PRONOUNS - Free Webs



PRONOUNS

Personal Pronouns – refer to the one speaking (first person), the one spoken to (second person), or the one spoken about (third person)

Personal Pronouns

Singular_________________Plural_

First Person: I, me we, us

Second Person: you you

Third Person: he, him, she, they, them

it

Possessive Pronouns- these pronouns show possession and function as pronouns:

mine ours

yours yours

hers, his theirs

*Possessive Adjectives- these are often classified as pronouns, but they function as adjectives:

my our

your your

his, her their

Reflexive Pronouns – refer to the subject and direct the action of the verb back to the subject

Intensive Pronouns – emphasize a noun or another pronoun

Reflexive and Intensive Pronouns

First Person: myself, ourselves

Second Person: yourself, yourselves

Third Person: himself, herself, itself, themselves

Demonstrative Pronouns – point out a person, place, thing, or idea

this, that, these, those

*Note: Demonstrative pronouns can also be used as adjectives.

Demonstrative Pronoun: Those are very sturdy shoes.

Demonstrative Adjective: Those shoes are very sturdy.

Interrogative Pronouns – introduce a question

what, which, who, whom, whose

Indefinite Pronouns - do not refer to a definite person, place, thing, or idea

Common Indefinite Pronouns

all both few nobody other

any either more none several

anyone everything much no one one

somebody most

*Note: Indefinite pronouns can also be used as adjectives.

Pronoun: Some are bored by this movie.

Adjective: Some people are bored by this movie.

Relative Pronouns – introduce a subordinate clause

that which who whom whose whoever whichever whatever

ADJECTIVES

Articles – a, an, the

Nouns used as adjectives – when a noun modifies another noun or pronoun, it is considered an adjective

Noun Nouns Used As Adjectives

bean bean soup

spring spring weather

gold gold coin

football football game

Proper adjective – formed from a proper noun

Proper Nouns Proper Adjectives

Thanksgiving Thanksgiving dinner

Catholicism Catholic priest

Middle East Middle Eastern country

Africa African continent

Demonstrative Adjectives – this, that, these and those can be used both as adjectives and as pronouns. When they modify a noun, they are called demonstrative adjectives.

Demonstrative Adjectives: Did Jennifer draw this picture or that one?

Demonstrative Pronouns: This is mine and that is his.

ADVERBS

Words often used as adverbs:

Where? away, here, inside, there, up

When? ago, later, now, soon, then

How? clearly, easily, quietly, slowly

How often? or How long? always, usually, continuously, never, forever, briefly

To what extent? or almost, so, too, more, least, extremely, quite

How much?

*Note: The word not is nearly always used as an adverb to modify

a verb. When not is part of a contraction, as in hadn’t, aren’t,

and didn’t, the –n’t is still an adverb and is not part of the verb.

Not all words ending in –ly are used as adverbs. Here are some common –ly words that can be used as adjectives:

daily (walk) friendly (man) lonely (neighbor)

early (riser) kindly (stranger) timely (statement)

VERBS

Action Verbs – express a physical or mental action

Physical: write, tackle, attack, catch

Mental: remember, honor, believe, thought

**Note: Some action verbs do not show much action. Rather, they show possession:

She has two cats.

Sometimes, action verbs simply show existence:

Betty is almost at the store.

David remains at the hospital.

Linking Verbs – a verb that expresses a state of being

Linking verbs formed from the verb Be

am has been may be

is have been might be

are had been can be

was will be should be

were shall be would have been

Other linking verbs

appear grow seem stay named

become look smell taste called

feel remain sound turn

Many verbs can be linking or action, depending on the context in which they are used:

The soup tasted salty. (linking) The chef tasted the soup. (action)

Mary grew weary of the long days. (linking) Mary grew roses in her garden. (action)

The daisy smelled sweet. (linking) She smelled the smoke of the burning house. (action)

Helping Verbs – help the main verb to express action or a state of being

Example: can speak

has been named

should have been caught

Helping Verbs

is has may must

be have might keep (ex. keep eating)

am had can get (ex. get going)

are do could being (ex. being done)

was does shall

were did should

been will

would

PREPOSITIONS

The preposition begins a group of words (a phrase) that is called a “prepositional phrase.” The preposition shows the relationship of the noun or the pronoun in the prepositional phrase to some other word in the sentence. (It is making a “connection” between the noun or pronoun in the prepositional phrase to the other word in the sentence.) The prepositional phrase acts like a describer – sometimes describing nouns/pronouns (adjectives), sometimes describing verbs (adverbs).

I walked to the house. The book for him is great.

I walked around the crowd. The story about my family is rather private.

I walked with confidence. The vote against the proposal is unanimous.

Commonly Used Prepositions

aboard beyond out/outside over

about but (meaning “except”) past regarding

above by since through

across concerning throughout till

after considering to toward

against despite under underneath

along down until up

among during upon with

around except within for

as (only sometimes) from in inside

at into like near

before of off on

behind onto opposite below

beneath beside besides between

*Note: Some words may be used as prepositions or as adverbs. Remember that a preposition always has an object. An adverb never does. If you can’t tell whether a word is used as an adverb or a preposition, look for an object.

ADVERB: I haven’t seen him since.

PREPOSITION: I haven’t seen him since Thursday.

ADVERBS: The bear walked around and then went inside.

PREPOSITIONS: The bear walked around the yard and then went inside the cabin.

Compound Prepositions

according to aside from in addition to next to

across from because of in (on) behalf of on account of

along with by means of in case of on top of

as to due to in front of out of

as well as except for in place of owing to

in fact in regard to pertaining to

in spite of prior to

instead of together with

CONJUNCTIONS

Coordinating Conjunctions – connect words or groups of words used in the same way

and but for nor or so yet

Examples: Jill or Anna

strict but fair

over the river and through the woods

The word for may be used either as a conjunction or as a preposition. When for joins groups of words that are independent clauses or sentences, it is used as a conjunction. Otherwise, it is used as a preposition.

CONJUNCTION: He waited patiently, for he knew his ride would be

along soon.

PREPOSITION: He waited patiently for his ride.

*Note: When for is used as a conjunction, there should always be a comma

in front of it.

*The word so may be used as an adverb. EXAMPLE: She is so sweet.

* The word yet may be used as an adverb. EXAMPLE: Don’t go yet.

Correlative Conjunctions – connect words or groups of words in the same way

both. . . and not only . . . but also

either . . . or whether . . . or

neither . . . nor

***Note: either, both, and neither can also be pronouns and adjectives. Neither is here. Both boys are my brothers.

Subordinating Conjunctions – begin an adverb clause, a dependent clause within the main sentence

Just a few of a very long list:

after as soon as because if since though

until before unless as when whenever

where so that than while as much as although

Conjunctive Adverbs – join two independent/main clauses and answer when/where/why/how

accordingly afterwards also consequently finally furthermore hence

however incidentally indeed instead likewise meanwhile moreover

nevertheless next nonetheless otherwise similarly still then

therefore thus

EXAMPLE: The government has cut school funding; consequently, technology requests in the classroom may suffer. (Note punctuation.)

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Note the difference between

This is mine. _______________

and

This is my book. ____________

Try the following:

That tall boy is my cousin. ________

That is not what I said! _________

These are the ones I gave you. _____

Did you eat those candies? _______

The boy who sits in front of me is tall.______

Both boys are my cousins. _______

Either will go to the movies. ______

Either boy will go to the movies._____

Several are present. ______

Several kittens are lost. _____

Several of the kittens are lost. _____

Three were lost. _______

I received three presents. _______

One is my friend. _______

Did you get one? _____

One tree was cut down. ______

One of the trees was cut down. ____

Find the adverbs:

Then she goes to the store to get lemonade.

She goes there to learn about her culture.

Mother is here now.

We went home yesterday.

He doesn’t care.

How does he score so many goals?

Where is she?

Label the underlined verbs either L (linking), A (action), or hV (helping verb):

She became a police officer.

The bowl contains cereal.

She is a doctor.

I feel the cold marble.

I feel tired.

He grew silly during class.

Bob has been called “stupid” by his classmates.

Bob has been called “stupid” by his classmates.

The sky should have been blue.

The sky should have been blue.

The jewels have been stolen.

The jewels have been stolen.

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