PRONOUNS - Free Webs
PRONOUNS
Personal Pronouns – refer to the one speaking (first person), the one spoken to (second person), or the one spoken about (third person)
Personal Pronouns
Singular_________________Plural_
First Person: I, me we, us
Second Person: you you
Third Person: he, him, she, they, them
it
Possessive Pronouns- these pronouns show possession and function as pronouns:
mine ours
yours yours
hers, his theirs
*Possessive Adjectives- these are often classified as pronouns, but they function as adjectives:
my our
your your
his, her their
Reflexive Pronouns – refer to the subject and direct the action of the verb back to the subject
Intensive Pronouns – emphasize a noun or another pronoun
Reflexive and Intensive Pronouns
First Person: myself, ourselves
Second Person: yourself, yourselves
Third Person: himself, herself, itself, themselves
Demonstrative Pronouns – point out a person, place, thing, or idea
this, that, these, those
*Note: Demonstrative pronouns can also be used as adjectives.
Demonstrative Pronoun: Those are very sturdy shoes.
Demonstrative Adjective: Those shoes are very sturdy.
Interrogative Pronouns – introduce a question
what, which, who, whom, whose
Indefinite Pronouns - do not refer to a definite person, place, thing, or idea
Common Indefinite Pronouns
all both few nobody other
any either more none several
anyone everything much no one one
somebody most
*Note: Indefinite pronouns can also be used as adjectives.
Pronoun: Some are bored by this movie.
Adjective: Some people are bored by this movie.
Relative Pronouns – introduce a subordinate clause
that which who whom whose whoever whichever whatever
ADJECTIVES
Articles – a, an, the
Nouns used as adjectives – when a noun modifies another noun or pronoun, it is considered an adjective
Noun Nouns Used As Adjectives
bean bean soup
spring spring weather
gold gold coin
football football game
Proper adjective – formed from a proper noun
Proper Nouns Proper Adjectives
Thanksgiving Thanksgiving dinner
Catholicism Catholic priest
Middle East Middle Eastern country
Africa African continent
Demonstrative Adjectives – this, that, these and those can be used both as adjectives and as pronouns. When they modify a noun, they are called demonstrative adjectives.
Demonstrative Adjectives: Did Jennifer draw this picture or that one?
Demonstrative Pronouns: This is mine and that is his.
ADVERBS
Words often used as adverbs:
Where? away, here, inside, there, up
When? ago, later, now, soon, then
How? clearly, easily, quietly, slowly
How often? or How long? always, usually, continuously, never, forever, briefly
To what extent? or almost, so, too, more, least, extremely, quite
How much?
*Note: The word not is nearly always used as an adverb to modify
a verb. When not is part of a contraction, as in hadn’t, aren’t,
and didn’t, the –n’t is still an adverb and is not part of the verb.
Not all words ending in –ly are used as adverbs. Here are some common –ly words that can be used as adjectives:
daily (walk) friendly (man) lonely (neighbor)
early (riser) kindly (stranger) timely (statement)
VERBS
Action Verbs – express a physical or mental action
Physical: write, tackle, attack, catch
Mental: remember, honor, believe, thought
**Note: Some action verbs do not show much action. Rather, they show possession:
She has two cats.
Sometimes, action verbs simply show existence:
Betty is almost at the store.
David remains at the hospital.
Linking Verbs – a verb that expresses a state of being
Linking verbs formed from the verb Be
am has been may be
is have been might be
are had been can be
was will be should be
were shall be would have been
Other linking verbs
appear grow seem stay named
become look smell taste called
feel remain sound turn
Many verbs can be linking or action, depending on the context in which they are used:
The soup tasted salty. (linking) The chef tasted the soup. (action)
Mary grew weary of the long days. (linking) Mary grew roses in her garden. (action)
The daisy smelled sweet. (linking) She smelled the smoke of the burning house. (action)
Helping Verbs – help the main verb to express action or a state of being
Example: can speak
has been named
should have been caught
Helping Verbs
is has may must
be have might keep (ex. keep eating)
am had can get (ex. get going)
are do could being (ex. being done)
was does shall
were did should
been will
would
PREPOSITIONS
The preposition begins a group of words (a phrase) that is called a “prepositional phrase.” The preposition shows the relationship of the noun or the pronoun in the prepositional phrase to some other word in the sentence. (It is making a “connection” between the noun or pronoun in the prepositional phrase to the other word in the sentence.) The prepositional phrase acts like a describer – sometimes describing nouns/pronouns (adjectives), sometimes describing verbs (adverbs).
I walked to the house. The book for him is great.
I walked around the crowd. The story about my family is rather private.
I walked with confidence. The vote against the proposal is unanimous.
Commonly Used Prepositions
aboard beyond out/outside over
about but (meaning “except”) past regarding
above by since through
across concerning throughout till
after considering to toward
against despite under underneath
along down until up
among during upon with
around except within for
as (only sometimes) from in inside
at into like near
before of off on
behind onto opposite below
beneath beside besides between
*Note: Some words may be used as prepositions or as adverbs. Remember that a preposition always has an object. An adverb never does. If you can’t tell whether a word is used as an adverb or a preposition, look for an object.
ADVERB: I haven’t seen him since.
PREPOSITION: I haven’t seen him since Thursday.
ADVERBS: The bear walked around and then went inside.
PREPOSITIONS: The bear walked around the yard and then went inside the cabin.
Compound Prepositions
according to aside from in addition to next to
across from because of in (on) behalf of on account of
along with by means of in case of on top of
as to due to in front of out of
as well as except for in place of owing to
in fact in regard to pertaining to
in spite of prior to
instead of together with
CONJUNCTIONS
Coordinating Conjunctions – connect words or groups of words used in the same way
and but for nor or so yet
Examples: Jill or Anna
strict but fair
over the river and through the woods
The word for may be used either as a conjunction or as a preposition. When for joins groups of words that are independent clauses or sentences, it is used as a conjunction. Otherwise, it is used as a preposition.
CONJUNCTION: He waited patiently, for he knew his ride would be
along soon.
PREPOSITION: He waited patiently for his ride.
*Note: When for is used as a conjunction, there should always be a comma
in front of it.
*The word so may be used as an adverb. EXAMPLE: She is so sweet.
* The word yet may be used as an adverb. EXAMPLE: Don’t go yet.
Correlative Conjunctions – connect words or groups of words in the same way
both. . . and not only . . . but also
either . . . or whether . . . or
neither . . . nor
***Note: either, both, and neither can also be pronouns and adjectives. Neither is here. Both boys are my brothers.
Subordinating Conjunctions – begin an adverb clause, a dependent clause within the main sentence
Just a few of a very long list:
after as soon as because if since though
until before unless as when whenever
where so that than while as much as although
Conjunctive Adverbs – join two independent/main clauses and answer when/where/why/how
accordingly afterwards also consequently finally furthermore hence
however incidentally indeed instead likewise meanwhile moreover
nevertheless next nonetheless otherwise similarly still then
therefore thus
EXAMPLE: The government has cut school funding; consequently, technology requests in the classroom may suffer. (Note punctuation.)
-----------------------
Note the difference between
This is mine. _______________
and
This is my book. ____________
Try the following:
That tall boy is my cousin. ________
That is not what I said! _________
These are the ones I gave you. _____
Did you eat those candies? _______
The boy who sits in front of me is tall.______
Both boys are my cousins. _______
Either will go to the movies. ______
Either boy will go to the movies._____
Several are present. ______
Several kittens are lost. _____
Several of the kittens are lost. _____
Three were lost. _______
I received three presents. _______
One is my friend. _______
Did you get one? _____
One tree was cut down. ______
One of the trees was cut down. ____
Find the adverbs:
Then she goes to the store to get lemonade.
She goes there to learn about her culture.
Mother is here now.
We went home yesterday.
He doesn’t care.
How does he score so many goals?
Where is she?
Label the underlined verbs either L (linking), A (action), or hV (helping verb):
She became a police officer.
The bowl contains cereal.
She is a doctor.
I feel the cold marble.
I feel tired.
He grew silly during class.
Bob has been called “stupid” by his classmates.
Bob has been called “stupid” by his classmates.
The sky should have been blue.
The sky should have been blue.
The jewels have been stolen.
The jewels have been stolen.
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