Professional Communication



Grammar SkillsChapter 4.2Nouns, Pronouns, and AdjectivesEssential QuestionWhy do we need pronouns?Nouns and PronounsNounWord that names a person, place, or thingProper noun names a particular person, place, or thingMr. ThomasAtlantaEmpire State Building Common noun describes a person, place, or thing in general termsteachercitybuildingNouns and Pronouns (continued)Nouns can be singular, plural, irregular, and collectiveSingular nouns name one person, place or thingPlural nouns indicate more than one person, place, or thingIrregular nouns do not follow the guidelines for making pluralsCollective nouns refer to a group or unit that contains more than one person, place, or thingNouns and Pronouns (continued)Possessive nounIndicates ownership by the noun or an attribute of the nounCreated by adding an apostrophe and an s to most singular nounsCreated by adding an apostrophe to most plural nounsNouns and Pronouns (continued)PronounWord that replaces a noun in a sentenceThe word that gets replaced with a pronoun is its antecedentThe girls lost the game, and they were very upset.Personal pronouns refer to specific persons or thingsnumbergenderpersoncaseNouns and Pronouns (continued)Nouns and Pronouns (continued)Pronouns can be in one of three personsFirst person refers to someone speaking or writingSecond person refers to someone being addressedThird person refers to someone being discussedNouns and Pronouns (continued)Pronoun Case indicates how the pronoun is used in a sentenceNominative case pronouns are used as the subject in a sentence or as subject complementsObjective case pronouns are used as direct objects, indirect objects, or objects of prepositionsPossessive case pronouns show ownershipNouns and Pronouns (continued)Other pronounsInterrogative pronouns ask a question and typically have no known antecedentwhat, which, who, whom, whoseRelative pronouns begin dependent clauses in complex sentenceswho, whom, whose, which, what, thatDemonstrative pronouns identify or direct attention to a noun or pronounthis, that, these, those Nouns and Pronouns (continued)Other pronouns, continuedIndefinite pronouns refer to an object or a person that has been identified earlier or does not need specific identificationsome, none, one, every, neither, other, both, each, any, such, anotherSome pronouns can be used as adjectives or in adjective clausessome, none, all, whoAdjectivesAdjective Word that modifies a noun or pronounProvides details about the noun or pronounDefines limitsCan come before or after modified wordsAdjectives (continued)Coordinate adjective Two or more related adjectives that appear before a noun or pronoun and equally modify itShould be separated by the word and or commasTheir order can be rearranged without changing the meaningThe old, rusty shovel had a broken handle.Adjectives (continued)Most adjectives have three formsPositive adjectives describe but do not compare people or thingsThe small book was on top of the parative adjectives compare two people or thingsThe red book was smaller than the blue book.Superlative adjectives compare three or more people or thingsThe red book was the smallest of the books.Adjectives (continued)An article is an adjective that limits the noun or pronoun it modifiesCome before a noun, pronoun, or noun phraseDefinite article the refers to a specific nounIndefinite articles a and an typically refer to a noun in a general wayNeed not be repeated before each noun in a series of nounsAdjectives (continued)A demonstrative adjective is used before a noun to indicate number and locationThis and that are used with singular wordsThese and those are used with plural wordsThis and these indicate a location that is near the speakerThat and those indicate a location that is not near the speakerSection 4.2 Review1.Explain the difference between a proper noun and a common noun. Give examples of each.2.What is the advantage of using pronouns?3.Explain what someone should do when he or she cannot remember the plural form of an irregular noun.4.Describe the purpose of adjectives.5.What is a coordinate adjective? ................
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