Mrs. Sharp's classes



CASE STUDY : Needle Of HopePart I – Small PoxThe initial symptoms of smallpox, 7 to 17 days after exposure, include the acute onset of fever, chills, headache, nausea, vomiting and severe muscle aches. During this time, the infected person feels fine and is not contagious. The symptoms of smallpox begin with high fever, head and body aches, and sometimes vomiting. A rash follows that spreads and progresses to raised bumps that crust, scab, and fall off after about three weeks, leaving a pitted scar. This stage generally lasts for two to four days and can be accompanied by flushing of the skin. By the fourth day of illness, the fever drops and the characteristic smallpox rash appears. There are two types of smallpox: variola major and variola minor. Variola major is the more severe form and has a 30-50% fatality rate among those who are unvaccinated (3% in vaccinated persons). Variola minor has a 1-2% fatality rate in unvaccinated individuals. 1382088603127The source of Cowpox was probably the cows milked by the dairy maids as it was most prominent on their hands.The virus would probably infect anyone in close contact with cows or those having contact with people with Cowpox. After the injection of smallpox, James Phipps could have developed a very virulent infection of smallpox which could have made him very sick or it may have even killed him.It is too dangerous and unethical to test things out on humans as the first test subjects. Most pharmaceutical companies start testing on small mammals like rodent (rats/mice) then move onto test on primates.Cowpox is far less virulent than Smallpox, because the Smallpox virus reproduces at a much faster rate and gets a bigger jump on the immune system.Cowpox antibodies are similar shape to the Smallpox antibodies; therefore, they bind onto the Smallpox antigens and stop the virus from spreading while marking them for destruction.** Ask to see a parent's left arm for scar.102255541682700PART II – Rabies VaccineFever and lethargy in dogs can be seen as the first symptoms of dog rabies. Usually, the dog wants to be left alone and it also shows loss of appetite. The second stage manifests as the dog becomes seemingly mad as seizures and irregular muscle movement occur. The dog becomes restless as it also becomes disoriented and does not recognize its owners.In humans, it is usually picked up from a bite or even a lick from a rabid animal. The virus multiplies in skeletal muscle and connective tissues but remains localized (hidden from the immune system) for days to months (average 4-8 weeks). Then it breaks out and infects nervous tissue. When it gets into the nervous tissue, the immune system cannot access it. Human experiences muscle spasms of the mouth and throat along with severe nerve pain (neuralgia), especially when liquids are being swallowed. Eventually, the virus causes extensive damage to the brain and spinal cord. The individual, becomes delusional and combative; death is almost always inevitable.Because the Rabies virus reproduces inside host cells, the immune cells have a hard time detecting it and only after it is detected can the immune system take steps to constructing the proper shaped antibodies that will wipe it out.The symptoms of Rabies do not show up until the virus has had adequate time to reproduce inside the host cell.Louis Pasteur wanted to weaken the virus so that the immune system could get exposure to it when injected with the vaccine. The immune system could then get a jump on the virus allowing the immune system to make antibodies at a faster rate than the virus could spread. When this occurs the majority of symptoms of the disease will not show up. III – POLIO VaccineK ) The different “Strains” of Polio virus are probably caused by slightly different mutations of the Polio Virus. The virus capsids may have slightly different shapes with slightly different antigens. The antibodies for one polio virus may not be the correct shape for the other polio strains.3741174509004Unable to breathe, patients entered iron lungs, which made use of negative pressure ventilation -- a continual displacing and replacing the air inside of the machine -- to compress and depress the chest, simulating respiration. Although the patient could breathe in the machine, he could do little else besides look up at a mirror reflecting the room behind him (upside-down?and backwards, of course).Cited from: to breathe, patients entered iron lungs, which made use of negative pressure ventilation -- a continual displacing and replacing the air inside of the machine -- to compress and depress the chest, simulating respiration. Although the patient could breathe in the machine, he could do little else besides look up at a mirror reflecting the room behind him (upside-down?and backwards, of course).Cited from: STUDY Q’s 2 & 3.2. If a vaccine were taken orally the digestive enzymes could possibly destroy the vaccine before it could be properly absorbed into the bloodstream.3. Vaccines rely on the body’s immune system to prevent disease. Chemical therapies (like antibiotics) act by killing the microbe. Those chemicals target some of the key enzymes that those infectious agents use. The problem with viruses is that they use all the same enzymes that your body cells use, so Antiviral medications are very hard on the body. ................
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