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0-8890Document 1: (Primary Document)Concerning Cruelty and Clemency, and Whether it is Better to be Loved than FearedUpon this a question arises: whether it is better to be loved than feared or feared than loved? It may be answered that one should wish to be both, but, because it is difficult to unite them in one person, it is much safer to be feared than loved, when, of the two, either must be dispensed with. Because this is to be asserted in general of men, that they are ungrateful, fickle, false, cowardly, covetous, and as long as you succeed they are yours entirely; they will offer you their blood, property, life, and children, as is said above, when the need is far distant; but when it approaches they turn against you. And that prince who, relying entirely on their promises, has neglected other precautions, is ruined; because friendships that are obtained by payments, and not by nobility or greatness of mind, may indeed be earned, but they are not secured, and in time of need cannot be relied upon; and men have less scruple in offending one who is beloved than one who is feared, for love is preserved by the link of obligation which, owing to the baseness of men, is broken at every opportunity for their advantage; but fear preserved you by a dread of punishment which never fails. Nevertheless a prince ought to inspire fear in such a way that, if he does not win love, he avoids hatred; because he can endure very well being feared whilst he is not hated, which will always be as long as he abstains from the property of his citizens and subjects and from their women.-The Prince by MachiavelliDocument 2: (Secondary Document)Machiavelli explains through examples which princes are the most successful in obtaining and maintaining power. He draws his examples from personal observations made while he was on diplomatic missions for Florence and from his readings in ancient history. Machiavelli does not dispense entirely with morality. Instead he outlines his definition of, for example, the criteria for acceptable cruel actions (it must be swift, effective, and short-lived). Machiavelli also does not miss the irony in the fact that good can come from evil actions. Notwithstanding the mitigating themes in The Prince, the Catholic Church put the work in its list of prohbited books, the Index Librorum Prohibitorum and it was viewed in a negative light by many Humanists such as Erasmus.The primary contribution of The Prince to the history of political thought is its fundamental break between realism and idealism.The Prince is a guide to acquiring and keeping power. In contrast with Plato and Aristotle, the ideal society is not the aim. In fact, Machiavelli emphasizes the need for the exercise of brute power when necessary and rewards, patron-clientelism (Client) etc. to preserve the status quo.The term "Machiavellian" was adopted by some of Machiavelli's contemporaries, often used in the introductions of political tracts of the sixteenth century that offered more 'just' reasons of state. The pejorative (negative) term Machiavellian as it is used today (or anti-Machiavellism as it was used from the sixteenth century) is thus a misleading, as it describes one who deceives and manipulates others for gain; whether the gain is personal or not is of no relevance, only that any actions taken are only important insofar as they affect the results. It fails to include some of the more moderating themes found in Machiavelli's works and the name is now associated with the extreme viewpoint.-Document 3: (Secondary Document)To remain in power, a prince must avoid the hatred of his people. It is not necessary for him to be loved; in fact, it is often better to for him to be feared. Being hated, however, can cause a prince's downfall. This assertion might seem incompatible with Machiavelli's statements on the utility of cruelty, but Machiavelli advocates the use of cruelty only insofar as it does not compromise the long-term goodwill of the people. The people's goodwill is always the best defense against both domestic insurrection and foreign aggression. Machiavelli warns princes against doing things that might result in hatred, such as the confiscation of property or the dissolution of traditional institutions. Even installations that are normally valued for military use, such as fortresses, should be judged primarily on their potential to garner support for the prince. Indeed, only when he is absolutely sure that the people who hate him will never be able to rise against him can a prince cease to worry about incurring the hatred of any of his subjects. Ultimately, however, obtaining the goodwill of the people has little or nothing to do with a desire for the overall happiness of the populace. Rather, goodwill is a political instrument to ensure the stability of the prince's reign.Machiavelli defines virtues as qualities that are praised by others, such as generosity, compassion, and piety. He argues that a prince should always try to appear virtuous, but that acting virtuously for virtue's sake can prove detrimental to the principality. A prince should not necessarily avoid vices such as cruelty or dishonesty if employing them will benefit the state. Cruelty and other vices should not be pursued for their own sake, just as virtue should not be pursued for its own sake: virtues and vices should be conceived as means to an end. Every action the prince takes must be considered in light of its effect on the state, not in terms of its intrinsic moral value.- Document 4- (Primary Document)Chapter 15- Concerning Things for Which Men, and Especially Princes, are BlamedIt remains now to see what ought to be the rules of conduct for a prince toward subject and friends. And as I know that many have written on this point, I expect I shall be considered presumptuous in mentioning it again, especially as in discussing it I shall depart from the methods of other people. But it being my intention to write a thing which shall be useful to him to apprehends it, it appears to me more appropriate to follow up the real truth of a matter than the imagination of it; for many have pictured republics and principalities which in fact have never been known or seen, because how one lives is so far distant from how one ought to live, that he who neglects what is done for what ought to be done, sooner effects his ruin than his preservation; for a man who wishes to act entirely up to his professions of virtue soon meets with what destroys him among so much that is evil. Hence, it is necessary for a prince wishing to hold his own to know how to do wrong, and to make use of it or not according to necessity. Therefore, putting on one side imaginary things concerning a prince, and discussing those which are real, I say that all men when they are spoken of, and chiefly princes for being more highly placed, are remarkable for some of those qualities which bring them either blame or praise; …one is reputed generous, one rapacious; one cruel, one compassionate; one faithless, another faithful.... And I know that every one will confess that it would be most praiseworthy in a prince to exhibit all the above qualities that are considered good; but because they can neither be entirely possessed nor observed, for human conditions do not permit it, it is necessary for him to be sufficiently prudent -The Prince by MachiavelliDocument 5-(Secondary Document)It has been a common view among political philosophers that there exists a special relationship between moral goodness and legitimate authority. Many authors (especially those who composed mirror-of-princes books or royal advice books during the Middle Ages and Renaissance) believed that the use of political power was only rightful if it was exercised by a ruler whose personal moral character was strictly virtuous (good). In a sense, it was thought that rulers did well when they did good; they earned the right to be obeyed and respected inasmuch as they showed themselves to be virtuous and morally upright.Machiavelli presents to his readers a vision of political rule purged of extraneous moralizing influences and fully aware of the foundations of politics in the effective exercise of power. The term that best captures Machiavelli's vision of the requirements of power politics is virtù. While the Italian word would normally be translated into English as “virtue,” and would ordinarily convey the modern definition being moral and showing goodness and kindness, Machiavelli obviously means something very different when he refers to the virtù of the prince. Machiavelli expects princes of the highest virtù to be capable, as the situation requires, of behaving in a completely evil fashion. For the circumstances of political rule are such that moral viciousness can never be excluded from the realm of possible actions in which the prince may have to engage. Machiavelli's sense of what it is to be a person of virtù can thus be summarized by his recommendation that the prince above all else must acquire a “flexible disposition.” That ruler is best suited for office, on Machiavelli's account, who is capable of varying her/his conduct from good to evil and back again “as fortune and circumstances dictate” (Machiavelli 1965, 66). A prince’s first job is to safeguard the state, and harboring “bad” characteristics is sometimes necessary for this end. Such vices are truly evil if they endanger the state, but when vices are employed in the proper interests of the state, a prince must not be influenced by condemnation from other men.It is not a coincidence that Machiavelli also uses the term virtù in his book The Art of War in order to describe the strategic prowess of the general who adapts to different battlefield conditions as the situation dictates. Machiavelli sees politics to be a sort of a battlefield on a different scale. Hence, the prince just like the general needs to be in possession of virtù, that is, to know which strategies and techniques are appropriate to what particular circumstances. Thus, virtù winds up being closely connected to Machiavelli's notion of the power. The ruler of virtù is bound to be competent in the application of power; to possess virtù is indeed to have mastered all the rules connected with the effective application of power. -Stanford Encyclopedia of PhilosophyDocument 6- (Secondary Document)Summary — Chapter XVIII: In What Way Princes Should Keep Their WordMachiavelli acknowledges that a prince who honors his word is generally praised by others. But historical experience demonstrates that princes achieve the most success when they are crafty, cunning, and able to trick others. There are two ways of fighting: by law or by force. Laws come naturally to men, force comes naturally to beasts. In order to succeed, the prince must learn how to fight both with laws and with force—he must become half man and half beast.When a prince uses force, he acts like a beast. He must learn to act like two types of beasts: lions and foxes. A fox is defenseless against wolves; a lion is defenseless against traps. A prince must learn to act like both the fox and the lion: he must learn, like the fox, how to frighten off wolves and, like the lion, how to recognize the traps. In dealing with people, a prince must break his promises when they put him at a disadvantage and when the reasons for which he made the promises no longer exist. In any case, promises are never something on which a prince can rely, since men are by nature wretched and deceitful. A prince should be a master of deception.However, a prince must be careful to exude a virtuous aura that belies his deceitful mind. Pope Alexander VI was one ruler who excelled at this art. A prince should present the appearance of being a compassionate, trustworthy, kind, guileless, and pious ruler. Of course, actually possessing all these virtues is neither possible nor desirable. But so long as a prince appears to act virtuously, most men will believe in his virtue. If the populace believes the prince to be virtuous, it will be easier for him to maintain his state. Moreover, men will judge their prince solely on appearance and results. Thus, it doesn’t matter to the people that a prince may occasionally employ evil to achieve his goal. So long as a prince appears virtuous and is successful in running the state, he will be regarded as virtuous.- DBQ Essay:Use At least Four Documents to answer the following question in an essay with a clear introduction, thesis, body paragraphs, and a conclusion. Make sure to discuss an additional document you would have liked to have been provided.20574001005840What were the main ideas of The Prince by Machiavelli? And what does it take, according to Machiavelli, to be an effective Leader? Terms to Know:Direction: Look up the definition for the word. Use the BEST explanation.Dispensed:Covetous:Scruple:Baseness:Whilst:Hereditary:Ethical:Reproach:Realism:Idealism:Pejorative:Extraneous:PresumptuousRapacious Prudent:Abstain: Disposition:World History- Freshman Research Paper GuidelinesThe Renaissance- Machiavelli and “The Prince”Mr. ButrynA. INTRODUCTION - State your thesis and the purpose of your research paper clearly. What is the chief reason you are writing the paper? State also how you plan to approach your topic. Is this a factual report, a book review, a comparison, or an analysis of a problem? Explain briefly the major points you plan to cover in your paper and why readers should be interested in your topic. *******************************Remember*********************************Never start the introduction of your research paper with a question or include personal pronouns (I, Me, My, Mine)(Ex. Have you ever heard of Machiavelli? Well I will tell you about him.)Be forceful and confident when writing an introduction. You must try to grab the reader in!(Ex. At the turn of the century, economic and social forces transformed medieval Europe from a civilization dominated by religious dogma (laws) into one nurturing a new age of thinkers pushing against the boundaries of the world they lived in, motivated by the desire to understand- what is man’s purpose? And how does the world around him function?) **************************************************************************B. BODY - This is where you present your arguments to support your thesis statement. Find 3 supporting arguments for each position you take. Begin with a strong argument, then use a stronger one, and end with the strongest argument for your final point. ******************************** I.C.E.-T.**********************************When writing each paragraph for the body of your paper, always remember: Introduce- the topic of your paragraph, the dominant idea or fact Cite- the evidence: Quote, detail or fact you borrowed from the Documents Explain- the relevance/importance of the evidence. Tell what it means. Transition- To the next idea. **************************************************************************C. CONCLUSION - Restate or reword your thesis. Summarize your arguments. Explain why you have come to this particular conclusion.Outline: This is an introductory outline- meaning first, try to establish what are three dominant ideas throughout “The Prince.” After you do that, go back and find supporting citations. Finally explain the relevance and transition to the next part I. Introduction:________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________II-IV. Body:(Dominant Idea 1) _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________(Citation)_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________(Explanation)_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________(Citation)_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________(Explanation)_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________(Transition)_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________(Dominant Idea 2)_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________(Citation)_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________(Explanation)_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________(Citation)_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________(Explanation)_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________(Transition)_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________(Dominant Idea 3)_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________(Citation)_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________(Explanation)_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________(Citation)_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________(Explanation)_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________(Transition)_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________V. Conclusion____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________CHECKLIST ONE:1. Is my thesis statement concise and clear?2. Did I follow my outline? Did I miss anything?3. Are my arguments presented in a logical sequence?4. Are all sources properly cited to ensure that I am not plagiarizing?5. Have I proved my thesis with strong supporting arguments?6. Have I made my intentions and points clear in the essay?HYPERLINK ""CHECKLIST TWO:1. Did I begin each paragraph with a proper topic sentence?2. Have I supported my arguments with documented proof or examples?3. Any run-on or unfinished sentences?4. Any unnecessary or repetitious words?5. Varying lengths of sentences?6. Does one paragraph or idea flow smoothly into the next?7. Any spelling or grammatical errors?8. Quotes accurate in source, spelling, and punctuation? 9. Are all my citations accurate and in correct and interesting but remained objective?10. Did I leave a sense of completion for my reader(s) at the end of the paper?________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ................
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