LATIN I FINAL EXAM STUDY GUIDE



Test format: tba I. Grammar Define the following terms: TermDefinitionAccusativeAction verbAdjectiveAdverbCaseConjugationConjunctionDeclensionDirect objectGenderImperativeIndirect objectIndicativeInfinitiveInflectionInterjectionLinking verbMacronMoodNominativeNounNumberObject of prepositionPersonPredicate nominative/noun, adjectivePrepositionPronounSubjectTenseVocativeVoiceII. Nouns A. Cases & Grammatical functionsNominative is used for subjects and predicate nouns & adjectives. N.B. Predicate nouns and adjectives follow linking verbs, e.g. sum esse fuī futūrus “to be.”e.g. Caecilius est argentārius _________________________________________________________ e.g. Cerberus est īrātus ______________________________________________________________ [Genitive provides noun stem, shows possession] Dative is used for indirect objects: indirect objects answer the questions to whom/what or for whom or what something is given, shown, told etc. N.B. Verbs faveō, placeō and crēdō take a direct object in the dative case.e.g. Caecilius Holconiō favet. __________________________________________________ Accusative is used for direct objects: direct objects answer the questions whom or what after the action verb. The accusative case is also used as the object of many prepositions. e.g. Grumiō pāvōnem coquit. __________________________________________________ ad ____________________ prope _______________________ per ___________________ in + Acc. _____________________e.g. ambulant ad forum. __________________________________________________ Ablative case is used with certain prepositions “sidspace.” N.B. Ab and ex appear before nouns that start with a vowel; a and e appear before nouns that start with a consonant. sine_______________________________ sub _______________________________in____________________________ prō _______________________________ dē____________________________ ā/ab______________________________ cum_______________________________ ē/ex______________________________ e.g. Grumiō fābulam dē ancillā nārrat. ______________________________________________Vocative is used for direct address. Fill in rules for forming the vocative caseFor most nouns, the vocative is the same as the __________________.For 2nd declension nouns ending in –us, the vocative ends in _____. For 2nd declension nouns ending in –ius, the vocative ends in _____.The vocative case often appears with the _____________________________ mood of the verb. Give the vocative for Caecilius ______________________________ Give the vocative for Metella _______________________________ Give the vocative for Grumiō _______________________________ Give the vocative for Cerberus ______________________________ Give the vocative for “Slaves!” ______________________________Give the vocative for “Mothers!” ____________________________ B. Fill in the following charts with the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd declension endings. Complete the table with the correct endings. 1st Declension2nd Declension3rd DeclensionSingularPluralSingularPluralSingularPluralNominativeGenitiveDativeAccusativeAblativeVocativeFor practice, decline the words below. vīllacibuscanisSingularPluralSingularPluralSingularPluralNominativeGenitiveDativeAccusativeAblativeVocativeviapuerleōSingularPluralSingularPluralSingularPluralNominativeGenitiveDativeAccusativeAblativeVocativeIdentify the case of each noun in the following sentences. puellae gladiatōrēs in arenā vident. __________ __________ __________ leō pedem agricolae in silvā ostendit. __________ __________ __________ __________III. Adjectives modify nouns or pronounsAdjectives agree with the nouns they modify in case, number and gender. N.B. Adjectives do not have to agree with the nouns they describe in declension. e.g. turba maxima erat in forō. ____________________________________________________________e.g. tū servum fidēlem nōn habēs. _________________________________________________________e.g. servus fidēlis pecūniam in cubiculō custōdit. _____________________________________________Adjectives have 3 degrees: positive, comparative, superlative. Give the appropriate translations:e.g. notus_______________notior_______________ notissimus_______________celer_______________celerior_______________ celerrimus_______________Choose the adjective which correctly completes coquus cenam __________ parat. optimum optimi optimam optima Some adjectives are irregular in how they form their comparatives and superlatives. Fill in the chart below with the correct forms and English translations.PositiveComparativeSuperlativesbonus“good”malus“bad”magnus“great”parvus“small”multus“much”IV. PronounsFill in the chart below with the correct form of each personal pronoun and their meanings:Nominative Sing.ego – Itū – youGenitive Sing. Dative Sing.Accusative Sing.Ablative Sing.Nominative PluralGenitive Plural Dative PluralAccusative PluralAblative PluralDefine the following pronouns: eum ____________________ hic _____________________ ille _____________________ V. Verbs A. Principal parts Most regular verbs have 4 principal parts and you should have a working knowledge of the first three.Principal partExampleUseFirst principal part portō “I carry, do carry, am carrying”First person singular present activeSecond principal part portāre “to carry”Present active infinitive: yields the present active stem used for present and imperfect tenses activeused for imperative active mood identifies the conjugationThird principal part portāvī “I carried, did carry, have carried”First person singular perfect: yields perfect active stem used for perfect active tense The second principal part has several grammatical functions. Its final three letters will determine to which conjugation the verb belongs. First conjugation verbs have infinitives which end in -āre. e.g. laudāre Second conjugation verbs have infinitives which end -ēre. e.g. vidēre Third conjugation verbs have infinitives which end in -ere. e.g. dūcere Fourth conjugation verbs have infinitives which end in -īre. e.g. audīre N.B. Not all verbs are placed into a specific conjugation. Those verbs which are not placed into a specific conjugation are called irregular verbs because their principal parts and/or tense forms do not change in a consistent and predictable manner.e.g. sum, esse, fuī, futūrus adsum, adesse, adfuī, adfutūrus absum, abesse, afuī, afutūrus Answer the following questions about nāvigō, nāvigāre, nāvigāvī, nāvigātus “to sail.” What is the perfect stem? ____________________ What is the first person singular present active? ____________________ What is the first person singular perfect active? ____________________ What is the present active infinitive? ____________________ What is the present stem? ____________________ To which conjugation does this verb belong? ____________________ B. Conjugating verbs Conjugate and translate the following tenses for amō, amāre, amāvī, amātus “love.” PresentImperfectPerfect1st singulartranslation2nd singulartranslation3rd singulartranslation1st pluraltranslation2nd pluraltranslation3rd pluraltranslationConjugate and translate the following tenses for sedeō, sedēre, sēdī, sessus “sit.” PresentImperfectPerfect1st singulartranslation2nd singulartranslation3rd singulartranslation1st pluraltranslation2nd pluraltranslation3rd pluraltranslationConjugate and translate the following tenses for dīcō, dīcere, dīxī, dictus “say, tell.” PresentImperfectPerfect1st singulartranslation2nd singulartranslation3rd singulartranslation1st pluraltranslation2nd pluraltranslation3rd pluraltranslationConjugate and translate the following tenses for sentiō, sentīre, sensī, sensus “feel.” PresentImperfectPerfect1st singulartranslation2nd singulartranslation3rd singulartranslation1st pluraltranslation2nd pluraltranslation3rd pluraltranslationConjugate and translate the following tenses for sum, esse, fuī, futūrus “be.” PresentImperfectPerfect1st singulartranslation2nd singulartranslation3rd singulartranslation1st pluraltranslation2nd pluraltranslation3rd pluraltranslationIdentify the correct tense of the following verbs. She kept leading. __________ We did lead. __________ I am leading. __________ You have led. __________ You lead. __________ They used to lead. __________ He does lead. __________ They led. __________ It leads. __________ dūcēbat __________ dūcō __________ dūxistis __________ dūcitis __________ dūcit __________ dūcēbāmus __________ dūcēbātis __________ dūcis __________ dūxit __________ Identify the imperfect tense sign for regular Latin verbs _______________ Identify the imperfect tense sign for the sum, esse, fuī, futūrus _______________ C. Imperative Mood (gives a command to one or more person(s).)Conjugate the imperative forms for the following verbs: SingularPluralamō, amāre, amāvī, amātus sedeō, sedēre, sēdī, sessus dūcō, dūcere, dūxī, ductus sentiō, sentīre, sensī, sensus e.g. dā cibum servō! ___________________________________________________________________ e.g. legite epistulas! ____________________________________________________________________ Negative imperatives use the word(s) nōlī/nōlīte with the infinitive. e.g. Mārce, nōlī bibere aquam! __________________________________________________________ puerī, nōlīte currere! _______________________________________________________________ VI. Adverbs modify verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs.e.g. intentē _______________ ferōciter _______________ graviter _______________ VII. Prepositions identify the prepositional phrases in the following sentences. e.g. Metella coquum in culīnam vocat. e.g. servī lectum ex tricliniō in hortum trahunt. Quīntus canem in viā videt. e.g. Melissa cum Grumiōne in forō lentē ambulābat. VIII. Dependent clauses Some conjunctions introduce dependent/subordinate clauses, which cannot stand by themselves but depend on the rest of the sentence (main/independent clause). Postquam introduces temporal clauses, and quod introduces causal clauses. All clauses must contain their own verb. e.g. Postquam Clēmēns montem Vesuvium vīdit et tremōrēs sensit, ad Caecilium cucurrit. ____________________________________________________________________________________ Caecilius ad vīllam cucurrit et ātrium intrāvit, quod Metellam quaerēbat. ____________________________________________________________________________________ IX. Quam With the positive adjective, quam means how. With the comparative adjective, quam means than. With the superlative adverb, quam mean as…as possible. e.g. Quam callidus est Quīntus! __________________________________________________________ e.g. Clēmēns est callidior quam Grumiō. __________________________________________________ e.g. pūgnāvit quam fortissimē. ___________________________________________________________ IX. Interrogatives/Question words -ne is attached to the first word in a Latin sentence to indicate a simple yes or no question. nōnne is used as an introductory word in a Latin sentence to show the answer is anticipated to be yes. num is used as an introductory word in a Latin sentence to show the answer is anticipated to be no. e.g. estne Mārcus Rōmānus puer? _________________________________________________________ e.g. nōnne est Mārcus Rōmānus puer? _____________________________________________________ e.g. num est Mārcus Rōmānus puer? ______________________________________________________ Latin questions can also be introduced by certain adverbs and pronouns.e.g. quis _______________ quid _______________ ubi _______________ cūr _______________ X. Culture Questions from the following topics will be included on this exam. With your teacher’s guidance, familiarize yourself with terms/vocabulary concerning these topics. Test format: tba I. Grammar Define the following terms: TermDefinitionAccusativeAction verbAdjectiveAdverbCaseConjugationConjunctionDeclensionDirect objectGenderImperativeIndirect objectIndicativeInfinitiveInflectionInterjectionLinking verbMacronMoodNominativeNounNumberObject of prepositionPersonPredicate nominative/noun, adjectivePrepositionPronounSubjectTenseVocativeVoiceII. Nouns A. Cases & Grammatical functionsNominative is used for subjects and predicate nouns & adjectives. N.B. Predicate nouns and adjectives follow linking verbs, e.g. sum esse fuī futūrus “to be.”e.g. . Caecilius est argentarius Caecilius (subject) is a banker (predicate nominative) e.g. Cerberus est iratus Cerberus is angry (predicate adjective) [Genitive provides noun stem, shows possession] Dative is used for indirect objects: indirect objects answer the questions to whom/what or for whom or what something is given, shown, told etc. nb Verbs faveō, placeō and crēdō take a direct object in the dative case.e.g. Caecilius Holconiō favet. Caecilius favors Holconius (direct object) Accusative is used for direct objects: direct objects answer the questions whom or what after the action verb. The accusative case is also used as the object of many prepositions. e.g. Grumiō pāvōnem coquit. Grumio cooks the peacock (direct object). ad to prope near per through in + Acc. into, onto e.g. ambulant ad forum. They are walking to the forum. Ablative case is used with certain prepositions. nb “sidspace” sine without sub under in in, on pro in front of dē about, down from ā/ab away from cum with ē/ex out of, from e.g. Grumiō fābulam dē ancillā nārrat. Grumio tells a story about the slave girl. Vocative is used for direct address. Fill in rules for forming the vocative caseFor most nouns, the vocative is the same as the nominative. For 2nd declension nouns ending in –us, the vocative ends in e. For 2nd declension nouns ending in –ius, the vocative ends in i. The vocative case often appears with the imperative mood of the verb. Give the vocative for Caecilius Caecili Give the vocative for Metella Metella Give the vocative for Grumio Grumio Give the vocative for Cerberus Cerbere Give the vocative for “Slaves!” servī! Give the vocative for “Mothers!” matrēs! B. Fill in the following charts with the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd declension plete the table with the correct endings. 1st Declension2nd Declension3rd DeclensionSingularPluralSingularPluralSingularPluralNominativeaaeus (er)ī—ēsGenitiveaeārumīōrumisumDativeaeīsōīsīibusAccusativeamāsumōsemēsAblativeāīsōīseibusVocativeaaeeī—ēsFor practice, decline the words below.villacibuscanisSingularPluralSingularPluralSingularPluralNominativevillavillaecibus cibīcaniscanēsGenitivevillaevillārumcibīcibōrumcaniscanumDativevillaevillīscibōcibīscanīcanibusAccusativevillamvillāscibumcibōscanemcanēsAblativevillāvillīscibōcibīscanecanibusVocativevillavillaecibecibīcaniscanēsviapuerleoSingularPluralSingularPluralSingularPluralNominativeviaviaepuerpuerīleoleonēsGenitiveviaeviārumpuerīpuerōrumleonisleonumDativeviaeviīspuerōpuerīsleonīleonibusAccusativeviamviāspuerumpuerōsleonemleonēsAblativeviāviīspuerōpuerīsleoneleonibusVocativeviaviaepuerpuerīleoleonēsIdentify the case of each noun in the following sentences. puellae gladiatorēs in aren? vident. puellae – nom. gladiatorēs – acc. arenā – abl. leo pedem agricolae in silv? ostendit. leo – nom. pedem – acc. agricolae – dat. silvā – abl.III. Adjectives modify nouns or pronounsAdjectives agree with the nouns they modify in case, number and gender. nb Adjectives do not have to agree with the nouns they describe in declension. e.g. turba maxima erat in foro. A very great crowd was in the forum. e.g. tu servum fidelem non habes. You do not have a faithful slave. e.g. servus fidelis pecuniam in cubiculo custodit. The faithful slave guards the money in the bedroom. Adjectives have 3 degrees: positive, comparative, superlative. Give the appropriate translations:e.g. notus well known notior more well known notissimus very well known celer quick celerior quicker celerrimus quickest Choose the adjective which correctly completes coquus cenam __________ parat. optimum optimi optimam optima Some adjectives are irregular in how they form their comparatives and superlatives. Fill in the chart below with the correct forms and English translations.PositiveComparativeSuperlativesbonusmelioroptimus“good”betterbestmaluspeiorpessimus“bad”worseworstmagnusmaiormaximus“great”greatergreatestparvusminorminimus“small”smallersmallestmultusplusplurimusIV. PronounsFill in the chart below with the correct form of each personal pronoun and their meanings:Nominative Sing.ego – Itu – youGenitive Sing. meituiDative Sing.mihitibiAccusative Sing.mētēAblative Sing.mētēNominative PluralnosvosGenitive Plural nostri, nostrumvestri, vestrumDative PluralnobisvobisAccusative PluralnosvosAblative PluralnobisvobisDefine the following pronouns: eum him hic this ille that V. Verbs A. Principal parts Most regular verbs have 4 principal parts and you should have a working knowledge of the first three.Principal partExampleUseFirst principal part portō “I carry, do carry, am carrying”First person singular present activeSecond principal part portāre “to carry”Present active infinitive: yields the present active stem used for present and imperfect tenses activeused for imperative active mood identifies the conjugationThird principal part portāvī “I carried, did carry, have carried”First person singular perfect: yields perfect active stem used for perfect active tense The second principal part has several grammatical functions. Its final three letters will determine to which conjugation the verb belongs. First conjugation verbs have infinitives which end in -āre. e.g. laudāre Second conjugation verbs have infinitives which end -ēre. e.g. vidēre Third conjugation verbs have infinitives which end in -ere. e.g. dūcere Fourth conjugation verbs have infinitives which end in -īre. e.g. audīre N.B. Not all verbs are placed into a specific conjugation. Those verbs which are not placed into a specific conjugation are called irregular verbs because their principal parts and/or tense forms do not change in a consistent and predictable manner.e.g. sum, esse, fuī, futūrus adsum, adesse, adfuī, adfutūrus absum, abesse, afuī, afutūrus Answer the following questions about nāvigō, nāvigāre, nāvigāvī, nāvigātus “to sail.” What is the perfect stem? navigāv What is the first person singular present active? navigō What is the first person singular perfect active? navigāvī What is the present active infinitive? navigāre What is the present stem? navigā To which conjugation does this verb belong? first B. Conjugating verbs Conjugate and translate the following tenses for amō, amāre, amāvī, amātus “love.” PresentImperfectPerfect1st singularamōamābamamāvītranslationI love, I am loving, I do loveI was loving, I used to loveI loved, I have loved, I did love2nd singularamāsamābasamāvīstītranslationyou love, you do love, you are lovingyou were loving, you used to loveyou loved, you have loved, you did love3rd singularamatamābatamāvittranslationhe/she/it loves, is loving, does lovehe/she/it was loving, used to lovehe/she/it loved, has loved, did love1st pluralamāmusamābamusamāvimustranslationwe love, we are loving, we do lovewe were loving, we used to lovewe loved, we have loved, we did love2nd pluralamātisamābatisamāvististranslationyou love, you are loving, you do loveyou were loving, you used to loveyou loved, you have loved, you did love3rd pluralamantamābantamāvērunttranslationthey love, they do love, they are lovingthey were loving, they used to lovethey loved, they have loved, they did loveConjugate and translate the following tenses for sedeō, sedēre, sēdī, sessus “sit.” PresentImperfectPerfect1st singularsedeōsedēbamsedītranslationI sit, I am sitting, I do sitI was sitting, I used to sitI sat, I have sat, I did sit2nd singularsedēssedēbassedistītranslationyou sit, you do sit, you are sittingyou were sitting, you used to sityou sat, you have sat, you did sit3rd singularsedetsedēbatsedittranslationhe/she/it sits, is sitting, does sithe/she/it was sitting, he/she/it used to sithe/she/it sat, he/she/it has sat, you did sit1st pluralsedēmussedēbamussedimustranslationwe sit, we are sitting, we do sitwe were sitting, we used to sitwe sat. we have sat, we did sat2nd pluralsedētissedēbatissedististranslationyou sit, you are sitting, you do sityou were sitting, you used to sityou sat, you have sat, you did sit3rd pluralsedentsedēbantsedērunttranslationthey sit, they do sit, they are sittingthey were sitting, they used to sitthey sat, they have sat, they did sitConjugate and translate the following tenses for dīcō, dīcere, dīxī, dictus “say, tell.” PresentImperfectPerfect1st singulardicōdicēbamdixītranslationI say, I am saying, I do sayI was saying, I used to sayI said, I have said, I did say2nd singulardicisdicēbasdixistītranslationyou say, you are saying, you do sayyou were saying, you used to sayyou said, you have said, you did say3rd singulardicitdicēbatdixittranslationhe/she/it says, is saying, does sayhe/she/it was saying, used to sayhe/she/it said, has said. did say1st pluraldicimusdicēbamusdiximustranslationwe say, we are saying, we do saywe were saying, we used to saywe said, we have said, we did say2nd pluraldicitisdicēbatisdixististranslationyou say, you are saying, you do sayyou were saying, you used to sayyou said, you have said, you did say3rd pluraldicuntdicēbantdixērunttranslationthey say, they are saying, they do saythey were saying. they used to saythey said, they have said, they did sayConjugate and translate the following tenses for sentiō, sentīre, sensī, sensus “feel.” PresentImperfectPerfect1st singularsentiōsentiēbamsensītranslationI feel, I am feeling, I do feelI was feeling, I used to feelI felt, I have felt, I did feel2nd singularsentissentiēbassensistītranslationyou feel, you are feeling, you do feelyou were feeling, you used to feelyou felt, you have felt, you did feel3rd singularsentitsentiēbatsensittranslationhe/she/it feels, is feeling, does feelhe/she/it was feeling, used to feelhe/she/it felt, has felt. did feel1st pluralsentimussentiēbamussensimustranslationwe feel, we are feeling, we do feelwe were feeling, we used to feelwe felt, we have felt, we did feel2nd pluralsentitissentiēbatissensististranslationyou feel, you are feeling, you do feelyou were feeling, you used to feelyou felt, you have felt, you did feel3rd pluralsentiuntsentiēbantsensērunttranslationthey feel, they are feeling, they do feelthey were feeling. they used to feelthey felt, they have felt, they did feelConjugate and translate the following tenses for sum, esse, fuī, futūrus “be.” PresentImperfectPerfect1st singularsumeramfuītranslationI amI wasI have been2nd singulareserasfuistītranslationyou areyou wereyou have been3rd singularesteratfuittranslationhe/she/it ishe/she/it washe/she/it has been1st pluralsumuseramusfuimustranslationwe arewe werewe have been2nd pluralestiseratisfuististranslationyou areyou wereyou have been3rd pluralsunterantfuērunttranslationthey arethey werethey have beenIdentify the correct tense of the following verbs. She kept leading. Imperfect We did lead. Perfect I am leading. Present You have led. Perfect You lead. Present They used to lead. Imperfect He does lead. Present They led. Perfect It leads. Present ducebat Imperfect duco Present duxistis Perfect ducitis Present ducit Present ducebamus Imperfect ducebatis Imperfect ducis Present duxit Perfect Identify the imperfect tense sign for regular Latin verbs ba Identify the imperfect tense sign for the sum, esse, fui, futurus a C. Imperative Mood (gives a command to one or more person(s).)Conjugate the imperative forms for the following verbs: SingularPluralamō, amāre, amāvī, amātus amāamatesedeō, sedēre, sēdī, sessussedēsedetedūcō, dūcere, dūxī, ductusducducitesentiō, sentīre, sensī, sensus sentīsentitee.g. dā cibum servō! Give the slave food! e.g. legite epistulās! Read the letters! Negative imperatives use the word(s) nōlī/nōlīte with the infinitive. e.g. Mārce, nōlī bibere aquam! Marcus, don’t drink the water! puerī, nōlīte currere! Boys, don’t run! VI. Adverbs modify verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs.e.g. intentê intently ferōciter fiercely graviter seriously VII. Prepositions identify the prepositional phrases in the following sentences. e.g. Metella coquum in culinam vocat. servi lectum ex tricliniō in hortum trahunt. Quintus canem in viā videt. Melissa cum Grumione in forō lentê ambulabat. VIII. Dependent clauses Some conjunctions introduce dependent/subordinate clauses, which cannot stand by themselves but depend on the rest of the sentence (main/independent clause). Postquam introduces temporal clauses, and quod introduces causal clauses. All clauses must contain their own verb. e.g. Postquam Clemens montem Vesuvium vidit et tremores sensit, ad Caecilium cucurrit. After Clemens saw Mount Vesuvius and felt the tremors, he ran to Caecilius. e.g. Caecilius ad villam cucurrit et atrium intravit, quod Metellam quaerebat. Caecilius ran to the house and entered the atrium because he was searching for Metella. IX. Quam With the positive adjective, quam means how. With the comparative adjective, quam means than. With the superlative adverb, quam mean as…as possible. e.g. Quam callidus est Quīntus! How clever Quintus is! e.g. Clēmēns est callidior quam Grumiō. Clemens is smarter than Grumio! e.g. pūgnāvit quam fortissimē. He fought as bravely as possible. X. Interrogatives/Question words -ne is attached to the first word in a Latin sentence to indicate a simple yes or no question. nōnne is used as an introductory word in a Latin sentence to show the answer is anticipated to be yes. num is used as an introductory word in a Latin sentence to show the answer is anticipated to be no. e.g. estne Mārcus Rōmānus puer? Is Marcus a Roman boy? e.g. nōnne est Mārcus Rōmānus puer? Marcus is a Roman boy, isn’t he? /Surely Marcus is a Roman boy? e.g. num est Mārcus Rōmānus puer? Marcus isn’t a Roman boy, is he? / Surely Marcus is not a Roman boy? Latin questions can also be introduced by certain adverbs and pronouns.e.g. quis Who? quid What? ubi Where? cūr Why? XI. Culture Questions from the following topics will be included on this exam. With your teacher’s guidance, familiarize yourself with terms/vocabulary concerning these topics. ................
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