Improving Population Health - Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

Produced in Collaboration with the Centers for Disease Control

and Prevention (CDC)

Improving Population Health:

The Uses of Systematic Reviews

by Melissa Sweet and Ray Moynihan

Improving Population Health:

The Uses of Systematic Reviews

by Melissa Sweet and Ray Moynihan

Milbank Memorial Fund

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)

Milbank Memorial Fund 645 Madison Avenue New York, NY 10022

The Milbank Memorial Fund is an endowed operating foundation that engages in nonpartisan analysis, study, research, and communication on significant issues in health policy. In the Fund's own publications, in reports, films, or books it publishes with other organizations, and in articles it commissions for publication by other organizations, the Fund endeavors to maintain the highest standards for accuracy and fairness. Statements by individual authors, however, do not necessarily reflect opinions or factual determinations of the Fund.

?2007 Milbank Memorial Fund. All rights reserved. This publication may be redistributed electronically, digitally, or in print for noncommercial purposes only as long as it remains wholly intact, including this copyright notice and disclaimer.

Printed in the United States of America.

ISBN 978-1-887748-68-1

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 1600 Clifton Road, N.E. Atlanta, GA 30333

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) is the U.S. federal public health agency whose mission is "to promote health and quality of life by preventing and controlling disease, injury, and disability." A core function of the CDC is to be a credible source of health information. The findings and conclusions in this report are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the views or endorsement of the CDC.

TABLE OF C ONTENTS

Foreword . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . v Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii Executive Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Key Messages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Introduction: The Potential of Systematic Reviews . . . and the Limitations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Traffic Safety Interventions: Successes and Setbacks--Implementing the Evidence Saves Lives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 Tackling Youth Drinking: Collaboration Counts--When the Evidence Engages Communities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 Tobacco Control: The Long War--When the Evidence Has to Be Created . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 Obesity: Dealing with Uncertainty and Complexity--When There Are Gaps in the Evidence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 The Mental Health Aftermath of the Tsunami: Levels of Chaos--When the Evidence Is Not Relevant or Applicable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 Drug Abuse Resistance Education (DARE): Lessons Learned--When the Evidence Is Lacking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 The Washington State Institute for Public Policy: Connecting Policy and Science--When the Infrastructure Supports Evidence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 Conclusion and Recommendations of the Authors of This Report . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 For Further Reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 The Authors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66

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