Central Bucks School District / Homepage



P3 | APUSH | Wiley | Road to Revolution Comic Strip, D___ Name:481901510223500This document will provide an introduction to the period 1763-1776, what many call the “Road to Independence,” or “Road to Revolution.” 1763 marks the end of both the French and Indian War and salutary neglect, while 1776 marks the Declaration of Independence. right898286In this painting, Thomas Jefferson and the other drafters of the Declaration present the document to John Hancock, president of the Second Continental Congress.00In this painting, Thomas Jefferson and the other drafters of the Declaration present the document to John Hancock, president of the Second Continental Congress.Instructions: Read each section, discuss questions with partner, conduct more research / ask Ms. Wiley about anything if you need clarification, and then create a corresponding visual representation in the comic strip attachment sheet. When you’re finished with the strip, answer the analysis questions that follow.End of Salutary Neglect Colonial Resistance:End of the French & Indian War and End of Salutary Neglect (fill in blanks with D2)Discontent with the British following the FI War quickly mounted; Parliament taxed the colonies to cover the costs of __________________ in the war, which led to colonial resistance for the first time in colonial historyWhen the British tried to limit colonial expansion into territory won from ___________________ through the Proclamation Line of 1763, it engendered great frustration among colonists eager to expand into _____________________ territoryLand between the mountains and the Mississippi was set aside as an “Indian Reserve” or “Indian Country/Territory”British were trying to prevent additional warfare with native peoples in the regionSpecific authorization of Crown would be required for any purchase of protected Indian landsOver time, British proved unable/unwilling to prevent westward migration as thousands of settlers planted communities in the “Indian Reserve”Colonists were outraged by the act; they felt they had sacrificed for the war and they were eager to settle in newly claimed lands from France; eventually they got what they wanted; British authorities negotiated a series of treaties with the Indians to cede land west of the Appalachians These two changes above marked the end of “salutary neglect” in terms of economics and politics; revisit your Period 2 note guide and explain what is meant by this term:Sugar Act, 1764:To raise revenue, Parliament enacted the Sugar Act, which was a duty (tax) on sugar imported into the coloniesStrengthened enforcement of the law with more officers and courts for prosecution; violators would be tried in vice-admiralty courts, which were run by British-appointed judges instead of local courts, which had typically been friendly towards colonists in the pre-1764 eraLittle effect on the colonists outside the world of merchants in urban areasStamp Act, 1765:Meant to cover part of the cost of keeping British troops in America to monitor new lands (Canada, “Indian Country,” etc.)Required a stamp on all printed items, which reached every colonial pocket, both rich and poor Discussion over virtual vs. actual representation beganBritish argued that the colonists had virtual representation, which held that members of Parliament represented the entire British Empire, thus the colonists were “virtually represented” by the members of ParliamentSons and Daughters of Liberty organized; used print culture and crowd actions to organize and intimidateSons of Liberty burned an effigy of tax collector Andrew Oliver and destroyed his warehouse in Boston; just one example of the violent crowd actions that occurred Stamp distributors resigned or fled, making enforcement impossibleStamp Act Congress met in NY, committing themselves to nonimportationDenied Parliament’s right to tax colonists while also recognizing the colonies owed a due subordination to measures that fell within Parliament’s authority Worries over the effects of nonimportation caused the British to repeal the act; announcement was greeted with celebrationsStamp Act had cut deeply into British exports, which explains their repealRepeal was coupled with the Declaratory Act (1766) which asserted Parliament’s authority over the people of America in “all cases whatsoever” (haha)Quartering Acts, 1765 and 1774:Required colonial governments to provide barracks and food for tens of thousands of British troops Some colonists viewed these troops as a standing army that might turn against themTownshend Revenue Acts, 1767:Imposed duties (taxes) on imports of paper, paint, glass, and tea Some revenue would be used for American military expenses, but most would be used to pay the salaries of royal governors, judges and other imperial officials, who had been previously paid by colonial assembliesColonists condemned the acts and began a new boycott of British goods, promoting the domestic manufacture of cloth and other necessitiesWomen became crucial to the nonimportation movement Nonimportation movement took its toll on Britain; in 1768, colonists cut imports of British manufactures by half Sons of Liberty published the names of merchants who imported British goods and harassed their employees and customers Under pressure from British merchants who lost business in the colonies, Parliament repealed most of the taxesQuebec Act, 1774:Organized Canadian land that had been gained from France in the Treaty of Paris 1763Territory was expanded to take over parts of Indian CountryAngered colonists because in some cases it voided the land claims of the colonies in the Ohio Country, did not provide a representative assembly, and established Catholicism as the state religion to appease the French living thereTrouble in Boston, 1768-1774: Occupation of Boston, 1768:Legislature was dissolved by the governor after the Massachusetts Circular Letter, written by Samuel Adams, was circulated to the colonies A “circular” or “circular letter” is a letter meant to be widely distributed or circulated; in this case, it was sent to all of the representative bodies of the other colonies Adams argued that the Townshend Revenue Acts (1767) were unconstitutional because the colonies were not represented in ParliamentDissolving of the legislature led to an outbreak of mob violence from colonistsRegiments of British soldiers were sent to Boston, adding greatly to the growing tensions Boston Massacre, 1770:After months of increasing friction between townspeople and British troops stationed in Boston, British troops fired on American civilians, killing 5The British fired after a fistfight broke out and a mob had gathered in front of guards, taunting them Used repeatedly as colonial propaganda to illustrate the “brutality” of the BritishSamuel Adams and other agitators labeled this confrontation the “Boston Massacre” to whip up opposition to the “tyrannical” military occupation Radical Patriots eventually convinced towns, beginning in MA, to set up Committees of Correspondence, which would allow Patriots to communicate with leaders in other colonies when new threats to liberty occurredImportant Note: Even at this point (1770), the most outspoken Patriots (Samuel Adams, Benjamin Franklin, etc.) remained loyal to the British Empire. These figures opposed only certain “unconstitutional” legislation and/or repudiated parliamentary supremacy, claiming equality for the American assemblies WITHIN the British Empire. Boston Tea Party, 1773:The British East India Company, which had been hit hard by the colonial boycotts, was nearing bankruptcyTo save it, the Tea Act was passed in 1773Granted the company the right to sell tea to the colonies free of the taxes that other sellers had to payWould ensure the company’s tea was cheaper than the Dutch tea, which was being smuggled in to the coloniesBritain hoped the colonists would simply buy the cheaper tea; instead, they protested violently Radical Patriots accused the British of bribing Americans so they would give up their principled opposition to the tea taxBoston rebels dressed as Native Americans dumped 15,000 pounds of the East India Company’s tea into the waters of Boston Harbor (the cost of the damage, adjusted for inflation, is near 1 million dollars)Intolerable/Coercive Acts, 1774:Intended to punish Boston “The time has come for compulsion.” – King George IIIProhibited loading or unloading of ships in any part of Boston Harbor until the town fully repaid the British East India Company for destroyed teaUpper house of colonial assembly was to be elected by the kingTown meetings were prohibited unless approved by the royally appointed governor Branded “Intolerable Acts” by the colonists Crown hoped to isolate MA, but the acts only strengthened its unity “The cause of Boston now is and ever will be considered as the cause of America.” – George WashingtonTo Independence, 1774-1776:First Continental Congress, 1774:Most mainland colonies met in Philadelphia in response to the Coercive ActsMany delegates were conservatives who wanted to avoid war and favored economic coercion Decided that until the Coercive Acts were repealed, they would impose sanctions on BritainNonimportation would cut off virtually all colonial exports to Britain (“commercial warfare”)Organized the Continental Association to enforce the new boycott of British goods Set up a rural network of committees to connect the rural population to the Patriot causeBritish declared the Congress an illegal assembly and refused to negotiate At this point, colonists started referring to the colonies as “states”Loyalists and Neutrals:The poor initially regarded the Patriot movement with suspicion, since nearly all Patriot leaders were wealthyWere Patriot leaders subverting British rule only to advance their own selfish interests? (we’ll discuss the merits of this theory in upcoming documents)Other critics of the movement worried that resistance to Britain would undermine all political institutions and introduce “anarchy and disorder”; many feared mob rule that seemed to have emerged in places like BostonSome chose to be neutral due to religious convictions (pacifist Quakers, for example)Historians estimate that some 15-20% of the white population were loyal to the Crown throughout the Revolutionary EraMany would be pressured to join the boycotts and were subjected to violence/humiliation if they refused Many were forced out of their homes and forced into silence once Patriots took command of local government Note regarding the British point of view, which influenced some loyalists/neutrals: The British felt the colonies were indebted to them and should have been more appreciative of British protection and provision of manufactures; additionally, ordinary British subjects were confused at America’s call for representation in Parliament, as the Parliament was hardly democratic in the 1770s and taxes the colonists paid were often substantially lower than those Britons paidLexington and Concord, 1775:Boston minutemen were stockpiling firearms/gunpowder in Concord (minutemen were armed American civilians who were active in the Revolutionary War and in the period just preceding the war; they were given their name because they were ready to fight at a moment's notice)British learned of the stockpiling and ordered an attack at ConcordColonists ambushed the British on their way to Concord, at LexingtonBritish were vastly outnumbered and forced to retreat to BostonSignaled the central British problem during the Revolutionary War: British were forced to fight an armed population defending their own communities against outsidersSecond Continental Congress, 1775:One month later, Patriot leaders gathered for the Second Continental Congress Clashes with British soldiers in Boston continued and a furious King readied his country for warSome delegates were radicals; ready to fight for independence, though few admitted that independence was the goalMost delegates were loyal and moderate, hoping for peaceful reconciliation Decided to ready the colonies for war but offer King George III a petition for peace (the “Olive Branch Petition”)Selected George Washington to command the Continental ArmyOlive Branch Petition urged a return to the former harmony between Britain and the coloniesKing flatly rejected it, stating that the colonies were traitors who needed to be brought to justiceOrdered a naval blockade on the rebellious colonies Congress garnered support from Spain and France, who agreed to ship supplies to the rebellious provincesCommon Sense, 1776: Emotional ties to Britain were difficult to breakIt wasn’t until Thomas Paine’s pamphlet was published (Jan. ’76) and widely circulated that popular thinking sided with independence Another factor helping the cause of independence: VA’s Royal Governor, Dunmore, organized a black regiment of slaves who had fled their Patriot owners Dunmore offered freedom to black slaves and white indentured servants who joined the Loyalist causePaine explained that the British system rested on “two ancient tyrannies: aristocracy and monarchy”Appealing to American Protestant culture, he explained that Americans had the opportunity to “begin the world over again”Urged Americans to create independent republican states A “republican” state refers to a government where citizens govern through their elected representatives and are bound by laws and a Constitution States began adopting state constitutions several months later Declaration of Independence, 1776: Richard Henry Lee of VA offered a motion to the Continental Congress that the colonies were “free and independent states” – that they should be absolved from the British crownThe Congress composed a committee to prepare a draft declaration of American independence – the committee passed the task to Thomas Jefferson; on July 2, a large majority of the Congress supported independence in a vote; by July 4, Jefferson’s words (slightly modified) were approved without dissentDrew on the concepts of the Enlightenment and John LockeMan possesses natural rights that cannot be taken away (life, liberty, pursuit of happiness); government is formed to protect such rightsEmphasized one of John Locke’s key ideas: that the people have a right to abolish their government if that government becomes abusive or fails to do what the people had originally put in its hands to do Locke had argued that government was the result of a “social contract” between people and their rulers; the people concede some of their liberty to create a government in order to protect themselves and their property rights; if that government fails to do its job, the people have a right—in some cases, an obligation—to abolish that governmentTo bolster the case for Lockean rebellion, the Declaration details a long train of abusesStated flatly that all men are equal, but meant that free, property owning male citizens were political equalsIt was not meant to embrace poor white men, women, Native Americans, or African-AmericansJefferson’s words presented ideals that would later help these groups challenge traditional attitudes; there was very little debate on these ideals, as support from the masses, including commoners, was required for the Revolution Though most delegates, men of wealth and position, did not agree with the notion that “all men are created equal”, there was little debate over these words, as the delegates knew that the struggle for independence would require the steady support of common peopleDeclaration won wide support at home and abroad (except in Britain, of course); parked celebrations across the colonies/states The Declaration, Common Sense style:We have rights that were given to us by God and we form governments to protect those rights (Locke’s idea)We’re allowed to abolish our government but we’ve got to have good reason and explain ourselves (Locke’s idea)We can prove the time for independence has comeThe King has tried to establish absolute tyranny:He has forced us to house his troopsHe has attempted to cut off our trade with other nationsHe has imposed taxes on us even though we don’t have representation in Parliament He has robbed us of our right to be tried by a juryWe’ve even tried to reconcile (Olive Branch and economic coercion)Therefore, he is unfit to rule us – we’re right in dumping him26670001016000Questions:As the imperial crisis deepened, British military priorities changed. In 1763, most British battalions were stationed in Canada to deter Indian uprisings and French Canadian revolts. After the Stamp Act riots of 1765, the British placed large garrisons in NY and Philadelphia. By 1775, eleven battalions of British regulars occupied Boston, the center of the Patriot movement. Revisit the notes and list some of the reasons why so many British detachments were in Boston circa 1775:right127825500The Proclamation of 1763 prohibited white settlement west of the Appalachian Mountains. Nonetheless, settlers and land speculators proposed new colonies to the west of VA and NC. The Quebec Act of 1774 enlarged the boundaries of Quebec into the Indian reserves, dashing speculators’ hopes. The act especially angered New England Protestants, who condemned it for allowing French residents to practice Catholicism, and colonial political leaders, who protested its failure to provide Quebec with a representative assembly. Imagine that Twitter had existed in the 1760s and ‘70s. Come up with three different tweets that British colonists might have tweeted in light of the Proclamation and, later, the Quebec Act. 6299700035442631022600(Image description-left) In 1774, a group of women in NC created a local association to support a boycott of British goods. Patriots praised the group but it was ridiculed in Britain, where this cartoon appeared in 1775. The women were given a “mannish” appearance, and the theme of promiscuity and neglect to their female duties are suggested by the presence of a slave and an enamored man, the neglected child, and the urinating dog. What do you suspect was the purpose/objective of this British cartoon? Analyze for point of view. (revisit Survival Guide p. 15 if you forget what this means)(Image description-right) This engraving of the confrontation between British redcoats and Bostonians in 1770 was an attempt to whip up opposition to the military occupation of their town, which had begun in 1768. Patriots labeled the incident “The Boston Massacre,” despite the fact that just five individuals lost their lives. Why is this image regarded as political propaganda today? What features of the image are most important to its political purpose? Consider the depiction of both the soldiers and townspeople. In what ways is tyranny invoked by the image? ................
................

In order to avoid copyright disputes, this page is only a partial summary.

Google Online Preview   Download