattle raiding and car-jackings. The insecurity has been worsened by pressure and cattle-raiding by pastoral groups from neighbouring countries, including Uganda, southern Sudan, Ethiopia and Somalia.
The drought in Kenya has unfolded against a backdrop of long-term economic decline, which has affected every sector, especially food security and then health, water, education, roads and power utilities. In 1999, Kenya ranked as low as 136th, out of 174 countries according to UNDP’s Human Development Index. Poverty levels indicate that 48 percent of the rural population is living in absolute poverty, and 29 percent of the urban population. Kenya is also prone to natural disaster, particularly to the ravages of the weather, as exposed through a series of droughts in 1991/92, 1996/97, and a devastating flood in 1997/98. It is essential, therefore, to build solid foundations of self-reliance, and early warning for natural disasters, to prevent similar crises from recurring
To reflect the complexities of the problem, a multi-sectoral, multi-agency approach has been adopted to provide a comprehensive response. It follows the example of the WFP Emergency Operation started in Kenya in February 2000 (EMOP 6203), which was further supported in a regional appeal for the drought in the Horn of Africa in June.
The key objectives and interventions of the 2001 emergency programme are:
1. To save lives of the most acutely vulnerable populations and reduce malnutrition rates to an acceptable level, particularly amongst children. Key interventions include food security, health and nutrition, and water and sanitation.
2. To ensure the sustainable recovery of livelihoods and restore local coping mechanisms to enable populations to deal with the recurring problem of drought and other natural disasters. Key interventions include livestock projects and seed distribution, as well as education and health surveillance.
3. To strengthen and support mechanisms for preparedness against natural disasters and recurring drought. Key interventions include support to early warning mechanisms, coordination, education, and the development of local contingency plans in every sector.
Factored into programming is the need for flexibility in order to respond to climactic changes, or any kind of natural disaster. The most obvious factor in the next six months will be the rains - both the outcome of the short rains on crop production and livestock, and the coming of the long rains in June/July. In order have such a flexible response, a number of assessments will take place in January to analyse the success or failure of the short rains. This will be crucial for planning, particularly of the agricultural and livestock sector, in preparation for the long rains. It will also inform agencies of the food aid needs, as it will be crucial to support, not to undermine, the re-emergence of local markets. Subsequently further assessments will take place in July to review the success of the long rains. Through the establishment of such regular reviews the Appeal document itself will be updated as appropriate and will be available on the World Wide Web.
This Appeal is complementary to the GoK’s own efforts towards supporting the drought-affected populations and reflects the same concerns, as well as being designed in close collaboration with them. Similarly it remains closely integrated with regular development activities in Kenya.
The success of this Appeal will be determined by the continued support to UN agencies of all its partners, including the donor community, GoK, ICRC, IFRC, local and international non-governmental organizations (NGOs). Their continued commitment and collaboration will be essential to assist in the alleviation of humanitarian misery caused by the worst affects of one of Kenya’s severest droughts.
.
| |
|Total Funding Requirements for |
|2001 Inter-Agency Appeal |
|for the emergency response in Kenya |
|Sector |Requirements (US$) |
|Food security |89,478,303 |
|Health and nutrition |5,690,800 |
|Water and sanitation |3,000,000 |
|Livestock |11,866,200 |
|Agriculture and seeds |5,155,500 |
|Education |3,892,900 |
|Logistics |2,316,471 |
|Support services |1,229,755 |
| | |
|TOTAL |122,630,146 |
|Appealing Agency |Requirements (US$) |
|WFP |91,794,991 |
|WHO |890,800 |
|UNICEF |10,000,000 |
|UNFPA |600,000 |
|FAO |17,021,700 |
|OCHA |451,655 |
|UNDP/UN Security |778,100 |
|UNIFEM |510,000 |
|UNESCO |582,900 |
| | |
|TOTAL |122,630,146 |
1. YEAR IN REVIEW
1. Changes in the humanitarian situation
The millennium saw Kenya gripped by one of the severest droughts in its history, the worst for over 60 years. The failure of the long in rains in March was the culmination of four successive poor harvests, leaving a significant proportion of the population food insecure.
The most affected were populations in pastoral and agro-pastoral districts, where for example the nutritional status of children under five deteriorated significantly. As water sources dried up, animals died in large numbers or migrated, leaving women, children and other vulnerable groups behind with severely limited access to food or alternative income. The failure of the harvest also affected populations in the marginal agricultural districts, where households, with already depleted household food stocks, lacked the purchasing power to buy adequate food on the market, and access health and education facilities.
As the situation deteriorated the international community, in partnership with the Government of Kenya (GoK), launched a major emergency response – EMOP – at the beginning of the year. This was supported in June by a Regional Drought Appeal, which further highlighted the unfolding natural disaster in Kenya and neighboring countries of the Horn of Africa.
By November over 3.2 million people in 22 districts of Kenya were receiving food assistance. Over 40% of these beneficiaries – both adults and children - were in the arid, pastoral districts. Other priority interventions included expanded school feeding and supplementary feeding programmes, health and nutrition projects, water and sanitation interventions, and livestock support and seed distributions.
The severity of the drought, not only in Kenya but also the Horn, has forced a major emergency response, which has been both flexible and broad in dealing with the number of concerns that have arisen. A coordinated, dedicated response to sustain these destitute populations has been essential.
2. Financial Overview
In June 2000, UN agencies launched an emergency appeal for $146 million to help alleviate the drought situation in Kenya. It was issued as part of an emergency appeal for the drought in the Horn of Africa, launched by the Office of the Regional Humanitarian Coordinator (ORHC).
The donor response was positive, with more than 91% of total requirements met. Particular successes included the Health and Nutrition sector (107.8%) and food security (87%). Similarly livestock and agricultural programmes received full funding, enabling extensive interventions for livestock off-take and seed distribution.
There were however some serious shortfalls, namely for logistics (0% received) and common services (12% received). The first seriously hampered both food and non-food sector operations as the poor state of roads prevented access to some of the marginal areas.
The challenge of the 2001 appeal will be to secure fresh funding not only for direct emergency operations, but to build a foundation for a recovery programme.
|EMERGENCY APPEAL |
|JUNE – DECEMBER 2000 |
| | |
|Sectors |Funds (US$) |
| |Requested Received % |
|Food Aid | 131,858,259 114,811,897 87.07 |
|Water and Sanitation | 3,460,000 2,057,710 59.47 |
|Health and Nutrition | 3,347,000 3,610,095 107.86 |
|Agriculture and Seeds * | 835,000 2,487,793 297.84 |
|Livestock ** | 3,086,720 10,555,864 342.02 |
|Logistics | 1,186,840 0 |
|Coordination and Common Services | 2,500,000 300,000 12.00 |
| | |
|TOTAL | 146,273,819 133,823,359 91.49 |
| |Funds (US$) |
|Agencies |Requested Received % |
|World Food Programme | 133,045,099 114,811,897 86.29 |
|United Nations Children’s Fund | 6,807,000 5,667,805 83.25 |
|Food and Agriculture Organization | 3,921,720 13,043,657 332.64 |
|Resident Coordinator System*** | 2,500,000 300,000 12.00 |
| | |
|TOTAL | 146,273,819 133,823,359 91.49 |
* A further appeal was made jointly by FAO and the GoK, requesting both appeals together US$ 1,105,000.
** A further appeal was made jointly by FAO and the GoK, requesting both appeals together US$ 10,570,000.
*** That includes US$ 2,000,000 for security purposes (completely unfunded) and US$ 500,000 for coordination purposes, 250,000 UNDP (90,000 received) and 250,000 UNOCHA (210,000 received).
1.3 Progress Made
The emergency programmes in response to the drought emergency provided life-saving assistance to the most vulnerable. The highlights below outline the main achievements of the humanitarian community by December 2000.
- Number of beneficiaries receiving general food relief rose from 2,2 million in August to 3.2 million in December.
- 1.1 million children were receiving food at school by December.
- 339,000 children and women have benefited from supplementary food
- 306,805 beneficiaries have been provided with access to potable water
- Over 1.1 million children under five were immunized against polio across the country (not drought-specific)
- Ebola, Kalazhar and cholera task forces were set-up and a surveillance system in place.
- 150 supplementary emergency health kits and 19 basic kits were distributed
Considerable progress was also made in strengthening the coordination mechanisms among all stakeholders, for both the food and non-food sector, enabling a more coherent response to the drought.
1.4 Lessons Learned
As the drought is still ongoing, a full appraisal of the emergency response has not been undertaken. Agencies will begin to make fuller assessments in 2001, as they prepare for the next long rains and attempt to move towards recovery programming. However, a few clear issues have become apparent:
- The response to the early warning signals was very poor. While the alarm rang as early as October 1999, neither donors nor implementing agencies were ready to react to prevent the disaster. Livestock in particular was affected, and no emergency measures were taken to prevent animals from dying or deteriorating into such poor condition. The recovery process will therefore be substantially difficult.
- Time lags in the shipment of food aid donations resulted in insufficient food stocks in the pipelines. While pledges were forthcoming there was a three to four month gap before the recommended food aid rations physically arrived to the targeted beneficiaries. If the trend continues, it will result in the hindrance of the acutely vulnerable population’s rate of recovery even if rains are good.
- The implementation of non-food sector projects did not occur simultaneously with the food aid sector, partly as a result of lack of funding and poorer coordination. The impact of both was therefore reduced. For example precautions were not taken in time to slaughter healthy animals to supplement food rations, instead their condition deteriorated to the extent that they were unproductive or died.
- Following assessment missions carried out in September, it was identified that the local committees charged with distributing the general food rations were having some difficulties targeting the beneficiaries
- The process needed to purchase ‘certified seeds’ has proven to be a long and laborious one, which has prevented timely distribution. A number of pilot trials however have shown that local seed sources are often of equally high quality and can be distributed more easily and economically. They should therefore be considered for future distribution.
A more general conclusion to be drawn about the emergency response is that greater attention needs to be paid to the long-term structural problems associated to natural disasters in Kenya, such as drought and flooding. After all, the year 2000 was exceptional for the severity of the drought, but the region has always been prone to it. Emergency interventions therefore need to pay greater attention to sustainable recovery programmes, which strengthen early warning systems, preparedness and mitigation.
A more positive achievement has been the strengthening of co-ordination mechanisms in response to the drought. These structures, comprising GoK, donors, UN agencies, ICRC, IFRC, local and international NGOs, have laid the important foundations for the strengthening and institutionalization of disaster management, including the development of early warning systems. As part of this process an urgent objective evaluation of the current emergency response is needed, in order to analyze the lessons learned.
Similarly the regional approach taken to highlight the problems of the drought on the international agenda, through for example the appointment by the Secretary General of Ms. Catherine Bertini, the Special Envoy for the Drought in the Horn of Africa, and the setting up of an Office of the Regional Humanitarian Coordinator Office (ORHC), was an important addition. It gave a clear unified message to the donor community and emphasized the regional dimension to many of the problems.
2. HUMANITARIAN CONTEXT
2.1 Political, Economic, Security and Constraints Analysis
The drought in Kenya has unfolded against a backdrop of long-term economic decline, which has affected every sector, especially health, education, infrastructure and water and power utilities. In 1999, Kenya ranked as low as 136th, out of 174 countries according to UNDP’s Human Development Index. Poverty levels indicate that 48 percent of the rural, population and 29 percent of the urban population is living in absolute poverty. Kenya is also prone to natural disaster, as illustrated by the series of droughts in 1991/92, 1993/94, 1996/97, a devastating flood in 1997/98 and the current 1999/2001 drought.
The worst affected have been the populations in the arid and semi-arid areas, who have experienced a dramatic depletion of their asset base and increased vulnerability to food insecurity over the last decade. Subsistence farmers in the marginalized agricultural areas have also suffered from the high food costs, the poor state of major inter-urban roads and of the rural road network and escalating local conflict.
The efforts of the humanitarian community in responding to the drought cannot be isolated from these major long-term problems. It will be particularly important that progress is made on the macroeconomic level if recovery programmes are to take hold. Similarly, humanitarian operations will need to be closely integrated with the government’s development initiatives, such as the IMF and World Bank supported Poverty Reduction Plan, to enable a smooth transition towards sustainable recovery.
Improvements in the overall economic situation will be crucial to the political environment. Economic reform continues to dominate President Daniel Arap Moi’s current government. Two potential concerns for the year ahead include rumors that he will call for an early election before the January 2003 deadline. Also opposition politicians are expressing their frustration, in particular over the slowness of the constitutional review process, by creating a new Movement for Democratic Change. Both trends are expected to heat up the political environment next year, and already several rallies have been held in main towns, ending in unrest or rioting.
Other forms of insecurity, particularly in the north, continues to plague the country and be a considerable constraint to humanitarian operations. In brief, the drought has caused increasing intra and inter-ethnic clashes in northern districts as pastoral groups compete over scarce water and pasture resources. There has also been an escalation of highway robbery, cattle raiding and car-jackings. The insecurity has been worsened by pressure by pastoral groups from neighboring countries, including Uganda, southern Sudan, Ethiopia and Somalia.
Currently the United Nations has placed Ijara, Garissa, Wajir, Mandera and Moyale, northern parts of Marsabit and Turkana Districts in security (Phase 3), while the whole northern part of Wajir district and northwestern Mandera District are official ‘no-go’ zones for UN personnel. (see Security Sectoral analysis)
In conclusion, the outlook for 2001 is uncertain, but with the return of normal rainfall and if the momentum of economic reform is sustained, there is room for cautious optimism. The Economist Intelligence Unit predicts that real GDP will recover in 2001, with a steady growth in earning from exports and tourism. However, security remains a serious concern.
2.2 Problem analysis
Kenya has suffered under a two-year, four-season successive drought that has severely affected much of the country. It has reduced a majority of the population in pastoral, agro-pastoral and marginal agricultural areas of the country to states of near destitution and dependency on food aid. Until reasonable rains and a normal harvest are forthcoming, that would enable communities to begin the road to recovery, this negative trend will continue.
The most vulnerable population include small-scale subsistence farmers, who are dependent on rainfed crop production, as well as pastoralists and agro-pastoralists, who are dependent on the rains to provide water and pasture/browse for their livestock.
Under the current emergency programme 22 districts are identified as the worst affected, and are where the humanitarian efforts are now concentrated. The focus may expand to include vulnerable pocket areas of a further 25 districts identified by the GoK as being in need of assistance.
2.3 Prospects for recovery
A large-scale emergency response – EMOP 6203 - has been in operation since February 2000, and its success combined with the on-set of the short rains in November has brought considerable relief. However, as Catherine Bertini stated recently: ‘A crisis has been averted, but we are not yet out of the woods.” The approach of the humanitarian community is cautious, for three principal reasons.
- The impact of the short rains on both the pastoral and agricultural areas remains uncertain, but it is unlikely that they will be sufficient to restore the depleted assets of livestock, seeds and food. For the worst affected populations, it is expected that food assistance will be required until at least the harvest from the long rains in June/July 2001, and recovery programmes will be essential in all districts.
- The 2001 March-June long rains remain critical to the recovery process for both subsistence farmers and pastoralists. Contingency planning is required in the event that these rains fail again. Equally urgent is the need for interventions to prepare communities for this next main harvest, hence for example the urgency of seed distribution and to have disease surveillance strategies in place.
- Much of Kenya is drought-prone, so unless emergency interventions look to solving the longer-term structural problem, their efforts will be unsustainable. In particular, attention needs to be paid to building up local capacities and coping mechanisms to deal with the problems of recurring drought.
3. COMMON HUMANITARIAN ACTION PLAN
1. Possible Scenarios
The following scenarios were developed in December by the Kenya Food Security Steering Group, in close collaboration with the Drought Monitoring Center (DMC), to assist with programming for 2001:
A. Most Probable Scenario: Short rains continue at ‘near normal’ to ‘above normal’ intensity, but end as they usually do in mid-December and 2001 long rains are average.
B. Best-Case Scenario: Short rains continue through the first week of January and are well-distributed and sufficient in quantity to ensure proper plant development and 2001 long rains are average to above average.
C. Worst-Case Scenario: October-December 2000 short rains continue to be poor and end prematurely, and March-June 2001 long rains are poor or fail.
Taking the most probable scenario, the following assumptions have been made:
• As a result of the short rains, there is only partial regeneration of pasture, browse and water sources in pastoral and agro-pastoral areas resulting in a return to severe drought conditions in these areas before the advent of the long rains in March 2001.
• Potential for conflict may increase in some districts as uneven distribution of rainfall leads to temporary water and pasture regeneration in some areas, and competition for these resources.
• Livestock body condition improves temporarily, but deteriorates progressively during the dry season, as pasture and water sources dry up prematurely.
• If food aid is not forthcoming, malnutrition increases as livestock are moved prematurely to dry season grazing areas far from the household.
• Marginal agriculture districts obtain a poor short rains’ harvest (less than 50 percent of average).
• The 2001 long rains (March-June) will begin on time in March/April. These rains will be normal in most parts of Kenya, including the pastoral and agro-pastoral areas of the country, enabling pastoralists and agro-pastoralists to move towards recovery during the second half of 2001.
• In pastoral and most agro-pastoral districts, large populations will require food aid until at least June 2001.
• Many marginal agricultural populations will not harvest sufficient crops or derive enough casual labour or other income from the 2001 short rains’ season and will require general distributions of food aid until at least June 2001.
While programming will be based largely on the above scenario, it will be essential to constantly review the situation and remain flexible to change. In particular a number of assessments will take place in January to analyze the success or failure of the short rains. This will be crucial for planning, particularly of the agricultural and livestock sector, in preparation for the long rains. It will also inform agencies of the food aid needs, as it will be crucial to support, not to undermine, the re-emergence of local markets.
2. Competencies and Capacity Analysis
There is a considerable degree of collaboration and coordination among the major stakeholders responding to the emergency, including the GoK, donors, UN agencies, ICRC, IFRC, religious movements, and international and local NGOs. These efforts of information sharing and coordinated action planning underpin the multi-agency approach in all areas.
The internal coordination framework of the GoK consists of The National Food Security Executive Committee (Ministers concerned with food security chaired by the President), The National Food Security Coordinating Committee (Permanent Secretaries of key Ministries chaired by the Head of Public Service), The Inter-Ministerial Committee on Drought and Food Security (Chaired by the Office of the President including the relevant Ministries with regard to food security and drought management), The National Food Security and Drought Management Secretariat (Arid Lands Resource Management Project). This last body is responsible for the strategic planning and management policy of drought and manages the Early Warning System.
Other structures involving all the major stakeholders include the Kenya Food Security Meeting (KFSM) comprising ministries, donors, UN agencies and NGOs involved in drought management and food security. It is responsible for the overall monitoring of the drought situation and ensuring a coordinated response to food distribution and other interventions. It is informed by key sectoral working groups in food security, health, water, agriculture, livestock and education. It also receives regular reports from the field through the Geographical Review Teams, which are small technical groups collecting, analyzing and providing consensus reporting on the food security situation from different geo-livelihood areas (see annexes).
As well as being active members of many of these committee groups, the United Nations has its own internal coordination mechanisms to monitor its efforts and strengthen its support to other bodies. These include the UN Disaster Management Team, and the recently established OCHA Kenya Office, which is specifically designed to enhance the sharing of information, and regular reporting, as well as contributing to monitoring and evaluation tasks.
Finally it is important to note that efforts to coordinate the drought response are also operating at the regional level, under OCHA’s Office of the Regional Humanitarian Coordinator (ORHC), established in Addis Ababa in May 2000. It will launch a few critical regional projects, such as cross-border health surveillance, information management and support to pastoralists.
4. SECTOR ANALYSIS AND OBJECTIVES
4.1 FOOD SECURITY
Situation Analysis
The number of people requiring urgent food assistance increased dramatically in 2000, following the failure of the long rain harvest in June. As the drought intensified, accompanied by heavy livestock losses and high increases in food prices, more people lost their coping mechanisms and fell into the bracket requiring food assistance.
By December, WFP was delivering general food rations to over 3.2 million people in 22 districts in Kenya. The worst hit areas included Eastern, North, North-Eastern, Rift Valley and Coastal Provinces.
Recent nutritional surveys suggest that the situation remains critical, despite the on-set of the short rains. There continues to be an urgent need for food assistance, at least until the next main harvest in June/July 2001.
Operational Objectives
The key priorities up to July 2001 are:
- Save human lives by ensuring that the populations who have lost their livestock and suffered successive crop failure, obtain adequate diet until they reach a sufficient level of recovery. Beneficiaries requiring these general rations are expected to increase from 2,216,692 in the 2000 appeal to 3,283,492 people in 22 districts.
- Maintain enrolment and prevent dropout of children in schools not covered by regular school feeding programmes. The number of school children needing food assistance is expected to reach 1,109,635 in 12 districts.
The total number of beneficiaries targeted during this period will be 4,393,127 people, concentrated in the districts identified by EMOP (see map). Total commodity requirements are estimated at 326,496 MT. There are 130,328 MT available leaving a net requirements of 196,168 MT.
A major review will take place to take into account the success or otherwise of the long rains - only then can assessments be made for the remainder of the year.
Indicators
i. Nutritional status of beneficiaries and population in general.
ii. Timeliness of food supply/distribution.
iii. Progress in reaching targeted beneficiaries in a timely manner.
iv. Stabilization of market prices for both food and livestock.
v Direction and level of mass migration of populations and livestock.
vi School enrolment and attendance by sex.
|Agency |Project title |Funds Requested |
| | |(US$) |
| | | |
|WFP |Food Assistance to Drought-Affected People |89,478,520 |
4.2 HEALTH AND NUTRITION
Situation Analysis
The frequency of drought and the country’s economic difficulties have had a very negative effect on the general health status of the population over the last decade. Poverty levels have increased – to over 47 percent in rural areas – and most health indicators show a negative trend. For example, infant mortality has risen from 62.5 per 1000 live births to 70.7 from 1993/1998.
The current drought has seriously aggravated the situation, raising malnutrition rates further, and increasing the prevalence of disease. Traditionally vulnerable groups – women, children and the elderly – have been the most susceptible.
Recent nutritional surveys undertaken in pastoral and agro-pastoral areas indicate that the situation remains critical. While the on-going emergency response has enabled nutritional levels to remain static, at best slightly improve, there remain pockets where global malnutrition rates among children under five are very poor. For example, in the last quarter of year 2000 Turkana, Marsabit and Mandera have shown global acute malnutrition rates at 2 to 4 times the normal level, while other northern pastoral areas have indicated rates of between 25 to 35 percent.
Meanwhile, diseases associated with malnutrition, such as diarrhea, TB, malaria, cholera and other water-borne diseases, have become more prevalent, although major outbreaks have been contained by close surveillance and immunization campaigns. An equally alarming problem is the spread of HIV/Aids and STDs as people congregate around food relief or water points and the destitute turn to prostitution to earn money for food.
Operational objectives
Four key emergency objectives have been identified:
• Reduce the prevalence of moderate and severe malnutrition among children under five
• Strengthen surveillance of communicable diseases in the drought environment
• Improve emergency preparedness and response to disease outbreaks, especially measles and malaria
• Provide reproductive health services to the drought-affected districts
These efforts will be closely linked with other sectoral programmes, particularly the food and education sector, in order to maximize impact. In particular, it is essential that supplementary feeding programmes are done in close coordination with general food ration distributions.
This response also acknowledges the urgent need to support and strengthen local capacities of the health sector at national, district and local levels, in order to ensure sustainability and a fast road to recovery.
The continued partnership among UN agencies (UNICEF, WHO, and UNFPA) and NGOs will prove crucial to address these considerable problems. Similarly all partners will be involved in an in-depth evaluation of the sector and programmes in 2001, to enable an increasingly strategic approach to dealing with health and nutrition issues
|Agency |Project title |Funds Requested |
| | |(US$) |
| | | |
|WHO |Strengthening integrated disease surveillance and early detection of |890,800 |
| |communicable disease outbreaks. | |
|UNICEF |Emergency Health and Nutrition |4,200,000 |
| |Emergency Reproductive health services in drought affected districts | |
|UNFPA | |600,000 |
|TOTAL |5,690,800 |
4.3 WATER AND SANITATION
Situation Analysis
Following two successive years of poor rains, Kenya has suffered from a chronic shortage of water, both to sustain lives and livelihoods, in 2000. The emergency response has been sufficient in relieving the worst stresses, through tankering of water to settlements and the emergency repair of water points. However, much more assistance is needed to continue the relief operations and implement a comprehensive strategy to develop sustainable water resources.
In 2000, only the major permanent rivers, the Tana and Athi have had water, but at levels substantially below normal. The water scarcity was worsened by the reduction of storage capacity of a number of significant pans in most pastoral areas as a result of excessive silting caused by the 1998 El Nino floods. Lack of maintenance and management of water systems has further reduced the ability to cope with the drought.
Consequently, in the worst affected areas – mainly the pastoral lands of the northern and northeastern regions – populations were being forced to travel considerable distances to obtain water. In Wajir, for example, women had to walk on average 25 kilometers to get water. Similarly the distance between pasture and water increased to an average of 60 kilometers, with livestock having to wait sometimes for two days or more to gain access.
This severe water stress had a major negative impact on the health status of the population, particularly women and children. For example, the long distances women have had to travel to find water, not only depleted their immunity to fight disease, but left children fending for themselves often for days at a time.
The drying up of riverbeds and shallow wells forced families to move in search of water, resulting in a sudden concentration of people around water or relief points – this in turn led to deterioration in the levels of sanitation and a rise in the incidence of disease. The search for scarce water for livestock also led at times to open conflict.
The prospect for 2001 is equally poor. While the short rains have had a positive effect on immediate water availability, their lateness, uneven distribution, and the probability of cessation in mid-December, suggests they will not be sufficient to relief the considerable water stress outlined above, particularly in the northern arid regions and southern pastoral areas, like Kajiado and Laikipia.
Operational Objectives
The projects presented in this Drought Appeal aim to address the immediate sanitation and water problems affecting the population, as well as the structural problems relating to water resource development to ensure better emergency preparedness. Reference should also be made to the close links with the health sector – for example a component of WHO health project includes water quality surveillance as a vital ingredient to monitoring and improving the health status of the affected population.
Key priorities include:
• Support to rapid response teams to provide emergency repairs of water equipment, including boreholes equipment (UNICEF, WHO)
• Water trucking to alleviate the worst stresses, particularly among schools and hospitals and pastoral communities (UNICEF)
• Training and support to improve water quality surveillance (see WHO's health sector project)
• Water resource development, paying particular attention to needs and environmental impact (UNICEF)
|Agency |Project title |Funds Requested |
| | |(US$) |
| | | |
|UNICEF |Emergency Water and Sanitation programme |3,000,000 |
4.4 LIVESTOCK SECTOR
Situation Analysis
Pastoralists use over 75% of the landmass in Kenya, most of it in the northern and northeastern districts and southern areas of Masaailand, where the drought has hit hardest. Their traditional means of survival - reliance on milk and livestock products as part of their diet, and the cash income earned from selling animals - has not been possible because of the drought, thus dramatically increasing the food insecurity of these populations and eroding their socio-economic base.
Interventions to date have focused on emergency marketing and salvage of livestock, but animal numbers have been reduced so dramatically that de-stocking will soon not be feasible. Livestock interventions for 2001 have therefore changed their focus to reflect this new, but equally urgent, reality.
The drought has caused a devastatingly high mortality rate of animals due to the acute shortage of fodder and water. Preliminary estimates suggest that 25% to 50% of the pastoral livestock have died in many districts. More accurate assessments are difficult because many herds have migrated out of Kenya to Tanzania, Uganda, Ethiopia and Somalia, in search of pasture.
The short rains have been too sporadic and late to entice these herds back. Also the livestock is in such poor condition that herds are unproductive. Both trends have had an immediate impact at the household level as milk and other animal products have not become available. Another common effect has been the increase in conflict in the border areas, as pastoralists compete for scarce pastureland and water resources.
But the rains had some positive impact, particularly in reducing the rates of animal deaths, after the anticipated and usual initial die off. However, it will take a considerable time before herds return to full productivity. Emergency interventions will therefore remain crucial until at least the long rains in 2001.
Operational Objectives
Livestock projects will focus on the protection of a sufficient nucleus of breeding stock to ensure rapid recovery of herd sizes when the environmental conditions allow. The interventions, while emergency in nature, will place increasing emphasis on recovery programmes, including the need for better animal surveillance and health inputs.
It is important to note that due to the cross border nature of both livestock movements and diseases, a regional programme on pastoralism has also been submitted – see regional appeal. It will concentrate specifically on cross-border disease surveillance and the long-term economic sustainability of the sector.
Indicators
i. Increased herd sizes.
ii. Increased marketing, with a return of prices to within normal limits.
iii. Increased milk yield and reduced human nutritional deficiency amongst pastoralists.
|Agency |Project title |Funds Requested |
| | |(US$) |
| | | |
|FAO |Improving food security of pastoral populations |11,866,200 |
4.5 SEEDS AND AGRICULTURE
Situation Analysis
For subsistence farmers in Kenya, the success of the main harvest in 2001 will be crucial to their survival and the recovery of their livelihoods. After four successive seasons of relative harvest failure, these households have become increasingly dependent on food relief because assets are exhausted and coping mechanisms have reached the limit.
Living mainly in marginal and agro pastoral districts, the future of these farmers will depend not only on the rains, but also on the availability of adequate and suitable seeds. Emergency interventions to provide timely and appropriate distribution are therefore critical.
The current short rains are expected to alleviate the intensity of the crisis to some extent - the distribution of seed to 150,000 households in the Eastern Province since the May appeal was a considerable achievement. However, the harvest is expected to be well below average because of the shortness of the rains and poor distribution in the marginal areas. One estimate suggests that crop production will be less than 50% of the average, and 40% of average in the marginal agricultural districts of Eastern Province (Source MoARD). Of equal concern is the fact that the extreme poverty of the farmers has forced them to sell excess seed rather than store it for future planting.
Operational Objectives
The overall objective of agricultural interventions is to ensure that the targeted beneficiaries become food self-sufficient. The focus therefore is to ensure a timely distribution of drought-tolerant strains of seed – mainly sorghum and millet, not the more commercially acceptable crop, maize.
Strong emphasis is also placed on developing local capacity for sustainable seed production, thereby addressing the longer-term structural problems of these drought-prone communities. An important component of these projects will be to strengthen community self-reliance by providing, for example, training on techniques to stimulate local small-scale seed production.
Indicators
i. Number of hectares planted for long rain season.
ii. Germination of harvest yields.
iii. Assessment of availability of local seed on the market, to assess production future harvest.
|Agency |Project title |Funds Requested |
| | |(US$) |
| | | |
|FAO |Improving food security for subsistence farmers |5,155,500 |
6. EDUCATION
Situation analysis
As a direct consequence of the drought, participation rates in schools have started to dramatically decline, and many schools are now struggling to survive. For example, gross enrollment rates in the worst affected area, North Eastern Province, are 20.5%, compared to the national average of 86.9%. Enrollment for girls is even less at 14.6%. This breakdown in the education system is putting the development of the whole region at risk.
Increased poverty is a major factor in explaining these high drop out rates. The drought has also forced communities to relocate to urban areas, or feeding stations, putting excessive pressure on already under-resourced schools, and leaving others empty. Banditry and cattle raiding is another factor that has forced children to remain in the sanctity of their homes.
The resultant breakdown in nuclear family and desertion by males leaving women and children, especially the girl-child, to care for the family has had negative impact. The poverty circle continues as a result of lack or total absence of educational opportunities, which therefore perpetuate the marginalisation of women and girls in accessing key labour markets.
The expanded school feeding programme of WFP has alleviated the situation to a degree, but a much more comprehensive approach is required to sustain and build on this success. It should be noted that Catherine Bertini, the special envoy on the drought in the Horn of Africa, highlighted the fact that education projects were not ‘additions’ but had to be integral and essential components of the emergency response in Kenya.
Operational Objectives
The area targeted for specific education inputs is the North Eastern Province as this is the worst affected. The expanded school-feeding programme however, will continue to target beneficiaries in 12 EMOP districts. The key operational objectives are:
1. Reduce drop out rates and urban migration, by providing food and resources to schools, particularly in the more remote and marginalized areas.
2. Strengthen the capacities of local authorities to manage and maintain schools, including support to field Inspectors and school staff.
3. Build community commitment and participation in education to ensure better planning and the sustainable maintenance of schools.
4. Sensitize communities on critical issues related to man-made and natural disasters, such as the environment, HIV/AIDS and peaceful co-existence.
5. Address the gender disparities in emergency/relief operations response.
6. Increase security for all children through improvements to school infrastructure and existing low cost boarding facilities, particularly for girls. Also, through UNESCO’s sports programme, the aim is to reduce ethnic tension and conflict by teaching children to respect social norms, convention and rules and to develop a sense of fair play.
7. Develop preparedness strategies in order to respond to man-made and natural disasters, through for example the establishment of a rapid response teams, involving local authorities, field staff and NGOs.
Monitoring and evaluation
Local communities will participate in all monitoring and evaluation (M&E) activities to ensure that they are responsive to their needs. Local authorities, including the inspectorate and NGOs in the districts, will help to standardize these monitoring procedures, and facilitate the collection of baseline and impact study data.
Indicators
i. Quantification of participation trends.
ii. Assessing the quality of teaching and learning.
iii Assessing levels of numeracy, literacy and practical skills.
iv. Number of sport competitions organized.
|Agency |Project title |Funds Requested |
| | |(US$) |
| |Improving access and quality education in selected –affected districts of | |
|UNESCO |North-Eastern Province |582,900 |
|UNICEF |Integrated Approach to Education in Emergency Situations |2,800,000 |
| |Integrating Gender Perspective to Emergency Response Operations in the | |
|UNIFEM |Context of HIV, Food Security and Violence Against Women |510,000 |
|TOTAL |3,892,900 |
7. LOGISTICS
Situation Analysis
The last decade has seen a serious deterioration in Kenya’s road infrastructure, both the national network and feeder roads. The combination of the El Nino floods in 1997, poor maintenance and heavy traffic has made some sections impassable.
North and North Eastern Provinces have been the worst affected, which has seriously hampered relief efforts. The transport of food, supplies and equipment has become extremely expensive and slow as a result.
Operational Objectives
Assistance is urgently required to conduct emergency road repairs that will enable easy and quick access of humanitarian supplies to the target beneficiaries identified by EMOP. The main districts concerned are Turkana, Marsabit, Moyale, Mandera, Wajir and Garissa.
|Agency |Project title |Funds Requested |
| | |(US$) |
| | | |
|WFP |Emergency Road and River Crossing |2,316,471 |
17 SUPPORT SERVICES
A. COORDINATION
Situation Analysis
There are a wide number of agencies working on the emergency response in Kenya, due to the scale and intensity of the drought situation. Over 7 UN agencies are involved as well as the GOK, IFRC, ICRC, local and international NGOs, and religious organizations. Given this broad spectrum, it is paramount that there is strong coordination in order to maximize donor resources, improve essential sectoral linkages, and ensure countrywide coverage for the most affected populations.
While important coordination structures are already functioning (see ‘Competencies and Capacity Analysis’ for full details), they need to be further enhanced. In particular, it is important to improve information management, improve the degree of cross-sectoral information sharing, and increase the flow of information from the field. Regular monitoring and evaluating procedures also need to be put in place to ensure that the humanitarian response reacts appropriately to the changing situation.
Operational Objectives
The main objectives to improve coordination include:
1. Improve information management, sharing and analysis of the on-going emergency situation
2. Support and enhance the activities of the existing coordination structures dealing with the drought, with a view to strengthening the process of institutionalisation of drought management structures
3. Establishing a regular monitoring and evaluation system. It will also be important to analyse the drought in terms of ‘lessons learned’ in order to assist in future drought prevention and disaster management
In close collaboration with these country-level efforts, there is also a regional programme to improve coordination across all countries of the Horn of Africa - see regional appeal). It includes a project to strengthen coordination among all regional humanitarian actors, and the setting up of a regional humanitarian database.
Indicators
i. Regular production of a situation report.
ii. Functioning database and circulation lists.
iii. Regular monitoring and assessment missions.
B. SECURITY
Situation Analysis
Kenya is undergoing an expanded relief programme covering two-thirds of the country because of the depth and severity of the ongoing drought. Consequently, the number of local and international staff stationed in the operational field has increased dramatically.
The security threats against humanitarian personnel vary from region to region, but some of the problems are continuous and endemic throughout the whole country. These include inter-tribal tension (Wajir, Mandera, Laikipia, West Pokot, Samburu, Moyale), cattle-rustling raids, armed highway robberies, and political disruption. Travel throughout the operational zone is only possible with local security escort vehicles and personnel.
Eight locally recruited UN security officers are currently deployed at key locations to liaise with local security personnel and advise both UN and NGO personnel accordingly. As the security situation looks set to remain fragile in the coming year, continued improvements to the security network will be essential.
Operational Objectives
The key priority is to ensure maintenance of an effective and commanding security network throughout the operational zone, in order to minimize threats and ensure the safety of staff. Increasing emphasis is placed on the need to collaborate with all partners, especially local and international NGOs on the ground, to ensure a regular and consistent flow of information.
To provide coherent coverage, particularly in terms of cross-border surveillance, a regional security project has also been launched – see regional appeal.
|Agency |Project title |Funds Requested |
| | |(US$) |
|OCHA |Coordination of humanitarian assistance |451,655 |
|UNDP |Security of humanitarian staff |778,100 |
|TOTAL |1,229,755 |
FOOD SECURITY
Appealing Agency: World Food Programme (WFP)
Project Title: Food Assistance to Drought-Affected People in Kenya
Project Code: WFP EMOP 6203.01
Themes: Food and Nutrition
Objectives: Save human lives, by ensuring that populations who have lost their livestock, suffered successive crop failures and depleted all coping mechanisms, obtain adequate food and until they achieve sufficient recovery;
Reduce the prevalence of moderate and severe malnutrition amongst children under five to 10 percent and alleviate ante-natal and post-natal nutritional stress amongst women;
Maintain enrolment and prevent dropouts of children in schools not covered by the regular school-feeding programme.
Target Beneficiaries: 3.3 million people in 22 districts for general rations and 1.1 million school children in 12 districts for the expanded school feeding programme. Approximately 685,000 children under five and pregnant and lactating women, receiving general rations, will also be targeted to receive supplementary feeding.
Implementing Partners: GoK, UNICEF, Lead NGOs and Partner NGOs.
Project Duration: January to June 2001.
Funds Requested: US$ 89,478,520
Summary
There remains a serious food deficit in Kenya, following four consecutive poor rainfall seasons and harvests. The 2000 short rains have been largely sporadic and late. This will further exacerbate the severe food stress of vulnerable populations in Kenya. Due to severe drought conditions, populations in the pastoral and agro-pastoral areas of the country have incurred heavy livestock losses in the last year, and marginal agricultural populations are expected to have another poor harvest.
As a result of the above factors, pastoral, agro-pastoral and marginal agricultural populations in Kenya will require food assistance until at least June 2001. An updated food needs for the second half of the year will be prepared tacking into account the outcome of the long rain season.
Main Activities
The current EMOP will continue until June 2001, focusing on three main aspects:
1. General food distribution: WFP will continue to deliver food to extended delivery points (EDP’s), mostly situated at district and/or divisional centers, where they are handed over to the implementing partners. From there, the implementing partners transport the food to the communities for subsequent distribution. In the Landside Transport Storage and Handling (LTSH) calculation has been made to reimburse the implementing partners for the costs incurred for EDP management, secondary transport and distribution.
2. Supplementary feeding: WFP will be responsible for the resourcing of fortified blended foods, its delivery to the EDPs in 22 districts, as well as for the cost of the food’s transportation by Lead Agencies or their partners to supplementary feeding centers. UNICEF will be responsible for ensuring that the NGO’s and their staff running the centers are properly trained in how to conduct the programme, including the management and monitoring and evaluation components of this intervention.
3. Expanded school feeding (ESFP): This will differ from the general distribution in the sense that WFP will deliver food commodities to individual schools. In districts where there will be both General Distributions and ESFP, WFP will take advantage of the selected Lead Agencies in the transportation of food to the targeted schools. In districts where there is only ESFP, if suitable lead agencies are not identified, WFP will take charge of the transportation of food commodities in close liaison with the District Education Officers.
Logistics
WFP will continue to use the Community-Based Targeting and Distribution System (CBTD) that has been put in place during the implementation of the current phase of the EMOP. Under this scheme, Relief Committees at grassroots-level organizations are responsible for identification of vulnerable households, registration of beneficiaries and distribution of relief commodities, under the supervision of a Lead Agency.
The monitoring and reporting system will also be maintained. WFP, together with its implementing partners, will collect statistical and qualitative information on the effects of interventions on living conditions of the direct and indirect beneficiaries. Field Monitors in each district will then submit weekly reports on issues such as food movements, food prices, livestock prices, population movements, rainfall and climatic data, and any significant events in the districts.
Total Requirements
The total amount of food commodities required from January to June 2001 will be 326,496 MT, consisting of 226,395 MT cereals, 41,534 MT pulses, 11,814 MT vegetable oil, 43,798 MT fortified blended foods and 2,955 salt. Of this, WFP has already received pledges amounting to 130,328 MT, consisting of 103,189 MT cereals, 15,767 MT pulses, 2,500 MT vegetable oil, 1,067 MT salt and 7,805 MT fortified blended foods.
| | |
|FINANCIAL SUMMARY | |
|Budget Item |US$ |
|Food Commodities (196,168 MT) |34,583,777 |
|External Transport and Superintendence |14,131,649 |
|Landside Transport Storage and Handling (LTSH) |31,458,383 |
|Direct/Indirect Support and Other Direct Operational Costs |9,304,711 |
| | |
|TOTAL |89,478,520 |
HEALTH
| | |
|Appealing Agency |World Health Organization |
| | |
|Project Title |Strengthening Integrated Diseases Surveillance. Early Detection and Containment |
| |of Communicable Diseases Outbreaks. |
| | |
|Project Code | |
| | |
|Sector |Health |
| | |
|Themes |Communicable Diseases Prevention and Control; |
| |Epidemic Preparedness and Response |
| | |
|Objectives |To conduct vulnerability assessments. |
| |To support district disease outbreak management teams. |
| |To enhance cross-border surveillance for malaria, TB, polio and other EPI-target |
| |diseases. |
| |To enhance regular water quality surveillance. |
| | |
|Area/Targeted beneficiaries |4 million people in the 19 drought-hit districts. |
| | |
|Implementing Partners |WHO, UNICEF, NGOs |
| | |
|Project Duration |January - December 2001 |
| | |
|Funds Requested |US$ 890,800 |
Summary
Kenya is experiencing perhaps the worst drought in the past 40 years, and 19, out of the country’s 70 districts, are hardest hit. Approximately 4 million people are affected, mainly in the north-eastern parts of the country. Scarce and unsafe water is likely to lead to water-borne disease. Already Mandera District has reported 20 cases of cholera, with no deaths, in November 2000. Cross-border mobility of nomadic population is likely to facilitate disease transmission. About 300 cases of visceral leishmaniasis (Kalazar) with a 10% case fatality rate have occurred in Wajir district bordering Somalia, between May - November 2000. In Wajir, too, about 300 cases of mult-vitamin deficiency were reported during the last quarter of 2000. The country was put on Ebola alert following the outbreak of this disease in Uganda.
Although donors’ response for food appeal had been good, the same is not the case with non-food items. Consequently, disease outbreak preparedness activities for malaria and cholera with onset of short rains (October-December) have lagged behind. Already Mandara District has reported 20 cases of cholera. Malaria cases are likely to increase.
Inter-Agency Collaboration
WHO and UNICEF are the key actors in the Health and Nutrition Committee under the Horn of Africa Drought Appeal process. WHO, with National Health Authorities have set up Kalazar Control and Ebola Preparedness Task Forces. WHO coordinates the technical aspects of these task forces and has provided some funding to support surveillance, training of district teams and procurement of supplies and drugs. A WHO Member of staff, attached to Kenya Medical Research Institute’s Viral Research Centre ( A WHO Collaborating Centre), provides back-up technical support for viral haemorrhagic fever surveillance.
Successes in 2000
Ebola Preparedness and improved surveillance system in place.
1. Ebola and Kalazar Task Forces set up and functioning, with participation of NGOs on the ground in affected districts (MSF, ICRC, AMREF, etc).
2. National Immunization Days (NIDs) planned, sychronized with participation of some of neighbouring countries and successfully conducted.
3. Cross-border activities under the Horn of Africa Emergency Project (Kenya/Ethiopia) and National Immunization Days (Kenya/Ethiopia/Sudan/Uganda) took place.
4. National Immunization Days held. No polio cases in Kenya, including the drought stricken districts in 2000, and indeed over past 10 years.
Within the framework of the UN appeal for the Horn of Africa, no contributions were received in 2000 for the programme in Kenya, which exhausted some limited regular budget allocation to implement essential activities.
FINANCIAL SUMMARY
| | | |
| | |Cost (USDollars) |
|Activity |Expected Output | |
| | | |
|Disease Outbreak Preparedness and Response: |Outbreak management units created in five districts, drugs and|665,200 |
| |laboratory items supplies, training for health staff conducted| |
| | | |
|Vulnerability Assessment of drought effects on |Vulnerability Assessment conducted in four districts |14,500 |
|health | | |
| | | |
|Monitoring and Supervision (by road and by air) |Joint quarterly supervisory visits conducted and reports |57,600 |
| |produced | |
| | | |
|Improvement of Cross-border surveillance |Quarterly meetings/consultations held; joint training |57,600 |
| |conducted | |
| | | |
|Water Quality Surveillance |Procurement of 4 PAQUA LABS and 19 LAVIBOND COMPARATORS |95,900 |
| | |
|Total |890,800 |
Appealing Agency: UNICEF
Project Title: Emergency Health and Nutrition
Project Code:
Sector: Health and Nutrition
Themes: Supplementary Feeding Programmes, Health Emergency Preparedness and Response
Objective: 1. To reduce the prevalence of acute malnutrition in drought-affected communities to 15% and severe malnutrition rates to less than 1%
2. To undertake preventative measures to mitigate potential disease outbreaks and meet the basic health needs of vulnerable groups in the drought-affected districts
Target Beneficiaries: 3,000,000 people in 15 Districts
Implementing Partners: GoK, WHO, UNFPA, and NGOs
Project Duration: January to December 2001
Funds Requested: US$ 4,200,000
Summary
Public health services, already under-resourced in the drought-affected areas, are suffering from acute shortages of drugs and vaccines. Immunization against diseases is also poor, with for example, coverage of measles at only 36% in some parts of drought affected districts.
Some 80,000 children are estimated to be at risk of dying from this fatal combination of malnutrition and infection. Urgent immunization campaigns and vitamin A supplementation programmes are therefore urgently needed to avert more deaths.
Main Activities
Under the overall coordination by the Government of Kenya, the 2001 interventions are jointly planned and will be undertaken by UNICEF and NGO partners.
1: Implementation of selective feeding programmes
District selective feeding programmes (dry or wet) will be targeted at malnourished children and improving the nutritional status of women during pregnancy. Additional trained personnel, material inputs are required at considerable operational costs. The opening of therapeutic feeding centers to treat severely malnourished children is also planned, which will need specialized supplies (e.g. milks, multi-vitamins, medicines), extra hiring of trained staff, logistics and operational costs.
2: Procurement and transport of supplementary food
To ensure there is no break in the food pipeline, UNICEF aims to purchase 1,000MT of fortified blended food in-country and provide the necessary transportation[1]. This contingency plan is essential to counter the time delay between donor food pledges and their actual arrival.
3. Monitoring of the nutrition situation
Survey data is critical to determine the level and type of interventions required, and monitor the evolution of nutritional status. UNICEF will continue its efforts to collect and review baseline data in many of the pastoral and agro pastoral areas, as well as strengthen the local capacity to standardize these procedures. This monitoring system may also need to be extended to include the new districts falling under EMOP, particularly in marginal agricultural areas.
4. District level preparedness for disease outbreaks and epidemics
UNICEF will implement an Expanded Programme of Immunization (EPI-Plus) to improve routine coverage of common childhood diseases in the drought-affected districts. Only then can the malnutrition-infections cycle be reversed. It also aims to complement WHO's efforts in disease outbreak preparedness, by establishing disease outbreak management teams in five additional districts. For these teams to become fully functional, they will be trained, given logistical support, as well supplies of essential drugs and other equipment.
5. Community sensitization on care practices
The poor level of female education is directly correlated to the malnutrition rates in a community. Providing training on caring practices to women or primary caregivers to children is therefore seen as an essential complement to supplementary feeding programmes and support to basic health services. The piloting of the community component of the Integrated Management of Childhood Illnesses (IMCI) strategy is expected to start in Kajiado and two other districts in 2001, but it is hoped to expand it further. Funding is required for the training of district level health personnel, particularly community health workers, on Care. Careful monitoring on the dissemination and adoption/practice of the new measures at the village level will be needed.
| |
|FINANCIAL SUMMARY |
|Budget Items |US$ |
|Procurement and transport of supplementary food |1,100,000 |
|Implementation of targeted feeding programmes |1,000,000 |
|Monitoring of nutrition situation |150,000 |
|EPI-plus in 10 districts |400,000 |
|Repeat measles/Vit A campaign + outreach |350,000 |
|Community sensitization on CARE practices |1,200,000 |
| | |
|TOTAL |4,200,000 |
| | |
|Appealing Agency |United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) |
| | |
|Project Title |Emergency Reproductive Health Services in Drought affected Districts |
| | |
|Project Code | |
| | |
|Sector |Health |
| | |
|Themes |Maternal, Youth and Adolescents Reproductive Health |
| | |
|Objective(s): |To provide integrated and quality RH information and services to vulnerable groups in |
| |emergency situations |
| | |
| |To strengthen the technical and institutional capacities of concerned Government |
| |institutions, NGOs and community based organizations (CBOs) to manage and provide |
| |integrated and quality RH information and services (including counseling) to vulnerable |
| |groups in emergency situations |
| | |
|Area/ Targeted Beneficiaries: |Total Population: 300,000+ |
| |Children: 50% (below 18 years) Women: 52% |
| | |
|Implementing Partners: |GoK, UNICEF, WHO and NGOs |
| | |
|Project Duration: |January - December 2001 |
| | |
|Funds Requested: |US$ 600,000 |
Summary
The severity of the drought in Kenya has affected over 3 million people across 22 districts. Based on the overall Kenyan population structure, over 50% of these are women, 50% are aged below 18 years of age and about 20% are adolescents aged 10 to 19 years. An important aspect of this emergency situation, which has not been put in its rightful perspective, is the reproductive health needs of these adolescents, women and men.
The drought has resulted in the dislocation of local populations who, in search of food, have fled to nearby towns, relief distribution centers and water points, creating concentrations of extreme poverty. This situation of distress has increased the vulnerability of all the communities, but has placed women and young people at particular risk of sexual exploitation, commercial sex for survival, and exposure to hardships which can lead to unsafe deliveries, miscarriage, transmission of Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs) and HIV, and sexual violence. Adolescents, many of whom have been separated from the guidance of their families and support of their communities are at special risk of exploitation and may adopt high-risk behavior.
It is crucial therefore that if relief efforts are to impact positively on the overall well-being of the affected population, that their reproductive health needs requires serious consideration by the international community.
Main Activities
Making reproductive health services available to these populations can avert the risks of sexual abuse, unattended childbirths and complicated pregnancies. Similarly, containing the spread of STIs and HIV/Aids, and providing assistance to victims of rape will go a long way in ensuring that the suffering of thousands of women and young people trapped in these perilous circumstances is minimized.
UNFPA is seeking donor support to assist in the provision of basic drugs, materials and equipment for the following activities: (i) conduct a rapid reproductive health needs assessment to ensure a targeted response and maximization of resources; (ii) safe delivery (iii) blood transfusion; (iv) emergency obstetric care and contraception; (v) referrals for complications arising from pregnancy and child birth; (vi) fighting the spread of STIs, HIV/AIDS; (vii) curbing sexual violence; and (viii) offering psycho-social support to vulnerable groups.
UNFPA in collaboration with the Government, WHO, UNICEF and WFP will assist in capacity building efforts of the local organizations involved in food distribution and provision of other health and nutrition components, to be able to address reproductive health needs of the people in emergency situations.
UNFPA will utilize its experience in working with NGOs within nomadic communities in the provision of RH services to build their capacity and strengthen the mobile clinics of partner NGOs, such as the Samburu Aid in Africa (SAIDIA) and Arsim Lutheran Mission to provide: ante-natal care; child welfare services; diagnosis and treatment of STIs; HIV/AIDS counseling; and family planning services, including emergency contraceptives etc.
| |
|FINANCIAL SUMMARY |
| | |
|Budget Item |US$ |
| | |
|1. Rapid RH needs assessment |50,000.00 |
| | |
|2. Training of MOH and NGOs personnel in emergency RH care |20,000.00 |
| | |
|3. Static and mobile clinics equipment (refrigerators, solar panels, STI diagnosis and HIV/AIDS testing|200,000.00 |
|kits, two-way radio sets etc.) | |
| | |
|4. Safe motherhood kits, drugs, emergency contraceptives and other supplies |250,000.00 |
| | |
|5. Sensitization workshops |20,000.00 |
| | |
|6. Logistic support, monitoring and evaluation |60,000.00 |
| | |
|Total |600,000.00 |
| | |
|Technical support from UNFPA Country Support Team experts |UNFPA Contribution |
WATER & SANITATION
Appealing Agency: UNICEF
Project Title: Emergency Water and Sanitation
Project Code:
Sector: Water and Sanitation
Themes: Water and Sanitation, Children/Youth
Objective: To meet immediate emergency water and sanitation needs while simultaneously addressing longer term, mitigation, and emergency preparedness.
Target Beneficiaries: Up to 2,200,000 in 15 Districts
Implementing Partners: GoK, WHO, and NGOs
Project Duration: January to December 2001
Funds Requested: US$ 3,000,000
Summary
Water sources have been severely affected by the current drought. For example, water levels in the major hydro-power dams constructed across the Tana River, the largest river in Kenya, have been significantly below normal for several months, prompting unprecedented national power rationing. The communities worst affected have had limited access to safe water because existing bore boles and shallow wells have broken down from overuse. As a result, the distance between pasture and water has increased to an average of 60 Kms.
Main Activities
Under the overall coordination of the GoK, interventions in 2001 have been jointly planned, and will be undertaken by UNICEF and NGO partners. Three priority activities are proposed:
1. Support to District Rapid Response Teams, to ensure maintenance and emergency repair of borehole equipment
These Rapid Response Teams will aim to repair existing borehole equipment within a 24 hour period from the time of breakdown, to ensure that the facilities remain operational. Water source and quality surveillance is another important component - WHO will provide technical support and training in water quality control, and the districts will be given appropriate field equipment and logistical support.
2: Provision of emergency water and sanitation needs to the human and livestock population. The key interventions include:
i. Water trucking operations, which will continue to target the following;
- Institutions, schools and hospitals, in water deficit areas.
- Pastoral communities whose existing water points are temporarily out of order and have no access to water facilities within 30 km.
- Communities whose malnutrition levels have worsened to a level that they have no energy to trek 5-10 km distances.
- Internally displaced people and /or refugee populations who move into areas where there is a limited or nonexistent supply. A total of 100 priority boreholes are planned.
The government will provide most of the water trucks, but when they are not available, they will be hired through UNICEF and NGOs. To optimize the use of the tankers, 10,000 liters water tanks will be provided at strategic sites, with priority being given to schools and health facilities. Local communities will manage the distribution of the trucked water.
ii. Repair of water sources, including boreholes, wells and pans
The replacement of non-functional plant or boreholes will continue to be the priority - up to 100 boreholes are being targeted for either plant replacement and/or re-drilling. Where hydro geologically feasible and desirable from the water demand perspective, hand dug well construction and improvement will also be considered.
In an attempt to develop a more equitable distribution of sources, particularly in relation to grazing areas, the construction or rehabilitation of pans/dams will be considered - 56 strategic pans are proposed for rehabilitation or replacement. This activity is also expected to increase preparedness for post drought recovery.
iii. Development of alternative water sources
The feasibility of other forms of water resource development, such as sub-surface dams, will be explored at selected sites, but ensuring that the environmental impact is given careful consideration. Such interventions will be accompanied by environmental sanitation training, hygiene education and associated latrine construction, targeted at both the institutional and household level.
In all these activities due regard will be given to community management and maintenance issues. Similarly, longer-term plans for drought mitigation and preparedness will be developed alongside these activities.
| |
|FINANCIAL SUMMARY |
|Budget items |US$ |
|Civil Works Rehabilitation |1,700,000 |
|Procurement of Equipment |800,000 |
|Consumables |150,000 |
|Monitoring, Surveys and Evaluation |150,000 |
|Support to Capacity Building (training) |200,000 |
| | |
|TOTAL |3,000,000 |
LIVESTOCK
Project Title: Improving food security of pastoral populations
Project Code:
Sector: Livestock
Objective: To sustain pastoral household security by ensuring a nucleus of breeding livestock.
Target population: Pastoralists and agro-pastoralists in 16 arid and semi-arid districts of Kenya.
Time frame: January 1st 2001 to December 31st 2001
Implementing partners: GoK, local and international NGOs
Funds requested: US$ 11,866,200
_____________________________________________________________________
Summary
All the indications suggest that the two-year drought in Kenya will continue at least until the “long” rains of 2001. For livestock, the shortage of fodder and water and the increased prevalence of disease, has led to a high mortality rate, estimated between 25 to 50% of pastoral livestock. Continued support is therefore essential to sustain the livelihoods of pastoralists, whose food security and socio-economic base has been severely eroded.
This project focuses on ensuring that a nucleus of breeding livestock remain in good condition throughout the drought and remain in sufficient numbers to be able to begin breeding as soon as possible after the drought ends. The initial emphasis will be on the delivery of feeds for the first five months of 2001, on the assumption that the long rains will remove this need thereafter. Re-stocking will then become the main activity, with contingency planning and animal health inputs continuing to the end of the year.
The project will work closely with the government, targeting 16 districts in northern and northeastern Kenya, jointly identified as being the worst affected. The budget is approximately US$750,000 per district
Main Activities
i. Supply and Delivery of feed and nutritional supplements: These products will be purchased locally, as they are by-products from the harvests in parts of Kenya where rainfall was good, and from commercial sources in Nairobi and elsewhere.
The project expects to support up to 5,000 cattle and 15,000 small ruminants in each of the 16 districts targeted. In addition transport subsidies will increase the supply of affordable fodder to smallholder dairy farmers. After the long rains in April/May, half of the fifteen thousand goats fed in each District will be redistributed to the 150 most disadvantaged families (averaging 50 goats per family, assuming all stock lost).
This form of intervention, while costly, has been implemented successfully during the previous appeal, proving that it is more cost effective than re-stocking later. Initiatives in Kenya also show that tankering water to areas with pasture but no water, is also more cost effective than buying replacement stock.
ii. Disease Surveillance: Major epidemic diseases have the potential to destroy the remaining populations of livestock, especially when these animals are weakened by starvation and water deprivation. The project will support disease surveillance and provide funds to control outbreaks of major diseases when and where they occur.
iii. Extension Work: The project will include a component on extension to ensure that new procedures, such as feeding of concentrates and supplements, are effectively introduced to the beneficiaries. This component will evaluate the success of interventions implemented through the May 2000 appeal, and develop successful models into contingency plans to be used at national, district and household level.
| |
|FINANCIAL SUMMARY |
|Activities |Cost (US $) |
|Purchase and Distribution of Feeds* |8,000,000 |
|Water tankering ** | 300,000 |
|Extension‡ |80,000 |
|Contingency planning ‡‡ |160,000 |
|Re-stocking § | 2,400,000 |
|Disease surveillance & animal health | 480,000 |
|Technical assistance §§ |120,000 |
|General operational costs (3%) | 346,200 |
| | |
|TOTAL |11,886,200 |
*= 16 Districts will each support a nucleus of 5,000 cattle and 15,000 shoats.
5,000 cattle, at US$ 2/week for 20 weeks = US$200,000
15,000 shoats at US$ 1/week for 20 weeks = US$300,000
i.e US$0.5million per District, therefore, US$8million for 16 districts.
**= Water tankering at US$ 125 per day at one site per District daily for 150 days.
‡= US$5,000 per District.
‡‡=US$10,000 per District
§=7,500 goats in 16 Districts at US$ 20 each
§§=US$10,000 per month for 12 months.
AGRICULTURE AND SEEDS
Appealing agency: FAO
Project Title: Improving food security for subsistence farmers
Project Code:
Sector: Agriculture
Themes: Seed distribution
Objective: To provide emergency supplies of seed for the “long” rains harvest, using techniques to promote increased community self-reliance
Target population: 270,000 poor farmers in 31 marginal and agro-pastoral districts of Kenya
Implementing partners: GoK, local and international NGOs
Time frame: January - December 2001
Funds requested: US$ 5,155,500
Summary
The next harvest after the long rains in 2001 will be critical to the survival and recovery of livelihoods for subsistence farmers in the marginal and agro-pastoral districts of Kenya. They have become extremely food insecure as a result of the consecutive failure of the last four harvests, due to poor rainfall. While the short rains are expected to bring some relief, they will not be sufficient to restore the fortunes of these marginalized populations.
Ensuring that farmers are once again self-sufficient in food will be the primary task in this sector because only then can they begin to restore their asset base and livelihoods
Main Activities
1. The project will aim to distribute drought-tolerant types of seeds to up to 270,000 farm households in 31 Districts in Kenya. The area targeted includes agricultural land in the 22 districts identified as most-affected by the current drought, as well as marginal lands in 9 other districts identified by the Ministry of Agriculture.
2. Certified seeds will be procured from commercial suppliers - in local communities where possible - and distributed within a relatively confined area to encourage and support local markets and production.
3. Workshops will be held to introduce techniques on small-scale production of seeds, and there will be close monitoring of the progress of local production. Successful techniques will be built into a drought contingency plan for use at national, district and household level.
This project will be implemented in close cooperation with the GoK’s Ministry of Agriculture, as well as local and international NGOs.
| |
|FINANCIAL SUMMARY |
|Budget Item |US $ |
|Purchase and Distribution of Seeds* |3,750,000 |
|Tools (hand tools) | 560,000 |
|Extension |160,000 |
|Contingency planning |320,000 |
|Technical assistance |120,000 |
|General operational costs (5%) | 245,500 |
| | |
|TOTAL |5, 155,500 |
*= 270,000 households at US$ 12,5 ea
EDUCATION
|Appealing Agency |UNESCO PEER (Regional Programme of Education for Emergencies, Culture of Peace and |
| |Communication) |
|Project Title |Improving access and quality education in selected –affected districts of North-Eastern |
| |Province |
|Project Code | |
|Sector |Education |
|Themes |Emergency education, environmental education, monitoring of learning achievement and |
| |sports for peace |
|Objective |To increase access to emergency education, environmental education, sports, culture of |
| |peace and communication, and help build capacity for monitoring learning achievement in |
| |Garissa, Mandera and Wajir |
|Area/Target Beneficiaries |350.000 Children in primary schools, out-of-school youth and internally displaced |
| |children in Garissa, Mandera and Wajir |
|Implementing Partners |Ministry of Education Science and Technology (MOEST), Kenya National Examination Council|
| |(KNEC), Directorate of Adult Education (DAE) UNICEF and NGOs |
|Project Duration |January to December 2001 |
|Funds requested |US$ 582,900 |
Summary
Access to quality education is a fundamental right of every child. This right is often denied where natural and man-made disasters make quality education inaccessible. Natural disasters, such as chronic droughts and resultant food and water shortages, lead to forced migration to new settlements near food and water centers in urban, peri-urban and rural areas, where schools were neither anticipated nor provided for.
Three pastoral districts in North-eastern Province - Mandera, Wajir and Garissa - have been identified as the most affected, due to poor infrastructure, high levels of poverty, chronic drought, compounded by inter-ethnic conflicts and banditry. They have the lowest Gross Enrolment Ratios relative to the national GER, especially for the Girl Child. Efforts must be made to provide quality education as an integral part of the humanitarian response.
Main Activities
1. Implementation of Emergency Education: This is a quick- response emergency educational package (a school in the box) for children temporarily up-rooted from their formal schooling, pending reintegration when circumstances improve. It has already been successfully used in several other African countries.
2. Environmental Education: This will focus on sensitizing pupils to the problems of unchecked depletion of natural resources and environmental degradation associated with drought and its consequences.
In the above two project components, interventions will include adaptation and distribution of emergency and environmental education materials, teacher capacity building for the use of these materials while targeting in-school and out-of-school nomadic children.
3. Monitoring Learning Achievement: This service will be undertaken in sample schools in the three districts, with the express purpose of developing a culture of monitoring and evaluation that will later be extended to other arid and semi-arid districts in the country.
4. Sports for Peace: Sports will be organized in schools, as a way of fostering inter-ethnic tolerance through positive competition. The programme will encourage the participation of all, particularly girls and other excluded groups. Competitions will be arranged and promising youths given opportunities to develop their talents through training and sponsorship.
|FINANCIAL SUMMARY |
|Budget item |US$ |
|Monitoring learning achievement |80,000 |
|Environmental Education |125,000 |
|Emergency Education |200,000 |
|Sports for Peace |80,750 |
|Project Total |485,750 |
|Programme Support 20% |97,150 |
| | |
|TOTAL |582,900 |
Appealing agency: UNICEF
Project title: Integrated Approach to Education in Emergency Situations
Project code:
Sector: Basic Education Child Protection and Development
Themes: Education For All and community preparedness for future emergencies.
Objectives To increase Arid and Semi Arid Lands community access to all forms of basic education by 20% in non-central divisions in North Eastern Province and enhance community preparedness for future emergencies, in order to reduce urban drift.
Target beneficiaries: 500,000 +, especially children and girls and the most vulnerable in 11 severely drought-affected districts.
Implementing partners GoK, UNICEF, UNESCO, WFP and NGOs
Project duration January to December 2001
Funds requested US $ 2,800,000
Summary
The importance of an educational component in any emergency response strategy is now well accepted. In Kenya the dramatic drop in enrollment rates, particularly in North Eastern Province, requires an urgent and comprehensive response.
All the activities proposed have been approved and coordinated by the Emergency Education Committee, which is jointly chaired by Government of Kenya and UNICEF and represents other UN bodies, bi-laterals and NGOs. The following specific areas of activity will be undertaken:
Main Activities
1. Provide key inputs to education to reduce drop out rates and migration to urban areas
All activities should help reduce drop out rates and increase attendance and completion rates for formal, non-formal and Early Childhood Development (ECD) education. However, specific inputs proposed include bursaries for the most needy; equipment and learning materials for schools; the repair or improvement of infrastructures, including classrooms, water sources and latrines. All interventions will be ‘girl friendly’ in design and curriculum. Mobile NFE education will be extended from existing models.
2: Develop community commitment and participation to safeguard education in emergency situations
The need for community involvement in all aspect of education programming is essential to ensure the sustainability of schools and improve individual’s overall commitment to learning and education. Specific interventions to encourage participation include training in micro planning and strengthening the linkage between school planning and overall community development and emergency planning. Projects will also attempt to create links to income generation and micro-credit and savings schemes, to improve the community’s capacity to support educational facilities. In particular, Non Formal Education will be linked to activities, such as the production of school uniforms or the production of prayer mats from waste plastic. School gardens and income generation schemes will also strengthen the food security of these communities.
3: Strengthen the capacity of local authorities to manage and maintain educational facilities and speed of response to crises, especially at times of emergency
The education inspectorate and education officers will be trained and equipped to gather reliable information on all education sub-sectors and impart it to all stakeholders to ensure improved educational standards. They will also be trained to carry out rapid response appraisals of schools affected by drought and other natural and man made crises. Essential interventions will be evaluated by the District Steering committee, and then reviewed by the National Emergency Committee for rapid response activities, including re-building of schools, etc.
4. Ensure that key messages are passed through sensitization and issues such as the environment, HIV/AIDS and peaceful co-existence
The importance of education for socio-economic well being, the environment and health (including the prevention of STIs and HIV/AIDS) will be stressed, as will the importance of the peaceful mediation of disputes.
5. Improve secure access to educational resources
The main focus of this activity is to strengthen and provide if necessary, existing boarding facilities, particularly for girls. The GoK will provide enhanced physical security for communities and schools in these areas.
|FINANCIAL SUMMARY | |
|Budget Item |US$ |
|1. Emergency inputs to education to reduce drop outs and migration to urban areas |1,000,000 |
|2. Build capacity of local education officers to monitor and respond immediately to emergency |350,000 |
|situations | |
|3. Strengthen local authority and stakeholder capacity to maintain |700,000 |
|educational facilities and respond efficaciously to emergencies | |
|4. Community sensitization on the environment, HIV/AIDS and peaceful |150,000 |
|co-existence. | |
|5. Improve secure access to educational resources | 600,000 |
| | |
|TOTAL |2.800,000 |
Appealing Agency UNIFEM
Project Title Integrating Gender Perspective to Emergency Response Operations in the Context of HIV/AIDS, Food Security and Violence Against Women
Project Code
Sector Gender and Development
Themes Gender dimensions of HIV/AIDS.
Objectives 1. To address the gender disparities in emergency response.
2. To strengthen the capacities of all actors in mainstreaming gender in emergency/relief operations for the attainment of gender equity and responsiveness.
Targeted Beneficiaries Communities affected in selected districts particularly women and children
Implementing partners Government of Kenya, NGOs, CBOs and UNIFEM
Project Duration 12 months (January-December 2001)
Funds Requested US$ 510,000
Summary:
The advent of HIV/AIDS and its consequences necessitates a paradigm shift in the conventional ways that relief and emergency operations are implemented. Severe drought in Kenya has resulted in increasingly vulnerable communities, of which over 50% are women. At the same time, in Kenya, prevalence rates for HIV/AIDS are rising. HIV/AIDS has acquired a gender face; and gender inequality has become a key variable in the incidents of HIV/AIDS. Unless external emergency relief operations are considered in a wider sense and acknowledge the role that gender plays in fueling the epidemic, these communities will not be able to survive. Furthermore, unless the global community addresses the gender dimensions of HIV/AIDS, the rate and spread of infection will in turn, pose even greater threats to human security.
While both men and women are at risk of getting infected by the HIV virus, women seem to bear a disproportionately greater burden of being infected and affected by the virus. Empirical evidence has shown that the HIV/AIDS epidemic disproportionately affects women, especially young girls. For example, studies have shown that approximately 12 African women are infected for every 10 African men, and average rates among adolescent girls are over five times higher than those among boys in the same age group. Power relations between women and men determine to a great extent women and men's risk of infection, their ability to protect themselves and their respective share of the burdens of the epidemic. In order to begin to fundamentally alter the balance of power in gender relations, therefore, there is a need for gender-sensitive programming that recognizes and responds to the differential needs and constraints of individuals based on their gender and sexuality.
Under this appeal, UNIFEM is requesting support to build different capacities in drought-affected communities through specific training activities in the area of gender and HIV/AIDS; participatory approaches for coping mechanisms; and empowerment and capacity building for young girls and adolescents to negotiate safe sex. In implementation of this proposed programme, UNIFEM will work closely with its existing partners, as well as Government, other bilateral agencies, NGOs, and CBOs.
Main activities:
1. Rapid location-specific Assessment Surveys: This is a limited rapid rural assessment survey to meet the immediate needs focusing on impact of HIV/AIDS on households, communities, infrastructure, facilities, community initiatives, traditional coping mechanisms and affected assistance programmes.
2. Training activities, other support programmes and materials adapted from UNIFEM's Training Manual on Gender, HIV and Human Rights.
3. Empowerment of women by providing relevant functional training, extension advice and services.
4. Strengthening of coping mechanisms through training.
5. Supporting activities to ensure sustainable education and increased self-esteem of young people, particularly focused on empowering adolescent and young girls including training in negotiating safe sex based on UNIFEM's manual.
6. Facilitating the formation of self-help groups or community-based organizations (CBOs) to provide immediate assistance and support to HIV/AIDS-infected and affected persons, widows/widowers, orphans, elderly, adolescents, and other vulnerable groups.
|BUDGET ITEM |COST (US$) |
|1. Rapid Location-Specific Assessment |65,000.00 |
|(Gender Analysis Framework) | |
|2. Training Activities and materials |90,000.00 |
|3. Empowerment of women through extension services and support |80,000.00 |
|4. Assistance Programmes/Skill building |45,000.00 |
|5. Adolescent HIV/AIDS Education and Training |85,000.00 |
|6. Support and assistance to self-help groups |35,000.00 |
|7. Administrative/Logistical support |45,000.00 |
|8. Technical Assistance (Experts) |65,000.00 |
| | |
|TOTAL |510,000.00 |
LOGISTICS
Appealing agency: World Food Programme
Project Title: Emergency road and river crossing repairs
Project Code:
Sector: Logistics
Themes: Infrastructure
Objective: To provide emergency repair of vital road infrastructure to enable the quick and easy transport of relief aid.
Area/Target population: North and North Eastern Provinces
Time frame: November 2000 – 31 March 2001
Funds requested: US$ 2,316,471
Summary
The North and North Eastern Provinces of Kenya have an extremely poor and deteriorating road infrastructure. No proper repairs have been done since they were devastated by the El Nino floods in 1997. Unfortunately these are also the areas where the worst affected populations of this current drought are situated. The bad conditions of the roads limits dramatically their de-stocking and marketing activities. Ensuring regular supplies of food, health equipment and other relief services to them, is vital. Similarly repairs to the road infrastructure are important to enable easy and safe access of humanitarian workers.
Main Activities
The main objective of this project is to repair the most critical road sections and river crossings, required to facilitate the humanitarian response.
Three main sections have been identified:
1. Access to Marsabit and Moyale Districts, (148,903 beneficiaries)
2. Access to Garissa, Wajir, Mandera and Moyale Districts, (560,972 beneficiaries)
3. Access to Turkana District, (331,000 beneficiaries)
| |
|FINANCIAL SUMMARY |
|Budget Item |US $ |
|Repairs to Isiolo – Marsabit Section (264 KM) |147,020 |
|Repairs to Marsabit – Moyale Section (252 KM) |137,500 |
|Repairs to Garissa – Mado Gashe section (157 KM) | 208,400 |
|Repairs to Mado Gashe – Wajir Section (155 KM) |234,200 |
|Repairs to Wajir – Moyale Section (257 KM) |237,240 |
|Repairs to Kainuk – Lodwar section (232 KM) |1,018,500 |
|Direct Support Costs |166,000 |
|Indiscreet Support Costs (7.8%) |167,611 |
| | |
|TOTAL |2,316,471 |
SUPPORT SERVICES
A. COORDINATION
Appealing Agency Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs
Project Title Coordination of Humanitarian Assistance
Project Code
Sector Support Services
Themes: Coordination, Analysis, Planning strategies, Information, Monitoring, Evaluation.
Objective Strengthen strategic and operational coordination mechanisms, support and improve government capacities, implement humanitarian information systems.
Area / Target Beneficiaries Countrywide
Implementing partners GoK, UN agencies, local and international NGOs
Time Frame January-December 2001
Funds Requested US$ 451,655
Summary
The scale and depth of the drought in Kenya has forced a widespread multi-sectoral humanitarian response, which will need to continue throughout 2001. The need to coordinate these efforts is essential, in order to maximise resources, avoid duplication, and enable a flexible and coherent response.
Main Activities
OCHA's role is to provide support to the Resident Coordinator System to strengthen and make more efficient the emergency coordination mechanisms in place in order to be able to respond to the drought in Kenya. The key activities involved include:
i. The OCHA Unit will play and important role in the organization and support of multi-agency needs assessments, monitoring and evaluation missions, in order to verify "in loco" the progress of the relief aid programmes.
ii. The OCHA Unit will work closely with the GoK to strengthen early warning mechanisms and the implementation of prevention and mitigation measures.
iii. The OCHA Unit will develop a humanitarian information and data base network to gather and share all drought related information with donors, GoK, NGOs, UN agencies and other interested organisations. To assist with these efforts, it will produce a regular situation report.
iv. The Unit will continue to coordinate the process of the Drought Inter-Agency Appeal, which is a dynamic instrument for programming and prioritising humanitarian assistance in response to the emergency. There will be a regular review and updating of the appeal document to reflect the changing situation on the ground.
|FINANCIAL SUMMARY |
|Budget Item |US$ |
|Personnel (2 international, 3 national) |260,000 |
|Rental premises, utilities, office supplies |74,500 |
|Operating costs (missions, training, travels) |69,000 |
|Car, fuel, lubricants |35,000 |
|Programme support costs (3%) |13,155 |
| | |
|TOTAL |451,655 |
B. SECURITY
Appealing Agencies: UNDP/ UN Security Coordinator
Project Title Security of humanitarian staff
Project Code
Sector Security
Themes Communications, transportation, coordination
Objective: To provide a secure and safe working environment for international and local humanitarian staff to enable them to carry out emergency activities.
Area/Target Beneficiaries Countrywide
Implementing Partners UNSECOORD
Funds Requested US$ 778,100
Summary
As the number of international and local staff stationed in Kenya has increased in line with the expanded relief programme, the need for a professional and efficient security network is paramount. The Kenya operational field now covers nearly two-thirds of the country where all UN and NGO travel is only permitted accompanied by local security escort vehicles and personnel.
The type of threats facing humanitarian workers are varied and often, ad hoc. Therefore the required security system needs to be flexible and capable of providing a broad cover and rapid response in the event of an emergency. To date eight locally recruited UN security officers have been deployed to the official Phase 3 operational locations throughout the country to liaise with local security personnel and to advise both UN and NGO personnel on security conditions and regulations accordingly.
Main Activities
The maintenance of an effective and commanding security network is essential to provide an effective and secure environment for humanitarian personnel. As insecurity is expected to rise, more vehicles and personnel will be required in 2001 to meet these needs. Specific requirements include:
- Supported by a Security Center in Nairobi, the network requires more field security personnel, and base and mobile radio communications backed up by telephone and e-mail linkages.
- Greater independent mobility will be essential to cover the large operational area and access remote regions of the country. To cater for this more specific security vehicles are required for field deployment.
- Emphasis is also placed on coordination with NGOs, through the sharing of information and the provision of regular training courses for all staff operational in the field. This will enable broader coverage in terms of both area and personnel. Also by promoting closer these links at an early stage it is hoped that some of the mistakes of the other operations, as a result of xenophobic attitudes and uncoordinated independent decisions, will be avoided.
- The security network will also make use of local Search and Rescue (SAR) capabilities, strengthened by available technology. The budget therefore reflects a monthly contribution for helicopter and fixed wing SAR, to compliment the installation of the GPS vehicular tracking systems at communication base, which will be used to track all operational UN vehicles in the field.
| |
|FINANCIAL SUMMARY |
|Budget Items |US$ |
|10 Vehicles |300,000 |
|10 Drivers |115,000 |
|10 Vehicle Insurance |15,000 |
|Vehicle Maintenance and Operational Costs |67,000 |
|Vehicle radios/GPS System |66,000 |
|10 Laptops HF Compatible |32,000 |
|10 Printers |22,000 |
|Mobile Phones |15,300 |
|Search and Rescue Contributions |48,000 |
|Security Personnel Insurance |4,800 |
|Training |43,000 |
|Office Costs |23,000 |
|Travel |27,000 |
| | |
|TOTAL |778,100 |
ANNEX I
Funds Received for the Government Drought Programme from the Bretton Woods Institutions outside of the CAP 2000.
| |Agriculture |Livestock |Health |Wat & San |Food |
|WB funds | |10M Ksh | | | |
|IMF funds |561M Ksh |500M Ksh |723M Ksh |474M Ksh |6,000M Ksh |
| | | | | | |
|TOTAL Ksh |561M |510M |723M |474M |6,000M |
| | | | | | |
|*US$ |7,192,307 |6,538,461 |9,269,230 |6,076,923 |76,923,076 |
* 78 Ksh = 1 US$
ANNEX II
International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies
CHF 501,000
National Context
Kenya’s economic performance has been deteriorating steadily since the early nineties. To this effect, and whereas in 1996, the Government estimated that a minimum economic growth of 6% per year would be needed to achieve significant reductions in unemployment and poverty, the actual growth rate has fallen well short of this target. On average, the rate has been a mere 2.3% in the past three years.
Kenya’s economy is dominated by agriculture. However, sector performance is dependent on favourable weather patterns and export commodity prices both of which the authorities have no control over. As it turns out, and as a result of these uncontrollable variables, the sector’s contribution to the country’s GDP has tumbled down from an impressive one time average of forty percent, down to below thirty. This is at a time when other sectors, notably manufacturing, are not doing so well mainly as a result of a continually deteriorating infrastructure which can no longer adequately support sector activities. Internal security problems have also meant a decline in the tourism industry.
Added to the economic situation, Kenya has experienced a series of both natural and man-made disasters over the past years and under the prevailing economic situation, the authorities have simply been in no position to tackle them on their own. Amongst such disasters have been drought and famine, refugee influxes, internal displacement of people as a result of tribal clashes, floods and disease outbreaks and of course the well documented Nairobi Bomb Blast of 1998.
Another disaster is the scourge of HIV/AIDS especially amongst the productive sectors (15-49 years) of the communities. This is particularly serious in the north and western parts of the country. This in most cases, has meant the exacerbation of poverty and other social problems for families some of whom are already victims of the prevailing socio-economic environment. The combination of all these factors has been an increase in the numbers of the unemployed, poverty and increased vulnerability in both physical and psycho-social dimensions.
National Society Priorities
It is evident from Kenya’s national context that the Kenya Red Cross Society faces many challenges in terms of service delivery to the most vulnerable. And, at a time that there is an ever decreasing availability of resources, it is imperative that the National Society adopts a strategy of “maximum output for minimum input” i.e. increases the efficiency and effectiveness of its interventions. This was realized sometime back and was the very rationale behind the Management and Constitutional Review exercises of 1996 and 1998 respectively. The recommendations in both cases pointed to a need for fundamental changes in practices pertaining to both Governance and Management and so the KRCS path towards change was charted. Firstly, the Society’s policy blueprint, the strategic plan 1999 -2001 was produced, in line with the Society’s 1996 Management Review Report. Secondly, the Society’s Constitutional Review process reached its climax when a meeting was convened in June 1998, whereby Branch representatives had the opportunity to make their recommendations pertaining to the review of the Society’s Constitution.
The National Society’s overall priority for the years 2000 - 2001 is thus derived from this strategic plan and is summarized as an effort to: strengthen the positioning of the National Society through the efficient and effective implementation of relevant programmes that benefit the most vulnerable and which contribute to the development of communities.
Priorities and Objectives for Federation Assistance
To support the KRCS, the Federation’s priorities and objectives for assistance generally fall under the institutional and resource development sector and are geared to:
To assist the National Society to maintain the momentum of the change process through the development of realistic operational plans which take into account the existing capacity and resource base of the Society.
To assist the National Society in the development of appropriate monitoring and control tools for the effective and efficient management of human, financial and material resources. Such an outcome would yield as an added bonus, the restoration of donor confidence and enhance the National Society’s potential for successful external mobilization of resources.
To assist the National Society in the development of relevant programmes whose design facilitates goal attainment and quality service delivery at a cost that the Society can afford.
To assist the National Society in strengthening its own resource base through diversification of sources of self generated income.
Note: the detailed Federation appeal and budget details for Kenya are available on the Federation’s website
ANNEX III
ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS
AAH Action Against Hunger
ACK Anglican Church of Kenya
ADC Agricultural Development Corporation
ADRA Adventist Development Relief Agency
AIC Africa Inland Church
ALDEF Arid Lands Development Focus
ALRMP Arid Lands Resource Management Project
AMREF African Medical Research Foundation
ANS Action North-South
ARC American Red Cross
CAP Consolidated Appeal Process
CARE Cooperative for Assistance and Relief Everywhere
CBO Community-based organizations
CCF Christian Children Fund
CEC Community Education Concern
COOPI/UNA Cooperazione Internazionale
CRS Catholic Relief Services
CRWRC Christian Reformed World Relief Committee
CWW Concern World Wide
DFID Department for International Development
DMT Disaster Management Team
ECHO European Community Humanitarian Office
EPAG Emeregency Pastoral Action Group
FAO Food and Agriculture Organization
FEWS Famine Early Warning System
FFH Freedom From Hunger
FHI Food for the Hungry International
GAA German Agro Action
GRC German Red Cross
GTZ Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit
HIV/AIDS Human Immuno-Deficiency Virus/Acquired Immuno-Deficiency Syndrome
IDS Integrated Disease Surveillance
IFRC International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies
IFSP Integrated Food Security Programme
IMC International Medical Corps
IMF International Monetary Fund
ITDG Intermediate Technology Development Group
IRC International Rescue Committee
JRRS Joint Relief & Rehabilitation Service
KFSM Kenya Food Security Meeting
KFSSG Kenya food Security Steering Group
KRC Kenya Red Cross
LWF Lutheran World Federation
MCC Mennonite Central Committee
MDM-F Medecins du Monde
MSF Medecins sans Frontieres
NGOs Non-Governmental Organisations
NPA Norwegian People's Aid
NRC Norwegian Refugee Council
OCHA Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs
OCI Outpost Centers Inc.
ORHC Office of the Regional Humanitarian Coordinator
PISP Pastoral Iniciatives Support Programme
PRSP Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper
RHC Regional Humanitarian Coordinator
RH Reproductive Health
RUDA Rural Urban Development Action
SA Salvation Army
SARDEP Semi Arid Rural Development Programme
SCF-UK Save the Children Fundation
SDDP Samburu District Development Programme
SESG Special Envoy of the Secretary-General
SNV Stichting Nederlandse Vrijwilligers
STD Sexually Transmitted Disease
TB Tuberculosis
UK United Kingdom
UN United Nations
UNCT United Nations Country Team
UNDP United Nations Development Programme
UNESCO United Nations Educational Cultural and Scientific Organization
UNFPA United Nations Population Fund
UNICEF United Nation's Children’s Fund
UNIFEM United Nations Development Fund for Women
VSF Veterinaires sans Frontieres
WB World Bank
WFP World Food Programme
WHO World Health Organization
WVI World Vision International
WVK World Vision Kenya
ANNEX IV
LIST OF ORGANISATIONS WORKING ON THE
EMERGENCY RESPONSE IN KENYA 2000
| | | |
|PROVINCE |DISTRICT |ORGANIZATIONS BY SECTOR |
| | | | | | | |
| | |AGRICULTURE |LIVESTOCK |HEALTH |WAT & SAN |FOOD |
|UN lead Agency |FAO |FAO |UNICEF |UNICEF |WFP |
| |Kitui |ADRA, MCC, TROCAIRE | |ADRA, AMREF |ADRA |ADRA |
| | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | |
|Eastern | | | | | | |
| |Machakos |IFRC, MCC, GAA, | |IFRC, SA, GRC |IFRC |KRC |
| | |TROCAIRE | | | | |
| |Makueni |GAA, TROCAIRE AMREF,| |AMREF |AMREF |AMREF |
| | |MCC | | | | |
| |Marsabit |FHI |PACODEO, |ACK, MEDAIR, |FHI, ITDG, GEOLINK, |FHI, GTZ |
| | | |CEC ACK, KARARE SAKUU |TEARFUND, AIC |PISP | |
| | | |COOPI/UNA |DIRECTAID, FHI | | |
| | | |MDP/GTZ | | | |
| |Mbeere |FFH, CRS | |DIOCESE OF EMBU |DIOCESE OF EMBU |ACK |
| | |SOS SAHEL | | | | |
| |Mwingi |GTZ, MCC | |GTZ-IFSP-E, GAA |GTZ-IFSP-E | |
| |Tharaka |TROCAIRE, CRS | |CCF |ACTION AID, CCF | |
| |Isiolo |ACTION AID |OLDONYRO CC. |ACTION AID, CHWS |ACTION AID |ACTION AID |
| | | |ACTION AID | | | |
| |Moyale |WVI |COOPI/UNA |WVI, AAH/UK |WVI, OXFAM/GB, AAH |WVI |
| | | |KUBI-GALLE | | | |
| | | |PACODEO | | | |
| |Kajiado |OCI, MCC |SARDEP |OCI, AMREF |OCI |OCI |
| | | |OXFAM / DVS | | | |
| | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | |
|Rift | | | | | | |
| |Laikipia |SARDEP |SARDEP |CARITAS, WVI |CARITAS |CARITAS |
| |Baringo | | |WVI, OXFAM/GB |WVI-WVK |WVI |
| |Koibatek | | | | |WVI |
| |Samburu | |SDDP, ITDG, COOPI/UNA |FARM AFRICA, IMC, |FARM AFRICA | |
| | | | |MSF-F | | |
| |Turkana | |VSF-B, SNV |MSF-B, AMREF, LWF, |WVI-WVK | |
| | | | |WVI, CWW OXFAM/GB, |OXFAM/GB | |
| | | | |AIC | | |
| |Narock | |WORLD CONCERN | | |WORLD CONCERN |
| | | |ILKERIN/LOITA | | | |
| |West Pokot | | |ACK, WVI | | |
|Coast |Tana River | |CRS, ADC |CRS, WVI |NORTHERN AID | |
| | | | | |CRS | |
| |Garissa | |CARE, VSF-CH |CARE KENYA, SCF-UK, |CARE KENYA, NRC, CRS, |CARE KENYA |
| | | | |MSF-B, NRC, CRS, ANS|NORTHERN AID | |
| | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | |
|North Eastern | | | | | | |
| |Mandera | |VSF-CH, MIC, EPAG |OXFAM-Q, AAH, MDM-S,|OXFAM-Q, EPAG, THW |OXFAM-Q |
| | | | |MSF-S, TROCAIRE, NPA| | |
| |Ijara | | | | |CARE KENYA |
| |Wajir | |OXFAM-GB, JRRS, |OXFAM-GB, WVI |OXFAM-GB, WVK |OXFAM-GB |
| | | |VSF-CH, RUDA, ALDEF, |DIRECTAID, SCF-UK, | | |
| | | |WAJIR WEST C. |KRC | | |
ANNEX V
Division of Districts by Livelihood Categories
for Geographical Review Teams
|HIGH POTENTIAL |MARGINAL AGRICULTURAL |PASTORAL |AGROPASTORAL |
|Team 5 |Team 4 |Teams 1 & 2 |Team 3 |
|Bungoma |Busia |Team 1 |Baringo |
|Embu |Homa Bay | |Kajiado |
|Kakamega |Kilifi |Turkana |Keiyo |
|Kiambu |Kisumu |Samburu |Koibatek |
|Kirinyaga |Kitui |Isiolo |Marakwet |
|Kisii |Kuria |Marsabit |Narok |
|Malava Lugari |Kwale |Moyale |Trans Mara |
|Meru Central |Lamu | |West Pokot |
|Meru North |Machakos |Team 2 |Tana River |
|Mt. Elgon |Makueni | | |
|Muranga |Mbeere |Mandera | |
|Nyamira |Meru South |Wajir | |
|Nyandarua |Migori |Garissa | |
|Nyeri |Mwingi | | |
|Thika |Rachuonyo | | |
|Vihiga |Siaya | | |
|(Cereal/Dairy) |Suba | | |
|Bomet |Taita Taveta | | |
|Kericho |Teso | | |
|Laikipia | | | |
|Nakuru | | | |
|Nandi | | | |
|Transo Nzoia | | | |
|Uasin Gishu | | | |
[pic]
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[1] It is noted that the current WFP EMOP extension appeal runs till June 2001. Should the EMOP not be extended for July-December 2001, UNICEF, GoK and NGO partners will need to resource all the supplementary food needs for the second half of the 2001.
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