ARLINGTON HIGH SCHOOL COURSE INFORMATION SHEET



KING HIGH SCHOOL

N. Hocking

The Later Middle Ages 1300

I. The Bubonic Plague (The Black Death)

A. Large food supply system, however insecure.

1. Heavy annual rains, crops damaged

2. Crop yield declines, farms abandoned

3. Chronic malnutrition, cities overcrowded, poor sanitation

4. Widespread famines, 1315-1317 and 1321

B. The spread of the disease

1. Genoese ships brought the plague to Europe in 1347

2. Followed trade routes, Venice, Genoa

3. Urban congestion, lack of sanitation

4. Bubonic form “Ring around the Rosie”

a. Large glands developed, “Bubos”

b. Disease spread by fleas on Black rats

5. Pneumonic form

a. Transmitted by people – along respiratory tract

6. Septicemic

a. Transmitted by unsanitary conditions / toileting practices / well water

C. Psychological impact

1. The four horsemen / grave diggers with carts “Bring out your dead”

2. “Gods demand” His divine wrath

3. Widespread suffering & death, especially among the poor / rickets afflicted survivors

4. Priests, nuns, monks were especially vulnerable (Assisting the sick)

5. The Flagellants, self-inflicted punishment to avoid God’s punishment

6. Anti-Semitism as jews were accused of poisoning wells (2,000 were hung)

a. Jacob von Konigshofen: The Cremation of the Strasbourg Jews (Sp. pg.302)

D. Population decline

1. Roughly 1/4th of the Western European population had died

2. London cut in half

a. 1348, 2,000 - 7,000 people died weekly

3. 1347 - 1361 24 million had died

E. Social and Economic consequences

1. Positive: Rising per capita wealth, higher wages, labor mobility,

equitable distribution of wealth

2. Negative: Increased use of slavery, profound pessimism exemplified in art

and literature.

II. The Hundred years war (1337 - 1453)

A. Struggle between the French and English over the Duchy of Gascony

B. Early English victories (fought almost entirely in France)

1. Crecy (1346), Poitiers (1356), Agincourt (1415), Advance toward Paris (1419)

2. English development of new weapons, longbow, cannon superior armor for knights.

C. English Kings: Edward III 1327-1377, Richard II -1399, Henry IV -1413

D. French: Phillip VI 1328-1350, John II -1364, Chales V -1380, Charlews VI - 1422

E. Joan of Arc (Maid of Orleans)

1. Significant role and inspiration for the French

2. English ultimately defeated and driven from France, Joan of Arc is captured

3. Condemned as a heretic and burned at the stake (1431)

4. Becomes the second patron saint of France

F. Consequences

1. Disrupted trade, commerce, and economies, French countryside devastated, Population decline, peasants heavily taxed, economic problems

G. Long Term results

1. English Parliament and nobles gain power, rise of nationalism through propaganda (Chaucer, Villon)

III. Decline of the Catholic Church’s prestige

A. Church corruption rampant

B. Babylonian captivity (Concordat of Bologna between Leo X, King Francis I)

1. French monarchy controlled the papacy (Catholic church)

2. Ultimately weakens the power of the papacy

3. Popes lived in Avignon, under the influence of French King

4. Pragmatic Sanction (1438) French Catholic church claims independence from Rome

C. The Great Schism (1378-1417)

1. Two popes claimed to be the legitimate leaders of Catholicism

2. Resided in: Rome: Pope Urban VI, France: Clement VII

3. Council of Constance (1414 - 1418) ended the Schism, implemented reforms

a. Election of Martin V

D. Conciliar movement

1. Belief that reform should come through periodic councils of Bishops, Cardinals,

Abbots and Laity.

2. General councils advocated powers superior to the pope

a. Marsiglio Padua, Defensor Pacis, excommunicated for defending councils

b. John Wyclif called for church reform, Lollards

1. Precursor to the reformation

3. Continued by Jan Hus (Hussites) Czech priest, rejected the Popes authority

a. Scripture alone should determine church belief, practice

4. Reunited under Pope Martin V

IV. Social underpinnings of the era

A. Marriage was typically prompted by economic factors, “marriage bouquets & bathing”

B. Divorce did not exist, as marriage was regulated by church

1. Females legally marry at 12, males at 14

C. Craft guilds: merchants and artisans who produced and distributed goods

1. Apprentices, Journeymen, Masters

D. Fur collar crime

1. Nobles often resorted to extortion and kidnapping

2. A precondition for peasant revolt

3. Punishments – based on humiliation practices

E. Star chamber – early courts used to pass judgment of deviant behavior

F. Meister Eckhart: Union with God comes through emotion

G. Thomas a Kempis: Knowledge of God through inner feelings

H. Giovanni Di Donde: Development of the clock

I. Pied Piper of Hamelin (1484) (Manchester –Lit by fire pg. 66)

V. Peasant revolts

A. France (The Jacquerie revolts 1358)

1. A precipitant for revolt: French taxation for the Hundred years war

2. Nobles killed, property destroyed

a. Jean Froissart: Chronicles (Spiel. Pg. 303)

3. Ended by a united upper class

4. Pragmatic sanction of Bourges

a. French Catholic Church’s independence from Rome

B. England (1381)

1. Brought about from the lord’s attempt to freeze wages

2. Provoked by rising peasant expectations

3. Precipitant was the re-imposition of the head tax on all adult males

4. Uprising defeated by Richard II

C. Florence (revolt of poor workers, 1378) Italy, Ciompi workers revolt

D. Spain, uprisings in Barcelona and Seville (predominately Jewish communities)

E. Ireland, Statute of Kilkenny, typified English oppression in Ireland

VI. Literature of the period

A. Dante Alighieri, Divine Comedy (Speil. Pg. 318)

1. Pilgrimage through Hell, Purgatory, and Paradise

2. Critical of some church authorities

B. Christine De Pizan The Book of the City of Ladies denounced patriarchal society

C. Geoffrey Chaucer, The Canterbury Tales

D. Francois Villon, Grand Testament

E. Giovanni Boccaccio, The Decameron (Spiel. pg. 300)

F. Dalimil Chronicle, A survey of Bohemian History

G. The rise of vernacular dialects

1. Literature written in native language

2. “Its raining cats and dogs”

KING HIGH SCHOOL

N. Hocking

The Renaissance 1450

I. Overview

A. Beginning of the “modern period”

1. History proceeds continuously and transitions over time

2. Constantinople falls to the Ottoman Turks, (1453) Muslims

B. Renaissance “Rebirth” of classic Greece & Rome, termed by Jacob Burkhardt

1. Moves Western civilization from rural agrarian toward a commercial society

2. Capital gives rise to the growth of cities (Economic evolution)

a. Primarily through Italian trade – recovery and revival

3. Rise of secular thought and decline of the papacy

3. Capital (ism) led to the growth of central government

a. Coincides with the decline of feudalism

b. Capital plays increasingly important role / rise of slavery

5. Period of economic, financial, political and cultural renewal

a. Culture: Small mercantile elite

5. Communes and republics are developed

a. Popolo wanted positions in government and taxation equality

b. Signori and oligarchies established seeking political and economic independence from nobles.

C. Economic evolution

1. Decline of Feudalism (coincides with growth of capitalism)

a. Governmental system which runs society

b. Vassals owed allegiance to a king or lord

c. Lasts longer in Northern Europe

2. Independent city-states emerge as politically independent units (Beginnings of nationalism)

a. City-states govern all economic activity

1. Condotierre: city-state bureaucracies

2. Signoria: despots, one-man rulers who administered cities

3. Star chamber: a court that applied Roman laws

a. named from stars painted on ceiling

b. Florence: emerged as center of the Renaissance

c. Social Structure

a. Patricians

1. Popolo Grasso “Fat people” The elite, nobles, wealthy merchants

2. Grandi: Extremely wealthy merchants

b. Mediocri: middle class merchants and artisans “The middling sort”

c. Popolo Minuto: “Little people” bulk of population (85-90%)

d. Children / labor mortality rates – several children born in hopes a few would survive

e. Prostitution / Brothels often regulated by the city-state

3. Italy owed much of its wealth to geographic locale

a. Domination from international trade

b. Florentine wool industry

4. Trade quickly outgrew small business

a. Credit is established

5. Money lending and banking

a. Italians had a monopoly on lending for 300 years

b. Papacy frowned upon “Usury” Money lending

c. Banking derived from the success of trade

d. Fluid wealth led to land purchasing, reinvestment

e. Guilds: merchants and manufacturers to develop production of goods

1. Guilds elected nine member “Signoria”

2. Signoria proposed laws and conducted foreign affairs

II. Intellectual thought

A. Individualism

1. Concerned with the role of the individual and their place in the universe

2. A period of self reflection and full development of one’s potential, desire for success

3. Earmarked by ambition, belief in the power of individual skills and talents

4. Leon Battista Alberti, “Men can do all things if they will”

5. Benvenuto Cellini: Autobiography

B. Secularism

1. Emphasis on the material world, “Here and now”

2. Juxtaposed to the teachings of the Papacy

C. Humanism (Humanitas) Latin

1. “New Learning” of Latin classics to learn about human achievements, interests, and capabilities.

2. Christian perspective to create a more perfect world to civilize mankind

3. Sought to unify pagan, secular and Christian thought

4. Shift from law, medicine & theology to Latin grammar rhetoric and metaphysics “humanities” or a revival of antiquity

5. Effort to revive the glory of the classic age, a return to original sources of Christianity

6. move away from scholasticism (Theological debates)

D. Revival of Antiquity “Man was the measure of all things”

1. Study of classic literature

2. Virtu; Essence of being a person through the showing of ones abilities

III. The Arts (quattrocentro, 1400’s / cinquecentro 1500’s)

A. Authors / inventors

1. Pico della Mirandola, Humanist On The Dignity of Man “To be whatever he wills”

2. Lorenzo Valla, On Pleasure praised sensual experiences.

3. Donation of Constantine Exposed to be a false document

4. Francesco Petrarch, (1304-1374) poet, thought predicts Renaissance, mocked scholatics

5. Boccaccio, Decameron tales of a lustful society, vernacular

6. Nicolo Machiavelli The Prince

a. Epic of political theory. How a ruler may attain, maintain and increase power

b. “It is much more safe to be feared than to be loved” (not hated)

c. wanted to unify Italy under one ruler, divine right

d. Political cunning, the end justifies the means. (Machiavellian)

e. “New” monarchs influenced by Machiavellian thought

6. Monarchs exercised considerable authority

7. Castigilione’s The Book of the Courtier (1518)

a. Describes the “Renaissance man” paint, sing, athletic, military

b. Influenced social conduct

8. Johann Gutenberg (et al.) Invention of moveable type

a. Gutenberg Bible, Transformed population of Europe

b. Brought about increased literacy of laypeople

c. Rise in propaganda

9. Francois Rabelais, Gargantua & Pantagruel

10. Poggio Bracciolini, Facetiae collection of humorous stories

11. Marsilio Ficino, Translation of works of Plato

12. Leonardo Bruni, History of the Florentine People

13. Vatican Library erected by Pope Sixtus IV.

14. St. Peter’s Basilica in Rome, began by pope Julius II

B. Artists (Baroque style: ornamentation) (Disdain for medieval art, often secular themes)

1. Michelangelo (Il Divino-the divine one) “David” “Pieta” “Moses” Sistine chapel*

2. Leonardo da Vinci “The last supper” “Mona Lisa”

3. Sandro Botticelli, “The Birth of Venus” “Primavera”

4. Brunelleschi, Francesca, the development of perspective in art

5. Donatello: revived the classical figure, Bronze David

6. Giotto: Use of realism

7. Giorgio Vasari: Art historian Lives of the Artists (Spiel. pg. 350)

8. Bernini, “Ecstacy of Saint Teresa” (reformation)

9. Filippo Brunelleschi: classical architecture, Florence foundling hospital, Duomo

10. Raphael: “The school of Athens”

11. Masaccio: Father of modern painting

12. International style, the spread of artistic techniques and ideals

C. The role of women during the renaissance

1. Upper-class status decline

2. 2. Increase in infanticide and child abandonment

3. 3. Own but not sell land, several girls to convent

4. D. “High Renaissance” * 1500-1527 Rome surpasses Florence

1. Papacy inspired art

2. Artists revered as geniuses

IV. Northern Renaissance (Low countries, Germany, France, Spain, England)

A. Influenced by the Italian Renaissance, but more religious

1. Focus of societal reform, driven primarily by Christian humanists

2. Develop an ethical way of life

3. Erasmus, Adages, In Praise of Folly (1509) “Christian (Dutch) humanist”

a. Education is the means to reform / first attempt at church reform

b. Christianity is an inner attitude of the heart (spirit)

c. Much of work banned by papal Index of prohibited books (handout)

d. Handbook of the Christian Soldier de-emphasized the sacraments

4. Thomas More, Utopia (1516) describes an ideal society

5. Thomas a Kempis, The Imitation of Christ inner piety more important than dogma

B. Art and literature were more religious in the North

1. Van Eyck, Bosch, Brughel, Rembrandt, Durer

V. The end of the Renaissance

A. City-states enter a period of fighting, economic decline, loss of trading routes

1. Peace of Lodi (1454) Signed by Florence, Milan, Venice (Republic)

2. Established political order between differing city-states

B. Battles between France and Spain fought on Italian peninsula

1. 1494 Charles VIII expels Medici (1512 return) Louis XII, League of Cambrai

2. Habsburg – Valois power struggle ensues

C. Exploration and colonization of the Americas

1. Shifts economic balance toward the Atlantic (France, Spain, England)

D. 1512 The Medici overthrow Florentine republic, Machiavelli forced into exile

D. Foreign armies (French, Charles VIII) conquered Italian city-states, continual warfare

1. Spain sacked Rome under Charles I (1527)

E. Many humanists migrate North of the Alps (Central & Northern Europe)

F. Italy would not unify until 1870, republicans pressured despots

VI. Politics

A. Spain

1. Marriage of Isabella of Castille and Ferdinand of Aragon

a. “New Monarchs” Monarchy links classes of people to territory, Royal authority

b. Hermandad, “Brotherhoods” Powerful league of cities and towns

2. Reconquista: wars of Northern Christian kingdoms to control peninsula

a. 1492 expulsion of Jews from Spain

3. Jews and Arabs conversion or expulsion

4. Inquisition (1478)

a. Isabella of Castille / Ferdinand of Aragon

b. Use of torture for confession of sins and conversion of Jews / Muslims

c. Tomas De Torquemada

d. Grandson of Ferdinand and Isabella (Charles I) Inherited vast lands 1516

5. Intended to Christianize Spain

6. Francesco de Cisneros, reformed the Spanish Clergy

B. England (and the progression of Tudors)

1. War of the Roses (England, 1455-1471)

a. Civil war between the houses of York (White) and Landcaster (Red)

b. Parliament continues to consolidate and legitimize power.

b. Tudors garnish support from the upper middle class

c. Richard III (Lionhearted) killed at Bosworth field

d. Henry VII first Tudor to rule England

1. Used star chamber to asses fines and penalties for the crown

C. France

1. Charles VII increased the power of the state over the influence of the church

2. Charles VIII invaded Italian peninsula, victorious in Northern Italy

3. French monarchy strengthened under Louis XI “ the spider king”

a. Concordat of Bologna: Institutionalized French kings control over clergy

1. Pope Leo X and King Francis I, end pragmatic sanction of Bourges

2. compromise that assisted in keeping France Catholic, even into the reformation

3. In turn, France would recognize popes superiority over church councils

D. Holy Roman Empire controlled by Habsburg dynasty (Maximillian I)

VII. Renaissance families

A. Medici (Cosimo de’) Florence

1. Controlled Florentine politics

2. Wealth gained from banking and textile industry

3. Cosimo centralized power by banishing members of rival families

4. Manipulated and controlled Gov’t offices

B. Lorenzo de Medici (The magnificent) Cosimo’s grandson

1. Pazzi incident: Attempted murder in Mass (Manchester, Lit by fire pg. 44)

2. Extended families banking interests

3. Considerable influence with the pope in Rome

4. Catherine Medici married to extend her (Children’s) political interests

C. Council of seventy

1. Elected committees for domestic and foreign affairs

D. Sforza family Milan

1. Played off rivalries between other families of Milan

2. Ousted the Visconti family

E. Fuggers (Jacok)

1. Mining industry, silver, copper (Manchester, Lit by Fire pg. 48-49)

2. Most influencial in Spain

KING HIGH SCHOOL

N. Hocking

Reformation 1517

I. Background

A. Decline of the medieval church

1. Great Schism, Concilliar movement

2. Babylonian captivity

3. Scholasticism: deduced the existence of God from proof

a. (St.) Thomas Aquinas

4. William of Occam

a. Mankind could not understand God through reason

b. “Nominalists” rejected papal authority, church hierarchy

5. Hussites (Jan Hus) gained papal dispensation for Utraquist

a. Communion in both bread and wine

b. Led revolt, called before council of Constance, to resolve great Schism

c. Condemned as a heretic, burnt at the stake

B. New religious philosophy and organizations develop

1. Attempted church reforms prior to 1517 failed

2. Papacy seems more important than Christ

II. Individuals of the reformation

A. Martin Luther “Faith Alone”

1. Religious childhood, studied theology “Occam”

2. Father wanted Martin Luther to study law

3. Lightning storm as a conversion experience, Augustinian monk

4. Earned doctorate in theology

5. Wanted a church reform, not a separation from Catholicism

a. Salvation through “faith alone” “only with faith can you be saved”

b. “The righteous shall live by Gods grace”

c. Major conflict: Faith vs. good works

d. Authority in the Bible not the Papacy

6. 95 Thesis (Oct. 31, 1517) Wittenberg castle / mailed to superior (Spiel. pg. 369)

a. Reform spurred by the practice of purchasing indulgences and church positions (Simony) Absenteeism (neglecting papal duties, Pluralism (holding several positions)

1. First emerged during the Crusades

2. Church has authority to remit penalties for sin, penance

3. Purchase of indulgences one may forgo repentance (pg. 97, Mman)

4. Sent to monks, translated into German / Leipzig debate (1519)

5. Leo X, St. Peter’s Basilica, indulgences sold to repay Fuggers

6. Condemned Catholic practice of Eucharist

7. Seven sacraments (Baptism, Confirmation, Communion, Penance, Holy Orders-Ordination, Marriage, Unction) reduced to two (Baptism and Communion).

b. Luther naive, subsequently threatened the income of the church

c. Pope Leo X issues statement (bull) excommunicating Luther (1520)

1. recant or be excommunicated

2. Luther burns letter

d. Diet (assembly) of Worms 1521

1. “I am bound by the scriptures…Here I stand alone”

2. Edict of Worms: Luther under “ban of empire”

3. Forbade him from preaching, declared a heretic

4. Leo X and Charles V signed

7. 1521 Luther has a large following

a. On Christian Liberty

8. The Twelve Articles

a. A complaint that nobles seized common lands and imposed rents

b. End to double taxation (double taxation)

c. Luther was cited

9. Peasant uprising (1525)

a. An Admonition to Peace Luthers attempt to prevent rebellion

b. 1525 Peasant revolts

1. 75 thousand peasants killed

2. Economic problems

3. Restrictions on independence

4. Hunting and fishing priviledges

c. Luther seems to contradict himself

d. Against the murderous, Thieving hoards of the Peasants

e. “Peasants should respect authority”

f. “Luther asks lords to “stab, smite and slay peasants”

g. Diet of Speyer (1526)

1. German princes to “live and govern…to answer to God”

2. Charles V, Anabaptists punished by death “Third baptism” (drowning)

h. Protestants met in Speyer to “protest” Charles V policies (1529)

10. Married former nun, (Katherine von Bora) (1525) had several children

i. Augsburg confession (1530) A statement of Lutheran Beliefs

11. Impact on Women

a. Stressed marriage and education

12. 1533 Luther fled country

B. John Calvin “Predestination”

1. Not educated by piety

2. Studied theology, University of Paris, humanist with judicial training

3. Calvin impressed by Luther’s ideas

4. Calvin believed that he was selected by God to reform the church

a. Institutes of the Christian Religion

1. Predestination, salvation was a gift from God

a. God determined saved from damned

b. Nothing that individuals can do

5. “Faith brings about good works”

a. No visible evidence of who is saved

b. Hard work is rewarded (bolstered Calvinism)

6. Thoughts on church and state

a. Stern & militant stance / Rejection of Medieval church practices

7. Geneva cycle

a. Reformed the city, divided into parishes

b. Gov’t essentially a theocracy

C. Anabaptists “To baptize again”

1. Belief in baptism for adults, pacifists, separation of church and state

2. Pacifists, “left wing of the reformation” / held no political offices

3. Women allowed into the ministry / polygamy

4. “Third baptism”, Anabaptists persecuted by drowning

5. Arguably, most unaccepted / radical of religious sects

D. William Tyndale (England, 1494-1536)

1. Printing of the New Testament

2. Sets the stage for Protestant reform in England

E. John Knox

1. Presbyterian Church of Scotland

2. Primarily Calvinist, maintained connection to English Puritans

3. Book of Common Order

F. Ulrich Zwingli

1. Swiss humanist brought reformation to Switzerland

2. Reformed church of Zurich / strongly influenced by Zwingli

3. Ulrich Zwingli: Zurich (Sacramentarian: denied all sacraments)

4. Colloquy of Marburg, sought to unify Protestant theology (failed)

F. Henry VIII (King in 1509)

1. Writes: Defense of the Seven Sacraments “Defender of the Faith”

2. “King’s great matter” Wanted marriage to 1. Catherine of Aragon annulled

(Daughter, Mary)

3. Used Parliament to remove the English church from papal control

a. Believed cases were King’s, not the Popes authority (Clement VII)

b. Thomas Cranmer replaces Cardinal Thomas Wolsey

1. Wolsey blamed for losing case and dismissed

c. Henry orders Thomas More executed for not supporting new order

4. Act of Supremacy: Henry becomes head of the Church of England (Anglican)

a. Ten Articles: affirmed Lutheran theology (faith alone) rejected purgatory

5. Act in Restraint of Appeals: denied popes authority (Treason Act)

6. Act of Succession: required loyalty oath of all subjects

7. 2. Anne Boleyn gives birth to Elizabeth. Beheaded for adultery (1536)

8. 3. Jane Seymour (died in childbirth) gave Henry an heir to throne, (Edward VI)

9. Thomas Cromwell, Chief minister

a. Dissolved monasteries and confiscated lands

b. Executed over issue of religious reform

9. 4. “Another” Anne of Cleves (Flemish Mare), never consummated / annulled

10. 5. Catherine Howard, beheaded after 18 months for adultery

11. 6. Catherine Parr, outlived Henry

12. Six Articles passed (1539) Reaffirms many Catholic sacraments

13. Successors to Henry’s throne (Tudor)

a. Edward VI, Strong Protestant beliefs, adopted Calvinism

1. Ruled 1547-1553, son of Jane Seymour, age 9 when took throne

b. Mary Tudor, Daughter of Catherine of Aragon (1553-1558)

1. Attempted movement to return England to Catholicism

2. Married Phillip II of Spain

3. “Bloody Mary” forceable return of subjects to Catholicism

a. burned protestants

c. Elizabeth I, (Tudor) conformity to the church of England

1. Writes the Thirty-nine articles

2. Restored protestant beliefs

a. Puritans: those who would “purify” protestant beliefs of Catholic practices

G. The Hapsburg dynasty

1. Charles V

a. Inheritance of diverse territory

b. Defended Catholicism

c. Hapsburg-Valois wars (1521 - 1555)

1. Advanced Protestantism, however fragmented Germany

2. Four total wars, against Francis I of France

3. Attempt to thwart growing ottoman turk empire

4. Schmalkaldic league – Protestant princes allied with Henry II (Fra.)

d. Peace of Augsburg 1555

1. Ends war between Charles V and Protestant German states

2. Princes could determine territorial religion

3. Compromise: religion of the ruler of each state would be religion of state, officially Catholic church recognizes Lutheranism

III. Counter reformation (External) / Catholic reformation (Internal)

A. Papacy attempted to reform by creating religious interest in Catholicism

1. A reaction to the Protestant reforms

2. The sacking of Rome (1520)

3. Council of Trent (1545 -1563)

a. Pope Paul III

1. Originally called by pope to unify Christianity

a. first, second session failed (wine, dancing)

2. Third session

a. Attempt to oppress Protestant theology

b. Belief in “faith alone” denied, “faith and good works”

c. Tridentine decrees forbade sale of indulgences

d. Only church could interpret scriptures

3. Catholics emerged reinvigorated to combat Protestants

4. Rejected Lutheran and Calvinist theology

B. New religious orders

1. The Jesuits (society of Jesus)

a. Founded by Ignatius of Loyola The Spiritual Exercises (Spiel. pg. 389)

b. Goal: “To help souls”

c. Jesuit schools adopted humanist curriculum / missionary aspect

d. Militarily organized “Give me your child, you can have the man”

e. “The rule of god” “Absolute obedience to the pope”

2. The Congregation of the Holy Office

a. Established by Pope Paul III

b. Authority over all Catholics to arrest, imprison and execute

c. Published Index of Prohibited Books

IV. Results of the Reformation

A. Skepticism toward papal power and Catholicism,

B. Protestants develop their own rigid orthodox

1. Originally what made Luther split with the church

C. Destroyed unity of Europe as an holistic Christian society

D. Helped pave the way for religious tolerance, growth of religious enthusiasm.

E. Religion plays an important role in political issues

F. Strengthens the power of secular rulers, political leaders now have power over clergy

G. Art: Albrecht Durer: “Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse”

H. Catholic vs. Protestant “style” (chalices and churches)

V. Differences between Catholicism and Protestantism

A. Protestants

1. Stress the role of the bible

2. a priesthood of all believers

3. Denied some or all of the Catholic sacraments

B. Catholics

1. Retained hierarchy of church and positions

2. Authority of the Pope asserted

3. Belief in good works and faith

KING HIGH SCHOOL

N. Hocking

Expansion and Religious wars 1560

I. Background

A. Religious affiliation is used to rationalize war

II. French Wars of Religion (1562-1598) series of nine wars

A. Habsburg-Valois wars (1562) Duke of Guise massacred Huegenots

1. Spain emerges victorious and becomes more powerful

2. Primarily fought in Italy

3. Extensive financing of the war, develops as a precondition to upheaval

a. Sales of publi offices: Tax exempt class, “Nobility of the robe”

b. Concordat of Bologna: Treaty with the papacy

1. Francis I agrees to papal supremacy over councils

2. French monarchy can now appoint church positions

3. Establishes Catholicism in France

4. Ends dynastic conflicts and begins wars based on theology

5. Treaty of Chateau-Cambresis, ends Habsburg-Valois wars

6. Creates a polarization with Huguenots

7. Precipitants

a. Calvinists attacks on Catholic churches, statues, windows, etc.

b. Henry III establishes the Catholic league

c. Saint Bartholomew’s Day massacre (1572) Paris, France

1. Marriage of Henry of Navarre, Margaret of Valois

2. Henry of Guise had Gaspard de Coligny attacked Huguenot leaders

3. Parisian Huguenots killed (3,000), also in Lyons, Orleans, Meaux

4. Approx. 20,000 total

B. War of the Three Henrys

1. Henry of Guise (Cath) Henry of Navarre (Calvin.) King Henry III (Cath.)

2. Results

a. Politiques: a sect of people wanting to restore a strong monarchy

b. Henry of Guise, King Henry III are assassinated,

c. Henry of Navarre (Henry IV) now on the throne

1. “Paris is worth a mass” End of Catholic league and conflict,

converts to Catholicism

2. Edict on Nantes (1598) sanctioned Huguenots religious toleration

3. Freedom to worship, assemble, public offices

4. Precursor to French Absolutism

III. Dutch revolt (Spanish Netherlands)

A. Phillip II (Spain) inherited lands from Charles V (Habsburg) who abdicated the throne

1. Seventeen provinces, Calvinism appealed to the middle classes of dutch

2. Phillip II appoints Margaret to end protestant sects in Netherlands (Calvinist refuge)

a. Spain attempted to impose Inquisition and make Europe Catholic

3. Calvinists rioted against Phillip II, led by William of Orange

4. Duke of Alva “Council of Blood” sent to execute calvinists, later removed

5. Alexander Farnese sent to end revolt

6. Result: Pacification of Ghent

a. Union of Utrect; Protestant. Union of Arras: Catholic

7. Elizabeth I defends the Prot. cause

B. Spanish Armada defeated by the English fleet (1588)

1. One of the most decisive victories in naval warfare

2. Prevents Phillip II (married Mary) from war with England and defeating the Dutch

IV. Thirty Years War (1618-1648) (BDSF) Protestants fight Catholics across Europe

A. Background

1. Lutheran princes form the Protestant Union (1608)

2. Catholic league (1609) formed to counter the Prot. alliance at Palatinate

3. Bourbons of France and Habsburgs of Austria both supported Catholicism

B. Bohemian period (1618-1625)

1. Civil war between Prot. Union and Catholic league

2. Ferdinand I attempts to revoke Protestant rights

3. Ferdinand’s officials thrown from castle window: “Defenestration of Prague” (1618)

4. Forcible conversions and Jesuits convert Bohemia to Catholicism

5. Battle of White Mountain: Bohemia made Catholic / Frederick V into exile (Holland)

C. Danish period (1625-1629)

1. King Christian IV of Denmark (Lutheran) led army into northern Germany

2. Albert of Wallenstein victorious (Under Ferdinand II)

3. Edict of Restitution (1629) restored Catholic territories lost to Protestants

4. Outlawed Calvinism, led to Swedish involvement

D. Swedish period (1630-1635)

1. Gustavus Adolphus (Lutheran) of Sweden victorious

a. Sweden becomes a strong European power

2. Denmark, Poland, Finland under Swedish control

3. Ferdinand and Wallenstein assassinated.

4. Ended Habsburg hopes of German unification. Peace of Prague

E. French (International or Franco-Swedish) period (1635-1648)

1. Cardinal Richelieu (France) declares war on Spain & Austrian Habsburgs

2. Peace of Westphalia (1648)

1. Reasserted Peace of Augsburg but recognized Calvinism

2. Recognized power and authority of German princes determine own religion

3. Influence of Holy Roman Empire diminished

a. 300 independent German states recognized

4. Swiss confederation and Netherlands (Dutch) independence established

5. Allowed French influence in German affairs of state

6. Treaty of Munster, recognized Dutch independence, remained Hapsburg

3. Treaty of Pyrenees (1659) Spanish Netherlands to France, Demise of Spanish power

F. Results

1. Roughly 1/3 German population killed, France arguably the “winner”

2. Proved to be disastrous for German economy, Eastern Germany enserfed

3. Refugees and the spread of disease

4. Loss of agricultural land, and labor (Serfs) Period of peasant revolts

V. England

A. Elizabeth I

1. “neither a good protestant, nor papist” John Knox

2. Act of uniformity – Book of common Prayer

3. Golden Speech (Spiel. pg. 408)

4. Challenged by cousin Mary queen of Scots

a. Mary fled to England, beheaded from plot to assassinate Elizabeth

5. Conflict with Spanish Economic interests / shipping

a. Phillip II prepared Spanish Armada to attack England

b. Pope offered financial support

c. Spanish armada defeated

VI. Explorations

A. Background

1. Motives include the further growth of Christianity

2. Desire for greater material wealth (economic) “God, Glory and Gold”

3. Nations under control of strong monarchies

4. Development of colonies, rivalries develop over trade and territory

B. Portugal

1. Henry “The Navigator” establishes navigation and exploration school at Sagres

2. Early leaders in expansion overseas, mounted canons on ships

3. Controls transport of gold / slave trade / ivory / spice

C. Spain

1. Columbus: discoveries in the new world

2. Vasco da Gama: Reached India

3. Magellan: Cape horn, Cape of good hope / first known circumnavigation of Earth

4. John Cabot: Sighted Newfoundland

5. Hernan Cortez: Landed on coast of Mexico

a. Established So. American colonies / conquistadors destroyed Aztec empire

D. Netherlands, France, England (colonize N. America)

1. Dutch East India Company established

a. Fostered commercial imperialism

2. France and England primarily interested in colonization

a. English colonies: 1607, Jamestown 1620 Mass. Bay

b. Dutch: 1625 New Amsterdam

VI. Women

A. Protestants saw marriage as a contract

B. Catholics as a sacramental union

C. Worked in several diverse occupations

D. Subsistence agriculture

E. Witches

1. Undiagnosed illness / misfortunes attributed to witchcraft

2. Malleus Maleficarum / Misogyny (hatred of women especially the elderly)

3. Provided a legal basis for execution of women

*1980 DBQ

VII. Arts and Literature

A. Literature

1. Montaigne: Essay’s “Know thyself”

a. Use self-knowledge to understand the world

b. Middle-way: moderation and toleration

2. Elizabethan and Jacobean

a. Shakespeare reflects ideas of classical culture, humanism, individualism

b. King James version of the Bible

B. Art & Music

1. Peter Paul Rubens, typified baroque painting The Landing of Marie de Medeci

2. Gian Lorenzo Bernini: Ecstasy of Saint Theresa

3. El Greco: Laocoon

4. Artemisia Gentileschi: Judith Beheading Holofernes

5. Mannerism- Distorted proportion using elongation anxiety and confusion

6. Baroque- Combine classics of Renaissance and religion of reformation – ornate style

7. Music: Johann Sebastian Bach, concertos and cantatas

KING HIGH SCHOOL

N. Hocking

The rise of Absolutism 1600

I. Absolutism (Absolute monarchy)

A. Sovereignty is given to the monarch

1. Rule by “divine right” responsible to God- Bishop Jacques Boussuet

2. Politics drawn from Holy Scripture

3. Able to consolidate power within their territories

4. Coincides with the dissolution of Feudalism

5. Often “reform” used only to appease others (did not set limits on power)

B. France and warfare

1. Henry IV issues the Edict of Nantes (1598) “Law of Concord”

a. protecting Huguenots by allowing religious tolerance

b. “Paulette” fee paid to ensure familial line to royal offices

c. Duke of Sully: began efforts of Mercantilism

2. Cardinal Richelieu (chief Minister) casts influence over reign of Louis XIII

a. worked to decrease the power of the French nobility

b. organized France into 32 districts (Generalities)

1. appointed royal Intendants to enforce royal orders

2. power of the French state grew with power of Intendants

c. municipal governments are now part of the nation

d. sought to destroy Hapsburg territories

e. Political Testament wealth determines governments policy

4. Louis XIV “Sun King” (quintessential absolute monarch)

a. longest reign in European history (L’etat c’est moi) “I am the state”

b. grew up as a monarch, gaining political savvy

c. Mazarin- (Richelieu’s successor)

1. continued Richelieu’s policies

2. conflicts of the Fronde solidified Louis XIV’s belief in absolute monarchy

3. Fronde: (1648-1653) Nobles attempt to regain influence

XIII & lower taxes. (slingshot) over Mazarin

d. able to solidify control over the nobility (One king, one law, one faith)

1. persecuted Jansenists (Cornelius Jansen)

a. withdraw from society given that it is sinful

2. Against Jesuits

e. royal court at Versailles

f. Jean-Baptiste Colbert: Controller General of Finances

1. Mercantilism- Decrease imports/ Increase exports

a. Economic regulations to increase the power of the state

b. Worked to create advantages through foreign trade

c. Colonies exist for the mother country

d. Economic WAR.. High tariffs on Foreign goods

2. Created merchant marine for trade purposes

3. Pronounced increase in textile and new industries

4. Sought self-sufficiency of France

5. Improved transportation system

g. Revocation of the Edict of Nantes (1685)

1. Huguenots forced to renounce faith, churches destroyed

2. Huguenot craftsmen subsequently emigrate (England 200,000)

3. Religious pluralism not particularly tolerated in France

h. Several wars led to the depletion of capital and French economy

1. William of Orange becomes king of England

a. Joins with Hapsburgs “League of Augsburg”

5. War of Devolution (1667-1668) (First Dutch war)

a. Louis XIV claims Spanish Neth. after death of Phillip IV

b. Triple alliance formed: England, Holland, Sweden

6. Second Dutch war (1672-1678)

a. France invades Holland

b. Dutch open dikes and flood land

c. Peace of Nijmegan grants all land back to Holland

7. Invasion of Spanish Netherlands by France (1683)

a. France occupies Luxembourg and Lorraine

b. League of Augsburg formed in response: Holy Roman Empire, Holland, Spain, Sweden, Palatinate, Saxony, et. al.

8. War of the League of Augsburg (1689-1697)

a. France battles England and Holland on Rhine, low countries, Italy.

b. Treaty of Ryswick (1697) captured territories returned

c. French control of Alsace and Strasbourg

9. War of the Spanish Succession (1701-1713)

a. In dispute: French control (throne) of the Spanish Neth.

b. Grand Alliance: English, Dutch, Austrians, Prussians

1. Defeated France

2. Support Charles VI, oppose Phillip of Anjou for Spanish throne

3. Battle of Blenheim prevents France from dominating Europe- British Victory.

4. French and Spanish drive allies from Spain: Phillip put on the throne

c. Peace of Utrecht (1713)

1. Balance of power issues, Phillip V crowned king

2. Spain ceases as power, Span. Neth. To Hapsburgs

3. Expands British Empire in New World/ Naval Power

4. Ends Louis XIV expansionist policies

10. War of Austrian succession (1740-1748)

a. Frederick the great invades Silesia

b. England sides with Hapsburgs against Prussia, Bavaria, France and Spain

c. Prussia retains Silesia and becomes powerful

d. Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle, France loses burgundy, gains twelve border towns.

11. Seven Years’ War (1756-1763)- French and Indian War.

a. Austria attempts to regain Silesia with help from France and Russia

b. British fund Prussia most conflicts in North America

c. Treaty of Paris (1763) France loses all New World possessions to Britain

12. Trends

a. French neo- “classicism”

1. Painting: Poussin, Rape of the Sabine Women, Burial of Phocian

2. Literature: Moliere, The Bourgeois Gentleman, Tartuffe (handout)

3. Jean Racine, Andromaque, Berenice, Iphigenie, Phedre

4. Typically follows style of Greek and Roman classes/ Trajedies.

b. Jansenists: Followed theology of Cornelius Jansen

1. Against Jesuits

2. One should withdraw from the world, because it is sinful

C. Spain

1. Phillip II

a. Built Escorial palace, outside of Madrid

d. Premature death of four wives, and several children

e. Appointed Duke of Alba, “I am resolved not to leave a creature alive.”

f. Expanded the Spanish empire including American colonies

2. The decline of Spanish power

a. small middle class, leads to a polarization of classes

b. Prominent inflation and heavy taxation give rise to fiscal problems

c. succession of weak political leaders

d. Participation in the Thirty-Years War

e. defeat of the Spanish armada

f. French-Spanish wars

1. Spanish defeated at Rocroi

2. Treaty of the Pyrenees (1659) yields territories to France

3. Charles II, dies childless, leads to war of Spanish Succession

4. Phillip V (1700-1746)

a. Modernizes Spanish army, agriculture

5. Ferdinand VI (r1746-1759)

6. Charles III (1759-1788)

a. Continues reforms, devout Catholic, eliminates laws restricting trade

7. Literature

a. Miguel de Cervantes Don Quixote

1. Quixotic “Idealistic but impractical”

II. Constitutionalism

A. Represents a limited government between the rights of the subjects and Gov’t. authority

B. England (Stuart England)

1. Elizabeth I (Tudor)

a. Mary Stuart (Queen of Scots) forced to abdicate her throne in 1568

b. Elizabeth feared Mary (Catholic) would attain the English throne

1. Spanish and French plot to depose her 1583

2. Treaty of Berwick (1586) defensive alliance with Scotland

3. Elizabeth imprisons Mary (executed in 1587)

c. English forces loyal to Elizabeth defeat Scottish armies

d. 39 Articles, Relations between church and state

d. Excommunicated by Pius V in 1570

e. Elizabeth dies on March 24, 1603 in her forty-fifth year of reign

2. James VI (Stuart) succeeds Elizabeth I

a. Advocate of “divine right”

b. Power vacuum develops between the monarchy and Parliament

3. Charles I (Stuart)

a. William Laud, Archbishop of Canterbury

1. “Court of high commission” sought unity of church services

b. Inherited both the English and Scottish thrones at fathers death (James I)

c. Levies “Ship tax” (coastal defense tax) on inland countries

(tonnage & poundage)

d. “Long Parliament”(20 yrs) enacts legislation to limit power of the monarchy

e. Commons impeached Laud and Earl of Strafford

f. abolished “Court of high commission”

g. adds to the power vacuum

4. English Civil War (1642-1649) English Revolution

a. Preconditions include English exploitation of Irish/ Line of Stuart Kings

b. Charles I inherits English, Scottish thrones, imposes money demands from both houses of Parliament

c. Petition of Right (1628) King was to accept:

1. No loan or tax without parliamentary consent, Marshall Law in Peacetime

2. Due process, soldiers could not be housed in private homes

d. King dissolves Parliament (1629-1640)

e. Religious persecution/ Ship money: Tax

f. Short Parliament King reconvenes Parliament to levy taxes to pay for Scottish war. When given list of grievances, dissolves Parliament

g. Scots invade, develop a treaty

h. Long Parliament (1640-1660)

1. King reconvenes Parliament to raise money, army

2. Wentworth executed for treason

i. Irish rebellion (Catholics) killing of Protestants

j. English Civil war formally begins (1662)

1. Charles orders impeachment of Puritans in house of commons

2. Country divided: North and West with King, East and South: Parliament, Navy support Parliament

k. Early stages of the War

1. Initial Parliament, under Cromwell (New Model Army)

2. Over who held sovereignty: King (Cavaliers) or

Parliament (Roundheads)

3. Parliament victorious, Charles I captured 1646

4. Abolishes Kngship, Charles executed, and house of lords

5. “Rump” parliament

6. A commonwealth declared (1649-1659)

l. Oliver Cromwell

1. Develops a military dictatorship, fighting in Ireland, Scots led by Charles II defeated, flees to France.

2. Levellers: all men should vote connected with land ownership. Free speech/ democratic government

3. Diggers: Denied Parliament spoke for Englishmen, private owned land.

4. Ranters: Rejected Heaven, Hell and sin, salvation through drink and sex.

5. England divided into 12 provinces (districts)

a. ruled by a major general

5. The Instrument of Government (1653) establishes:

6. The Protectorate (1653-1659)

a. Cromwell dissolves Parliament (Cromwell: “Lord Protector”)

7. Puritan-militaristic rule ends with Cromwells death (1658)

m. The Restoration: desire to restore monarchy (1660-1688) and house of Loros

1. Charles II (1661) crowned king, dies in 1685

a. Agrees to abide by decisions of Parliament

n. Clarendon codes (series of laws against religious dissenters: Puritans)

o. Act of Corporation (1661) officers to take communion in Anglican church

p. Act of Uniformity (1662) All ministers must use Anglican book of common

prayer.

1. Parliament enacts the Test Act (1673)

a. Banned Catholics from royal offices/ only Anglican

b. Supercedes Clarendon codes

2. Cabal established

3. Habeas Corpus Act (1679) right to rapid trial

4. James II

a. Wanted Test act repealed (1687)

1. Declaration of Indulgence: religious toleration to foster royal absolutism

2. 1688 flees to France

5. The “Glorious Revolution” 1688-1689

a. Final stage in the struggle for “divine right” monarchy in England

1. Fear that a Catholic dynasty would be created under James II

b. William (of Orange) and Mary (of Holland) accept throne and supremacy of

Parliament. Bloodless

c. The king now rules with consent of the governed

d. Bill of rights developed (1689)

1. King could not be Roman Catholic

2. Taxation without Parliamentary consent became illegal

3. Trial by jury, excessive bail and unusual punishments banned

7. Elections to Parliament

e. Toleration Act (1689) Puritan Dissenters permitted public worship

6. Restoration of the English monarchy

a. Hanoverians (Protestant) Stuarts (Catholic)

b. Queen Anne (1665-1714)

1. Protestant, daughter of James II

2. Succeeded William II (Brother-in-law)

3. Act of Union (1707) linked Scotland, Ireland, Wales

a. Adopted the Union Jack

c. George I (1660-1727)

1. Became king in 1714

3. Distant cousin of Anne

4. Obese, earned the title, “King Log”

d. George II (1683-1760)

1. King in 1727

2. Unsuccessful coup attempt by Charles Edward Stuart

3. British anthem “God Save The King”

e. Toleration Act (1689)

1. right to worship for Protestants, nonconformists

2. could not hold office

f. Trials for Treason Act

g. Mutiny Act (1689) Martial law governs army

h. Act of Settlement (1701)

1. ensured the throne is not given to Stuart

i. John Locke, Second Treatise of Civil Government. (Spiel. 451)

1. Defending the principles of life, liberty, property

2. Governments overstepping their power needs to be dissolved

j. Edmund Burke, (1729-1797)

1. Thoughts On the Cause of Present Discontents “national interest”

2. Reflections on the Revolution in France

b. Enlightened rationalism threatens traditional ruling “elite”

k. Thomas Hobbes

1. England could only be saved by a powerful state, a “Leviathan”

desire to relinquish individual freedom. (Spiel. 451)

2. Defended absolutism; people would only obey if afraid of the

consequences. Surrender their rights in return for protection.

3. Opposed to theories of Locke, similar to Rousseau.

l. Tories: Backed the rule of the monarchy

m. Whigs: role of Parliament was to protect Britain from power of the throne

E. Netherlands “Dutch Golden Age”

1. Peace of Westphalia, 1648 Treaty of Munster recognize the Republic of United Provinces

a. Peace of Westphalia ends eighty years of war with Spain

2. Commercial prosperity developed through fishing industry ship building and trade

a. Enables political success to develop/Highest per capita income (Amsterdam)

b. Dutch East and West Indian Companies develops several trade routes/ Large capacity ships- Fluyt

c. Amsterdam Public Bank, economy flourishes- People migrate to Amster.

d. Netherlands represented areas of religious toleration

3. Dutch art

a. Rembrandt, Jan Steen, Cuyp, Van Goyen, Vermeer

b. Represented by the interplay of light and shadow

4. Religious toleration is noteworthy

5. Economic decline

a. Wars with England and France weaken economy (1670’s)

1. Ends in 1688 accession of William and Mary to English throne

b. War of Spanish Succession (1701-1714)

1. England emerges solidified

E. Ottoman decline

1. Mohammed IV, attempted to conquer Vienna, Polish army defeat the Turks

2. Mustapha II, Loses Hungary and Transylvania to Austria

3. Ahmed III defeats Peter the Great at Azov, abdicates due to rebellion

4. Mahmud I, Russia regains Azov, Austria loses Belgrade

5. Abdul Hamid: Surrenders Crimea to Catherine the Great, Austria retakes Belgrade

KING HIGH SCHOOL

N. Hocking

Eastern European Absolutism

I. Background

A. Serfdom revived, and oppressive actions of lords secured subjugation

1. laws to control serfs were passed

2. Lords seized peasant lands

3. Serfdom rises in the East, diminishes in the West

4. These actions leads to increased political power of Lords

II. Austria and Prussia

A. Austria (Hapsburg monarchy)

1. determined to end Protestantism

2. defended Catholicism in the Thirty Years’ War

3. Unified their territorial reign and increased serfdom

4. Ottoman Turks ultimately defeated and Hapsburgs increased territorial influence

5. Three Habsburg states

a. Austria, Bohemia, Hungary

6. Leopold I (1658-1705)

a. Patron of arts, Catholic, drove Turkish army away from Austria

7. Charles VI (1711-1740) attempt to pass all Habsburg territories to a single heir

a. Giving rise to Absolutism

b. Opposed by Hungarian nobility

1. Primarily Protestant, reacted harshly against Catholicism

2. Wanted to maintain local independence and control

8. Maria Theresa (1740-1780)

a. Increased army, centralized government

9. Joseph II (1765-1790)

a. Expanded state schools, granted religious tolerance

B. Prussia (Hohenzollern family)

1. Hohenzollern family came into power following the Thirty Years’ War

2. Frederick William, Elector of Brandenburg (The Great Elector)

a. Attempt to unify his territories under absolute rule

b. Brandenburg, Prussia, and territories in the Rhine

c. Dominated by the “Junkers” (nobility and land owning class)

d. Taxation and military rule established

3. Frederick I

a. Founds universities, encourages intellectuals to settle in Prussia

4. Frederick William I (The Soldiers’ King)

a. Attained Absolutism under military power

b. Established one of the most efficient armies in Europe

c. Power given to the Junkers as military officers

4. Frederick II (The Ostentatious) The Great

a. Aided Catholicism in war of Spanish Succession

III. Russia (Muscovoy)

A. Muscovite princes end rule of the Khan and Mongols

1. Ivan III (1462-1505)

a. consolidated territories surrounding Moscow (Prince of Moscow)

b. Termed the Tsar (Slavic for Caesar) Absolutism established

c. became leader of Orthodox Christianity

d. power struggle with Russian nobles (Boyars)

2. Ivan IV (1533-1584) “The Terrible”

a. Dismissed advisors and proclaimed himself Tsar (Autocracy)

b. Mother was poisoned as a child, married Anastasia Romanov

c. Fought to attain remaining Mongol territories

d. Wars and purges depleted population

e. Killed own son

1. “Cossacks” peasants escaping reign of Ivan IV and formed armies

a. Boyars were killed to consolidate power

b. Ivan and heir Theodore die “Time of troubles”

1. Cossacks led by Ivan Bolotnikov returned killing nobles and recruiting peasants.

a. Duma- Council of Boyars

b. Zemsky Sobor- Landed Assembly

2. Russian nobles elected Michael Romanov as Tsar (1613)

3. Russian Orthodox church divided

4. Cossack uprisings again under reign of Alexis

3. Romanov’s elected by general assembly as czars

4. Peter the Great

a. Established own system of Absolute monarchy, builds St. Petersburg (spiel. 439)

b. Alliance with Austria and Poland against the Ottoman Turks

c. Great Northern War, Ultimately Charles XII (Sweden) defeated

d. Created modern army with vast taxation- First Russian Navy

e. Employed foreign advisors with ideas learned in Western Europe (Westernize)

f. Sets tone for rule of Catherine the Great

IV. Sweden (1640-1650)

A. King Charles XI

1. Instituted Absolute rule in Sweden

2. Followed by son Charles XII killed in battle in Norway (The Great Northern War)

a. Dynastic expansion included Denmark, Norway, Estonia, Lithuania

3. Parliament established, eventually overthrown by King Gustavus III/ Defeated by Peter Great/ Russia

V. Art in Eastern Europe “Baroque”

A. Primarily reflected in architecture

1. To convey the power of absolute monarchs

2. St. Petersburg developed under Peter the Great

a. to develop a “modern” capital

b. Bartolomeo Rastrelli

c. by 1780’s St. Petersburg was one of the largest cities in Europe

KING HIGH SCHOOL

N. Hocking

Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment 1600

I. Background

A. General intellectual shift

B. logic and mathematics are utilized to foster “the age of light”

C. Secular humanism fosters the polarization of church vs. State

D. New religious thought, nothing is accepted by “faith alone”

II. Scientific Revolution

A. Preconditions to the scientific revolution

1. Established University systems develops scholars

2. Inquiry developed from Renaissance humanism

1. Departure from Medieval theory

B. Individuals of Science

1. Francis Bacon (1561-1626)

a. English politician, rejected Copernicus and Kepler

b. experimental approach to theory

c. Empirical method, inductive reasoning

d. Empiricism: examination of Phenomena

2. Rene Descartes (refined the “scientific method”)

a. Deductive reasoning based on observation, analytic geometry

b. Focus on Physical (matter) and Spiritual (mind) (Cartesian dualism)

c. Cogito, Ergo sum “I think therefore I am”

d. Discourse on Method (Spiel. 478)

e. Math as a foundation for science (mind over matter)

3. Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543) (Spiel. 466)

a. Heliocentric: stars and planets revolve around the sun (Condemnation)

b. On the Revolutions of Celestial Spheres

c. Raised questions about Aristotle’s Astronomy/ Physics

d. Contrary to religious doctrine

4. Tyco Brahe (1546-1601)

a. Differentiated from theories of Copernicus

b. Denmark, built sophisticated observatory- Uraniborg

c. Collected massive amounts of data- To reject Aristotelian- Ptolemaic System

5. Johannes Kepler (Brahe’s assistant) (Spiel. 467)

a. Develops three laws of planetary motion

1. Ellipse, speed variation, orbit relation to distance

5. Galileo Galilei (1564 -1642)

a. Formalized experimentation/ systematic observation using telescope

b. Laws of motion and inertia, discovered four moons of Jupiter

c. Tried for heresy and imprisoned

d. The Starry Messenger: Legitimized Copernican Theory

e. Dialog on: Ptolemaic and Copernican- Again supported Copern. Theory

f. Body in motion stays in motion unless deflected by external sources

6. Issac Newton (1642-1727)

a. Applied previous scientific research

b. Law of universal gravitation

1.Object stays in motion unless deflected

2. Rate of change in proportion to force acting upon it

3. Every action- Equal and opposite reaction

c. Principia synthesized the Scientific revolution

d. Pope epitaph, “God said let Newton be! And all was light”

7. Benedict de Spinoza (1632-1677)

a. Dutch philosopher, Pantheism/ Monism.

b. “Toleration of all beliefs”

c. Cartesian

8. Gottfried Leibniz (1646-1716)

9. Blaise Pascal (1623-1662)

a. Originated science of probability- Pensees Attempt to convert Rationalists to Christianity

b. Calculating machine

C. Individuals Of Medicine

1. Paracelsus (1493-1541)

a. Macrocosm- parts of universe represented in all people

b. Father pf Modern Medicine (Homeopathy/ Holistic Drugs)

2. Andreas Vesalius (1514-1564)

a. On the Fabric of the Human Body: Study of Anatomy/ Physiology

3. William Harvey (1578- 1657)

a .On the motion of the heart and Blood. Heart responsible for circulation

D. Results of the Scientific revolution

1. Social institutions change

a. growth of agriculture, surplus of food, broke the pattern of life

b. population explosion

c. defoliation of forests and demand for wood

d. longitudinal transition to a new source of energy: coal

2. Political thought becomes apparent, politically articulate middle class

a. Evolution of political systems

3. Scientific thought perpetuated

4. integral to the Age of Light (Enlightenment)

E. Scientific Societies:

1. English Royal Society- Little Government Involvement

2. French Royal Academy of Sciences – Gov’t control/ Finances

3. Scientific Academy (Braudenburg)

III. The Enlightenment (Age of Light)

A. Principles of:

1. Reason: Strive to understand aspects of life through critical evaluation

2. Scientific Method: Used to explain society and nature

3. Progress: Improve society and individuals (Progress is possible)

B. Individuals of reason

1. Bernard Fontenelle (1657 -1757)

a. Plurality of Worlds, Eulogies of Scientists

b. Hypothesized the importance of intellectual progress

c. Claimed the church was fraudulent

d. popularized secularism

2. Pierre Bayle (1647 - 1706)

a. delineated “Skepticism” Historical and Critical Dictionary

b. Journalist, Protestant, wrote four volume dictionary on Skepticism

1. Most widely read book in France beside the Bible

2. No absolute truth, only relative truth

c. “Nothing can be known beyond all doubt”

3. John Locke

a. Essay concerning human understanding, Second Treatise of Civil Gov’t.

b. Rejected theories of Descartes

c. Theories on learning / ideas derived from experience (not innate)

d. Tabula Rasa: Human development by education and social experiences

e. People should be served by elected Government, contract between ruler/people. Against theories of Hobbes.

C. The Philosophes (Philosophers) Develops in France to reform society

Examined: The meaning of life / God, Cause and effect, Good vs. Evil.

Followed “classicism” of Greece and Rome, Freedom of expression

1. Montesquieu (1689 - 1755)

a. Persian Letters

b. The Spirit of Laws : argued for popular sovereignty (Spiel. 490)

c. separation of powers, no monarchy, no nobility

d. Questioned basis of French society and society in general

e. Political power should be shared by all social classes, represented middle class

f. U.S. and French Constitutions

2. Voltaire ( Francois-Mame Arouet) (Spiel. 492)

a. Candide series of misfortunes, Age of Louis XIV

b. Diest, believed in God but not an established church

c. Social and political reformer, enlightened rulers

d. Policy current: theories become more inflexible

e. Criticized Rousseau

2. Denis Diderot (1713 - 1784) D’Alembert

a. Encyclopedia works of philosophy to change way of thinking

1. Placed on papal Index of Prohibited books

2. widely read, most influential in France

4. Paul D’Holbach (1723 - 1789)

a. Atheist, wrote System of Nature

5. David Hume

a. Ideas reflect sensory experiences (observation and reflection)

b. Treatise on Human Nature

c. “The science of man”

d. sensory experiences

e. philosophy undermines “power of reason” associated with the enlightenment

6. Jean Jacques Rousseau (1712 -1775)

a. The Social Contract “men are born free, yet everywhere they are in chains”

b. Represented the poor and emerging classes

c. “General will” and popular sovereignty through the search for freedom.

d. Emile, Regarding education and ethics.

7. Marie- Jean De Condorcet (1743-1794)

a. The progress of the Human Mind- Humans progressed through nine stages of history, the tenth being perfection.

D. Enlightenment influence on Monarchs

1. Prussia Frederick II (The Great) (1762-1796)

a. Allowed religious and philosophical freedom

b. improved education, economy and legal reforms instituted

c. Maintained Junker nobility, territorial expansion

2. Russia Catherine II (The Great) (1762 - 1796)

a. Sought to rule as enlightened monarch, Charter of the Nobility

b. Brought Western ideas / culture to Russia

c. Territorial expansion included Poland

d. Pugachev’s Rebellion (Cossacks)

1. Rebels killed landlords

1. Led by Emelian Pugachev, ended by Habsburg troops

2. led to reforms of Maria Teresa and Joseph II

e. Did not attempt to reform serfdom (Domestic)

3. Austria

a. Maria Teresa

1. Church and state regulated by Government

2. levied taxes, improved agriculture

b. Joseph II

1. Granted religious toleration, attempted to abolish serfdom

3. Leopold II (Josephs brother) forced to cancel reforms

4. France (Louis XV)

a. Appointed Rene De’Maupeou (taxation difficulties)

1. abolished French Parliaments

2. Created a Lackey Parliament

b. Louis XVI

1. Reinstated Old parliament

2. Dismissed De’Maupeou

5. Precondition to financial and political crisis

IV. Results of the Enlightenment

A. Political reform from above (Gov’t was a science)

B. Literacy and reading increased

C. Rise of Salons

1. Drawing rooms used as a forum for philosophic

discussions and public debate

E. Signified the end of absolutism (France)

F. Pushed theology to background

G. Rococo style (Louis XV) reduces baroque forms to decorative style

1. utilized different materials, wood, metal, stucco, glass, porcelain

2. Often birds, nature replaced religious objects

3. Antoine Watteau

4. Giovanni Battista Tiepolo

5. Balthasar Nevmann

H. Beliefs

1. Rationalists: stressed deductive reasoning or mathematical logic

2. Empiricists: Inductive reasoning, emphasis on sensory experiences

3. Philosophes: teachers and journalists who popularized the Enlightenment.

4. Physiocrats: Stressed economic implications for land/ rejected mercantilism.

KING HIGH SCHOOL

N. Hocking

Social changes in pre-industrial Europe 1700

I. Economic changes

A. Agricultural

1. Primarily agrarian, “open-field” system

a. depletion of the soil

2. Periodic low yield years, “Famine foods”

3. Crop rotation was utilized

a. Eliminated the problem of fallow lands

b. Alternating grain crops, nitrogen-storing crops

4. “Common” lands / open field system ended by the enclosure movement

a. Determined from the English aristocracy (1700’s: Land owners predominately elected to house of commons)

b. “Enclosure acts” of Parliament for division of land

c. dealt a blow to subsistence agriculture / peasants (landless, rural proletariat)

d. develops a system to food production

e. success due to the development of tenant farmers

5. Primarily led by the Netherlands and England

a. Growing population fostered Dutch improvements in agriculture

b. Dutch led process of drainage and irrigation

c. Cornelius Vermuyden, able to convert English marshland into arable soil (reclamation)

d. Charles Townsend, English agricultural pioneer, advocate for scientific farming

e. Jethro Tull, Empirical research to improve animal breeding & agriculture

6. Results

a. Development of “market oriented” farming/ The Columbian Exchange

b. Landless “working class” fostered, rapidly growing labor

c. “The middling sort” most people engaged in commerce, trade, manufact. (England)

d. Bourgeois (France)

B. Cottage industry “Putting-out”

1. fostered by a growth in the population

2. Cheap labor costs fostered a competitive advantage, “Holy Monday” (relaxation)

3. moves away from the craft guilds, into homes, employed rural families

4. raw materials supplied for production purposes (manufacturing techniques)

5. England textile industry responded, capitalism develops

C. Mercantilism/ Colonalism

1. Favorable foreign trade developed through governmental regulations

a. To assist the needs of the state

b. Navigation Acts: (Economic warfare targeted against the Dutch) ((Monopoly))

1. Required imported / exported goods to be carried on British ships

2. Restricted manufacturing in the colonies

3. Fostered a monopoly of trade for England, yet limits growth of their industry

4. Anglo-Dutch wars, decline of Netherlands and Spain in trade power

5. Asiento, West African Slave trade

6. Catalyst for conflict between England and France (Franco-British)

a. War of Spanish Succession

b. War of Austrian Succession

c. Seven Years’ War

1. Treaty of Paris (1763)

D. Growth of foreign trade

1. Toward an Atlantic economy (A result of mercantilism)

2. American, African and Latin American colonies contributed

3. Contrary to mercantilism, Economic Liberalism (Free enterprise)

a. Adam Smith (1723-1790) Inquiry into the wealth of Nations

1. Gov’t should: Provide defense, maintain civil order, public works

2. Promoted unregulated self interest in a competitive market.

II. Population

A. Background

1. limitations fostered by lack of food, disease and conflicts.

2. High birth rate, high death rate

B. Population increase

1. Fewer deaths, disappearance of the plague, less catastrophic deaths

2. Improvements in water supply and sewage reduced typhoid

3. Increased food supply led to fewer famines, food stored in a supply

4. Improved transportation and distribution methods

5. Potato crops improved diets of people, also grains and vegetables

6. Affordable bread “Price revolution”

C. Medical practices

1. By 18th century life spans increased

2. Smallpox inoculations developed through research of Edward Jenner

a. Lady Mary Wortley Montague gave smallpox vaccinations in England

3. Hospital reform sought, based on experimentation

a. surgeons gained experience by battlefield operations / treatment

III. Social changes

A. Development of the “nuclear” family/ crime

1. couples establish their own households apart from extended families

2. Marriage comparatively later in life, so as to support themselves (Economic independence)

3. Public humiliation used for violations against the norm/ crime and punishment

a. .Decline of capital and corporal punishment

b. Prisons/ Cells developed

c. Death Penalty still common

B. Illegitimate children birth rates increased (1750-1850)

1. Often victims of neglect and abuse, rise of “wet nurses”

a. a. “Killing nurses”

b. b. Appearance of toys/games.

c. c. “Overlaying”

d. 2. result of urban migration

e. 3. Instances of Infanticide denounced by the church/ state

4. Foundling homes attempted to stem the tide of child abandonment/ overcrowding

a. St. Vincent de Paul established several foundling homes

b. Rousseau’s children

C. Children

1. Relative indifference toward children

a. High infant mortality, parents emotionally detached

b. often treatment came from midwives

1. Typically mothers themselves, faced criticism

2. Raising Children

a. Rigid discipline

b. “Spare the rod and spoil the Child”, English Author Daniel Defoe

c. “To conquer the will” Susannah Wesley

d. Prussia mandated elementary education

e. Development of schools taught religion and literacy (Realschule)

1. Led to a general growth in literacy between 1600 and 1800

2. Chapbooks, writings of religious devotions, prayers.

3. Protestant theology assisted the development of formal education

D. Medicine

1. System of Physicians, Barber-Surgeons (bleed patients)

2. Surgeons began to be licensed to practice – clinical experience

3. Apothecaries, Midwives, faith healers served commoners

4. Poor hospital conditions

E. Art and Literature

1. The Gleaners, Millet

a. Depicts agrarian life

2. Edict on Idle Institutions, outlawed competitive monastic orders

3. Edward Gibbon Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire

F. Carnival

1. Masquerades, dancing, making light of society/Sexual activities/ Insults *2000 DBQ

2. “Combat between Carnival and Lent” (1559) Peter Bruegel

a. Carnival represented by fat man, Lent by slender woman

b. Drinking and Taverns

IV. Religion

A. Much of Catholicism remained unchanged

1. Families continued to be committed to Christianity in local churches / parishes

2. Processions held to reaffirm piety

3. Territorial churches, controlled by the state

4. Anti-Semitism evident

B. Protestant reforms

1. Included church interiors

2. “Pietism”

a. Enthusiasm of worship/ Confraternities- Laypeople dedicated to good works

b. Inclusive of all social classes, priesthood for all believers

c. Christian “rebirth”

d. Typically bible reading and discussion groups

e. Often replaced formal services

3. John Wesley (1703 -1791) Anglican (Spiel 513)

a. Free will and universal salvation

f. b. mission was to infuse ordinary people with religious doctrine

g. c. Rejected Predestination

h. d. Beginnings of Methodist evangelicalism

4. Hannah More (1745 – 1833)

a. “Bishop in Petticoats”

b. brought ministry to the poor

5. Faith healers used exorcism to treat illness

C. Music

1. Johann Sebasian Bach (1685-1750)

2. George Frederich Handel (1685-1759)

3. Franz Joseph Hayden (1732-1809)

4. Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (1756-1791) (Amadeus)

• 1978 DBQ

KING HIGH SCHOOL

N. Hocking

French Revolution (MEG NALARD C) 1789

I. Preconditions

A. Enlightenment philosophy / theory

1. Locke, Montesquieu

2. 18th century liberalism

B. Seven Years’ War

1. France defeated by Britain

2. Territorial / commercial interests in North America (aid colonists)

3. Results in financial crisis for French Monarchy

C. American Revolution

1. French troops and supplies sent to colonists fighting the British

2. Jacques Necker (1732-1748) French King minister of Finance

3. Necker defended financing, Charles- Alexandre de Calonne new finance minister

4. Calonne spent even more money, for Loius XIV chateaus. called assembly of notables

D. Assembly of notables (1787)

1. To discuss tax reform and other financial mismanagement

2. Interest payments on French National debt exceeded 50% of National income

3. Refused to allow taxation of the nobility

II. Precipitants

A. Problems with the Ancien Regime (Absolute monarchy)

1. Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette

2. Inequities with the monarchy

B. Polarization of social classes

1. First estate

a. Clergy

b. Tax exempt “Voluntary gifts”

2. Second estate

a. Nobility / Aristocracy

b. Taxed peasantry for profit

3. Third estate (commoners) “the strength of France”

a. The Bourgeoisie (middle class)

1. What is the Third Estate? Abbe’ Siyess’

a. “The most useful class in French society”

b. Represented peasants & working classes

2. Rising social and economic status

3. despised aristocracy and absolute monarchy

b. Peasants

1. Wanted to abolish seigniorial system

2. subjected to extensive taxation

3. rising bread prices

C. Estates General called (May 5, 1789)

1. Monarchy orders meeting at Versailles, representatives from all estates

2. Dispute emerges over minimal third estate representation (Gov’t oppression)

a. Louis XVI doubled number of representatives, yet no voting rights

b. Under action of Necker

c. Third Estate representatives typically Lawyers, Gov’t officials

D. National Assembly (1789-1791)

1. Third estate declared themselves the representative body of France

2. Locked out of Versailles by Louis XVI

3. Convene at an indoor tennis court “Tennis court oath”

a. vow not to disband until Constitution has been written

4. National Assembly recognized as Parliament of France

a. Remaining estates join

b. Majority of representation by the third estate

c. Abolish Feudal privileges

5. Developed a limited monarchy

a. Promoted economic freedom

b. Abolished guilds and workers combinations

III. Revolution

A. Storming the Bastille (July 14, 1789)

1. A prison symbolizing the oppression of the Ancien Regime

2. Angry crowds fired upon and overrun Bastille searching for munitions

3. “Is it a revolt?” “No, a revolution.”

4. Bastille falls to Parisian revolutionaries, Paris is lost to the King

5. saves the National Assembly

B. Le Grande Peur “The great fear”

1. Peasant uprisings across French countryside

2. The “Famine plot” to starve out peasants into submission

3. Aristocracy fled France

C. National guard established Paris’ armed force

1. Led by Marquis de Lafayette

2. Units responsible to municipal courts

3. Law of the lamppost

D. Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen (August 27, 1789)

1. Issued by the National Assembly

2. First attempt at a representative Government

3. Based on Liberalism with goal of abolishing class system

4. Freedom of speech, press, religion, unlawful arrest

5. Proclaimed the sovereignty of the people

E. “March to Versailles” (October 5 1789)

1. 7,000 peasants in search of bread

2. Attempted to kill Marie Antoinette

a. Lafayette intervened

3. Royal family is forced to return to Tuileries palace (Paris)

4. “Baker, Baker’s wife, Bakers little boy”

F. Escape to Varennes

1. Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette attempt to escape to Austria

2. Arrested and forced to return to Paris

G. Declaration of Pillnitz (1791)

1. Austria and Prussia willing to intervene to assist in counter-revolution

a. Leopold II (Austrian emperor: Marie Antoinette’s brother)

b. William II (Prussian King)

H. Legislative Assembly / Constitution of 1791

1. All law making power given to Legislative Assembly

a. Abolished powers of the French nobility

2. sought an end to the wars of conquest

3. Ended Ancien Regime

4. Established constitutional (limited) monarchy

5. Other influences

a. Judicial system

1. Abolished Lettres de Cachet

2. Allowed open public trials

3. developed court of final appeal (high court)

b. Local Government

1. France divided into 83 departments

2. Internal tariffs abolished

3. political factions emerge: Jacobins, Girondins, Sans-Cullottes

d. Religion (policies led to discontent)

1. Church property confiscated to back “Assignats”

2. Clergy forced to take oath of loyalty

3. Civil Constitution established a National church

I. Brunswick Manifesto (July 1792)

1. Austria and Prussia issued warnings not to harm the royal family

IV. Reactions and Response

A. National Assembly disbands

B. Legislative Assembly created

1. Jacobin political club of Paris

2. resounding desire to rid other nations of monarchy

C. Tuileries palace seized by Parisian Sans-Cullottes

1. King and family fled to Legislative assembly

2. Suspended from offices and imprisoned

V. Second revolution

A. September massacres (1792)

1. Crowds overthrow and killed prison inmates (Conspirators)

B. The Republic (National Convention)

1. National convention declares France a Republic

2. France declares war on Austria

3. Abolished the monarchy entirely

a. Louis XVI sentenced to death for treason

b. Guillotine “The peoples axe”

c. Law of suspects

4. Desire to create a new culture and break with the past

5. France declares war on Britain, Holland and Spain (Second coalition)

6. Power between the Girodists and the Mountain (Jacobins: “defenders of the poor”)

a. Jacobin leaders: Maximillian Robespierre, Danton, Marat, Carnot

b. Jacobins join with Sans-Cullottes to garnish support and centralize power

c. Institute: The law of the maximum: Setting price ceilings for products

d. Background behind socialist ideology

C. The reign of terror (1793-1794)

1. Robespierre establishes Committee on Public Saftey

a. courts established as well

2. Widespread imprisonment and executions for “political crimes”

3. Dictatorial in context

4. Development of Nationalism

5. Danton believed that the threat was over and called for an end to policies of Robespierre

a. Robespierre had Danton and followers executed

b. “ If you are for the Republic, protection, against it, death” Robespierre

6. Moderates in the Republic claimed Robespierre to be a terrorist and executed

a. Supporters executed and Jacobins overthrown

D. Thermidorian reaction

1. National Convention

a. Abolished economic controls, printed paper money (Assignats)

b. Inflation

c. Sans-Cullottes revolt suppressed by Army

d. Return of Catholicism

e. Second Constitution written (1795)

1. Legislative Assembly chooses five man executive branch

2. The “Directory”

VI. The Directory (1795-1799)

A. Organization

1. Five directors elected to executive position

a. Each holds the Chief executive office in turn

b. Middle class holds political authority, voting and office to property holders

2. Parliament (two houses)

a. Council of Five hundred

b. Council of Elders

3. Constitution of Year III

a. Mass uprisings, ended by Napoleon Bonaparte

B. Results

1. Ends “democratic” (Representative) Government in France

2. 1797 elections were voided

3. Gradual return to dictatorship

4. Several Coups and rebellions

a. Directory maintained power

b. Supported by the military

5. Coup D’ Etat of 1799

a. Napoleon Bonaparte joined three of the Directors in a conspiracy

b. Forced to resign positions

c. Two remaining executive directors arrested

d. Napoleon Secured Gov’t buildings with his army

e. Legislature disbanded

f. Napoleon named “First council” of the Republic

f. Leads to the Consulate Government

6. Edmund Burke, Reflections on the Revolutions in France

a. Conservatism, defended the inherited privileges of elite

b. “Enlightenment rationalism threatened the historic evolution of any nation by

undermining its monarchy, church and ruling elite.”

KING HIGH SCHOOL

N. Hocking

Napoleonic Era 1800

I. Early career

A. Attended military school at Brienne

B. Became a Jacobin

C. Ended royalist uprising during the Thermidorian reaction

1. “Whiff of Grape shot”

D. Early military success against Austrians (1797) Italian campaigns

E. Attempt to occupy Egypt /India (source of British wealth)

1. Austria, Russia, Britain join to form the second coalition

2. French fleet defeated at the Battle of the Nile

3. Eventually defeats Turks in Egypt

II. Political policies

A. From Consulate to empire

1. Directory overthrown, Consulate Government established

a. Three Consuls replace the five directors

i. b. Bonaparte, Sieyes, Ducos

j. c. Bonaparte becomes “First Consul” (1799-1804)

1. Strong executive authority

2. Devise a new constitution

a. approved by plebiscite (Vote of the people)

b. consul’s appointed:

1. Senate

2. Legislative Body: Vote on Laws

3. Tribunate (Council of State) Discuss legislation and laws

a. Eliminated in 1808

4. Asserted “Authority from above, confidence from below”

c. Napoleon named “Consul for Life” (1802)

d. Tribunate, Senate and people established empire

e. Napoleon crowned emperor / Napoleon I (1804-1815)

f. “Enlightened Absolutism” Voltaire

g. Established political hierarchy based on service not blood

III. Social policies

A. Concordat (1801)

1. Made settlement with Catholic Church – acknowledged revolution

2. Goal: Detach church from ties to monarchy / Political leadership

3. Pope Pius VII appoints bishops by recommendation of first consul (State regulated)

4. State pays clerical salaries

5. In general freedom of religious practice (Jews & Protestants)

B. Civil Code of 1804 (Napoleonic code)

1. Counsul of state ordered to codify laws

2. Most articles concerned private property & security of wealth

3. Equality before the law (Males)

4. Freedom of Religion, abolished serfdom

5. Familial influence, inheritance

a. Reasserted patriarchy, women as dependants

b. “Women should not be regarded as equal to men…nothing more than machines for producing children.”

B. Institutions

1. Established the bank of France (1800)

a. Abandoned assignats (Backed by church lands)

b. Facilitated tax collection

2. Established state secondary schools (Lycees) 1802

a. Linking education to nationalism

b. Public university system developed (1808)

IV. Military Policy

A. Second coalition: (Britain, Austria, Russia)

1. Austria defeated (June 1800)

a. France gains territory in Italy, Southern Netherlands

2. Russia fighting Ottoman empire

3. British sign “Peace of Amiens” (1802)

a. France regains captured colonies from Britain

4. Haitian revolution / independence

B. Third coalition forms (1805)

1. French fleet defeated at Battle of Trafalgar

2. French victory over Austrians at Austrelitz

3. Napoleon organizes “Confederation of the Rhine” (Holy Roman Empire)

a. Austrians under King Frederick William III defeated at Jena & Berlin

4. Russian army defeated at Friedland

a. Napoleon met with Tsar Alexander

b. Sign Treaty of Tilsit

5. Austria invades Bavaria (1809)

a. Napoleon captures Vienna, Wagram

6. “Continental system” (1806)

a. Cut off Britain from colonial market

b. Economic warfare to blockade ports

c. Britain responds with “Orders in council”

d. Napoleon issues “Milan decrees”

7. Peninsular war Spain (1808 – 1813)

a. Brother Joseph Bonaparte named King of Spain

b. Spanish and Portuguese guerilla warfare

c. British troops intervene led by Arthur Wellesley (Duke of Wellington)

1. Britain and United States enter war of 1812

d. Referred to as Napoleons ”Spanish Ulcer”

8. Invasion of Russia (1812) (Duelists)

a. Opposed by Talleyrand

b. Napoleons “Grand Army” numbering 600,000 troops

c. Russians continued to disengage from confrontation

d. Smolensk, Borodino, Napoleon wanted to conquer Moscow

e. Russians burned Moscow, Napoleon’s “Great retreat”

f. Russians attack at Berezina river

g. 40,000 troops return from Russian campaign

9. Series of defeats (Northern Italy, Spain)

k. 10. Paris conquered by Prussia & Russia

V. Later career / events

A. Napoleon deposed / exiled to Elba

1. Attempted suicide fails

2. Abdicated his throne

3. Treaty of Fontainbleau

B. Royalist Government established (Charter)

1. Restoration of limited constitutional monarchy in the person of Louis XVIII

2. “The Bourbon restoration”

C. Treaty of Paris (May 1814)

1. France keeps lands prior to 1792

2. Gave up Austrian Netherlands, Dutch Rep., German and Italian states & Sitzer.

3. Also lost several Caribbean islands

4. Allied forces occupy France

5. Power vacuum: call for Congress of Vienna

l. D. 100 Days

1. Napoleon escapes, begins marching toward Paris

2. Louis XVIII Flees to Austrian Netherlands

3. Napoleon acquires Tuileries palace

4. Again wages war in Austrian Netherlands (Prussian & British)

5. Battle of Waterloo (1815)

a. Wellington & Prussian armies flank and crush French armies

6. Napoleon exiled to Saint Helena

7. Dies in exile (Stomach cancer or Arsenic?) (1821) (Napoleon Bonaparte)

VI. Social currents

A. Romanticism evolves as a reaction to the enlightenment

1. Ludwig Von Beethoven (Music) (Immortal Beloved)

2. Lord Byron (Literature)

B. Women and Natural-law philosophy

1. Mary Wollstonecraft: Vindication of the Rights of Woman (Speil. 498)

2. Olympe de Gouge: Declaration of the rights of Woman and the Female Citizen

C. Rise of Nationalism

1. German nationalism particularly

2. 40 separate German states

3. Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel

m.

n.

KING HIGH SCHOOL

N. Hocking

Industrial Revolution 1770

I. Preconditions

A. Social and economic factors/ demand for manufactured goods

1. Atlantic economy develops

2. Canal system in England

3. Agricultural productivity increases (low food prices)

4. Effective banking system (Merchant capitalists)

5. Political stability/ Laws passed protecting private property

6. Established cottage industry “Putting out”

a. Produced skilled artisans

II. Background

A. Industrial revolution defined

1. Growth of invention and technical change

2. Shapes economic growth

III. Steam power

A. In past practices, wood is used for heat/ coal replaces wood

B. Steam engine developed

1. Integral to the Industrial revolution

2. Thomas Savary, Thomas Newcomen (Atmosphere engine)

a. Converted coal to steam power (Ineffective)

3. James Watt (1736-1819)

a. University of Glascow

b. Invented more effective use of steam power- Utilizing Newcomen’s design

c. Used in milling and draining mines

d. Leads to iron industry boom/ then applied to spinning/weaving

4. Henry Cort: Puddling furnace, rolling mills- burned away impurities in pig iron

C. Transportation and manufacturing assisted by steam engine

1. Rail cars

a. George Stephenson: Effective locomotive

b. Liverpool to Manchester: Other rail lines soon follow

c. Created a demand for labor

1. Growth of the middle class

2. Alters typical “class” system (society)

2. Steam Cars

D. Luddite Riots (1811-1812)

1. Luddites broke apart machines

2. Wanted a return to old economic and social order before mechanization

3. Believed the machines would put people out of work

IV. Factory Growth

A. British textile industry

1. Grew from cottage industry

a. Human productivity could not keep up with demand

2. John Kay: Flying shuttle

3. James Hargreaves: Cotton Spinning Jenny

4. Richard Arkwright: Water frame

5. Edmund Cartwright: Powerloom

6. Cotton mills in turn are built

a. Foundling children used as a source of labor

V. Industrialists and Unions

A. Cockerill family used British inventions to industrialize Belgium

1. Societe Generale and Banque Belgioque

2. Depositors invested in heavy industry

B. Fritz Harcourt: Engineering in Germany

1. Darmstandt Bank

C. Robert Owen: Scotland (1771-1858)

1. Grand National Consolidated Trades Union- eight hour work day (Failed)

D. Leads to: Peoples Charter, Chartist movement

1. All men should have right to vote (Failed) (Spiel 606)

E. Issac and Emile Pereire

1. Credit Mobilier Bank of Paris

a. Government collaboration

b. Limited liability investment

F. Alfred Krupp: Krupp Steel Works, Germany

VI. Legislation in Englandt

A. Combination Acts (1799-1800)

1. Outlawed unions and strikes

2. Repealed in 1824-Unions now tolerated

B. Factory Act (1833)

1. Set age and hour restrictions

a. Under 9 years of age Elementary school

b. 9-13 years of age 8 Hours per day

c. 14-18 12 Hours per day

C. Mines Act (1842)

1. Prohibited underground work for all women and boys under 10 years of age

VII. Art and Literature

A. Art

1. Joseph Turner, Fire at Sea

2. Claude Monet, The Railway Bridge

3. Eduard Manet, Dejeuner sur L’herbe

B. Literature

1. Thomas Malthus, Essay on the Principle of Population

a. Postulated that population would grow faster than food supply

b. “positive checks” war, famine, death, etc.

2. David Ricardo, proposed wages would always remain at subsistence levels

3. Blake, Wordsworth, portrayed harsh working conditions

4. Ure, Chadwick, portrayed that Industrialization improved life

5. Friedrich Engels, The Condition of the Working Class in England

6. Friedrich List, National System of Political Economy National Strength Industrialize

C. Architecture

1. 1851 Great Exposition

a. Crystal Palace

b. Built from Iron and glass

VIII. Social Impact:

A. Population Growth: Decline in death rates –food supply increase

1. Irish Famine (Potato) 1781-1845 Population four to eight million

a. One million died/ two million immigrated to U.S and England (spiel 596)

B. Growth of Cities/ Urbanization

1. Tenement housing/ Lack of sanitation

2. Edwin Chadwick (1800-1890) Report on the condition of Laboring Population of Great Britain:

a. Proposed sanitation reforms

b. Helped formulate public health act/ Nat’l board of health

3. Emmergence of Middle Class

a. Stemmed from demand for labor

b. Less rural Agrarian Society

c. Family Patterns- Men worked/ Women cared for family: Domestics

4. Harsh Working Conditions

a. Women/ Child labor (founding homes)

1. 2/3 of cotton industry (1830)

2. (Spielvogel 602-603)

IX. Conclusions and Generalizations

A. Britain led industrialized nations

1. Napoleonic wars slowed industrial growth in continental Europe

2. Other countries merely followed British lead/ Artisans immigrated

3. Influence of Calvinism, religious toleration

4. Followed by Belgium, Germany, United States, France

5. Britain controlled 20% of World’s industry (Mid 1800’s)

6. GNP rises exponentially, thus population also increases

B. All countries industrialized fairly similarly

C. Expands foreign trade

KING HIGH SCHOOL

N. Hocking

Ideologies and Revolutions 1848

I. Post-Napoleonic Era

A. Peace Settlement (1814-1815) Congress of Vienna

1. France defeted by Quadruple alliance

a. Great Britain, Russia, Prussia, Austria

B. Congress of Vienna ‘The dancing congress”

1. Attempts to restore the order prior to the French Revolution

a. Desire to create lasting peace and sought balance of power

b. “Concert of Europe” to maintain status quo

1. Alliance created to curtail revolutionary activities

2. Bourbon restoration in France (Louis XVIII)

3. Arrange map so as not to upset the international order

4. Goal: Balance of power/ Equilibrium

c. Primarily directed by Klemons Von Metternich (Austria)

d. Robert Castlereagh ( Great Britain)

e. Charles Talleyrand (France) France restored to old boundaries

f. Tsar Alexander I (Russia) dies 1825

1. Decembrist revolt, group of Army officers demanded constitutional monarchy

2. Put down by successor Nicholas I

g. Territorial exchanges to maintain equilibrium

2. Prussia given territories in Rhine

3. Polish-Saxon territories proved critical

4. Congress system established (The second peace of Paris)

a. International conferences to preserve “equilibrium” on balance of power issues

C. Metternichian system (Spiel. 612) Diet of Germanic Confederation

1. Believed liberalism was responsible for insurrection and revolution

2. Karlsbad decrees (1819)

a. Repressive policies of censorship and informers in German confederation

b. Austria is multinational and diverse, precursor to nationalism

II. Liberalism

A. Based on the principles of liberty and equality, John S. Mill, Jeremy Bentham

B. Sought representative Gov’t. and individual freedoms

C. Individual theories

1. Adam Smith (1723-1790) (Physiocrat)

a. Scottish Philosophy professor

b. Inquiry into nature and causes of national wealth, wanted a free economy

c. First formulated Laissez-Faire: economy should be left unregulated

2. Thomas Malthus (1766-1834)

a. Essay on the Principles of Population: Population grows- food supply suffers

b. Famine/Disease law of nature

c. Influential economic writer

3. David Ricardo

a. Principles of Political economy

b. “Iron Law of Wages”

c. Population growth would impede growth in wages

4. John Stuart Mill On Liberty

III. Nationalism

A. Dependant upon the principles of cultural unity and political boundaries (Nap. Wars)

1. Sharing similar language, history and geography (cultural unity into political stability)

2. “We-They” theory of national superiority and mission (Francis Palacky)

3. Desire to match state boundaries with cultural hegemony

a. Common language and traditions foster unity and loyalty

b. Theory of cultural and racial superiority

4. Gottfried von Herder (1744-1803) German Philosopher

a. “Every people have a particular spirit & Genius”

b. Helped to invent the idea of national culture.

IV. Socialism

A. Background

1. French Utopian socialists (did not believe in violent class Revolution) named by Marx, who criticized “not based on science.”

a. Henri de Saint-Simon (1760-1825) “Key to progress was social organization”- A cooperative community

b. Charles Fourier (1772-1837) proposed self-sufficient communities “Communes”

c. Louis Blanc (1811-1882) Organization of Work Gov’t. should back employment

d. Jules Michelet (1846) The People

e. Jospeh Proudhon (1809-1865) What is Property? Profits stolen from workers

f. Flora Tristan (1803-1844) Workers Union combine socialism/ feminism

g. Friedrich Engels (1820-1895) The Condition of the Working Class in England

B. Karl Marx (1818-1883)

1. The Communist Manifesto (1848) “Marxism” (Spiel. 667)

a. Attended University of Berlin, studied philosophy, journalism and economics

b. Followed works of French socialists, particularly Fourier

c. Believed class revolt was part of historical evolution

d. Revolution would bring about socialist change

e. Economic relationships were the driving force of change

1. Sought many of principles aforementioned French utopian socialists

2. Predicted that the proletariat would end bourgeoisie through class revolution

3. “Society…is a history of class struggles.”

a. Built on theory of Georg Hegel (German philosopher)

b. History is “Ideas in motion…a process of change”

4. “Working Men of all countries, unite.”

C. Dual revolution

1. Theory: economic and political changes strengthen each other

D. Anarchism: Revolution rather than reform

E. Eduard Bernstein (1850-1932) Evolutionary Socialism

1. Marxist Revolution (Spiel 686)

V. Romanticism

A. A reaction to the enlightenment and classicism

B. Represented imagination of society

C. Saw nature as powerful

1. Sturm und Drang “Storm and stress” German writers against enlightenment.

2. Germaine de Stael, On Germany

a. desire for French artists and writers to evaluate German romanticism

D. Literature

a. William Wordsworth (1770-1850)

1. Attended Cambridge, influenced by Rousseau

2. Lyrical Ballads, Daffodils

b. Walter Scott (1771-1832)

c. Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (1749-1832)

d. Victor Hugo (1802-1885) Hunchback of Notre Dame, Hernani

1. Style contrasts to Wordsworth

e. Amandine Aurore Lucie Dupin (1804-1876) (George Sand)

Lelia, semi-autobiography, wrote 80 novels

f. Percy Bysse Shelly (1792-1822) Promethius Unbound

g. Loro Byron (1788-1840) Shilde Harold’s Pilgrimage

E. Art

a. Eugene Delacroix (1798-1863) Liberty Leading the People, Massacre at Chios

b. Jospeh Turner (1775-1851) Depicts power of nature, Railroad Bridge, Rain Steam and Speed

c. John Constable (1776-1837) Depicts gentle nature

d. Caspar David Friedrich (1774-1840) Man and Women Gazing at the moon

F. Music

a. Frederic Chopin, composer of primarily piano concertos

b. Franz Liszt (1811-1886) Influential pianist and composer

c. Ludwig von Beethoven (1770-1827) Composer broke with classical phrases (immortal beloved)

d. Brahms, Schumann, Wagner

VI. Conservatism

A. A reaction to liberalism, which supported the monarchy

B. Supported Traditional government and religion

C. Edmund Burke

VII. Revolutions

A. Greece

1. Sought independence from Ottoman Turks

2. Great Britain, France, Russia defeated Turk fleet at Navarino

3. Greece gained independence from Turkish rule 1832

B. Great Britain

1. Landowning aristocracy controlled by the Tory party

2. Only 8% of population could vote, drove interest in political reform

3. Corn Laws (1815) revision

a. Halted importation of cheaper foreign grains. Fostered from high grain prices, shortages, unemployment.

b. aristocracy acted in their own best interest for economic advantage

c. (1817) Tory Gov’t. temporarily suspended peaceable assembly

d. (1819) Six Acts passed: controls on the press and assembly

1. “Battle of Peterloo” (Peterloo massacre) Saint Peter’s field in Manchester

2. Protest broken up by mounted soldiers

4. Reform Bill of 1832 pushed by the Whig party

a. Redistributed seats reflecting population shift

b. increasing voting privileges 50% (12% total population

5. Peoples Charter of 1838 and Chartist movement

a. Sought universal male suffrage (failed)

6. Anti-Corn Law league (1839) Helped Workers by lowering bread prices

7. Corn Laws repealed (1846) Tory leader Robert Peel

a. allowed free imports of grain

b. repealed to avert famine in England

8. Test act repealed that barred religious dissenters

C. Ireland

1. Subsistence agriculture based on potato economy

2. Irish potato famine

a. repeated crop failures (1845, 1846, 1848, 1851)

b. leads to countless deaths, Immigration.

VIII. 1848 Revolutions

A. Preconditions

1. Tide of discontent based upon equal representation

2. Liberalism and the absence of individual liberty

3. Economic Crisis, food shortages, diminishing wages

4. Growth of middle class prominence

B. France

1. Background

A. Louis XVIII Constitutional Charter of 1814 (liberal constitution)

B. The White Terror (1815)Royalist mobs murdered thousands of revolutionaries

C. Charles X wanted to restore the old order in France

1. sought to repeal Constitutional Charter in July 1830 with coup (Rev. of 1830)

2. July ordinances ended middle class voting rights, press censorship

3. “Three glorious days” political insurrection, Charles X fled. (July revolution)

4. Charles’ cousin Louis Philippe ascended to throne (Constitutional Monarchy)

a. Accepted Constitutional Charter of 1814.

2. Louis Philippe “Bourgeois monarchy” (1830-1848)

3. Refused to consider electoral reform, led to:

4. Workers revolt in Paris (Feb. 1848) Louis Philippe abdicates throne

a. Provisional republic declared

b. Gov’t. sponsored workshops, public works programs

c. Socialism and liberal capitalism clash

1. May: Constituent Assembly uprising

2. June: workshops were dissolved, uprisings ensue “June Days”

a. Republican army under General Cavaignac ends class war

b. Given dictatorial powers

d. Ends first French Republic

e. Drafted a constitution (France’s Second Republic) (Nov. 4,1848)

f. Voting rights extended to every adult male

g. Louis Napoleon, installed as President of the republic (Dec. 1848)

h. Declared himself Napoleon III established semi-authoritarian regime

i. Republicanism failed

C. Austrian Empire

1. Hungarian uprisings

a. demands for universal male suffrage, national autonomy

b. Ferdinand I (Habsburg) promised reforms/ Louis Kossuth Sought “Commonwealth”

c. Metternich dismisses then fled to London

1. abolished serfdom, sought to unify Croats, Serbs and Romanians

2. Austria against new Hungarian Gov’t.

d. Ferdinand I abdicates, Francis Joseph I

D. Austria / Pan-Slavism

1. 1848 congress in Prague

a. To promote union of Slavs in Habsburg empire and central Europe.

b. Condemned Germans for oppressing Slavic people.

c. Called for Reorganization of Austro-Hungarian monarchy.

2. 1867 Pan Slav congress

a. Implication that Pan-Slavism represented a general threat to Habsburg monarchy

b. Theory that it was driven by Russians

E. Italy

1. Nationalists and liberals sought unification

2. Austrian and French troops ended uprisings

F. Hungary

1. War between Austria and Hungary, Russia joins Austria to defeat Hungary

G. Germany

1. Liberal and Nationalistic demonstrations put down by Prussian King Fred. William IV. 2. Frankfurt constitution: plan to unite Germany under Prussian domination

3. Austria opposed

KING HIGH SCHOOL

N. Hocking

Victorian Age “La Belle Epoch” 1840

I. Victorian Age

A. Afterbirth of industrialization

1. Poor urban conditions

2. Increased urban populace

B. Public health concerns

1. Poor Law (1834)

a. Edwin Chadwick, Commissioner

1. Death and disease resulted in poverty

b. Applied ideology of Jeremy Bentham

1. “Greatest good for greatest many”

c. Stressed sanitation, sewage system developed

d. Miasmatic theory, fear that disease was transmitted by smell

e. John Dalton: Modern Atomic Theory

f. Germ theory, Louis Pasteur (1822-1895)

1. Connection between germs and disease

2. Joseph Lister, Antiseptic principle

a. Practice of sterilization prior to surgery

g. 1880’s show a marked decline in mortality rates

2. Cholera epidemic reflecting sanitation problems

3. Tuberculosis (Consumption)

C. Urban development (zoning laws)

1. City planning includes streets, railways and parks

2. Georges Haussman, redesigned Paris

a. Napoleon III believed it would increase employment, improve living conditions and bring France to glory.

3. Mass transit use increases, decent housing develops

4. Police systems developed

a. “Bobbies” (Robert Peel) replace unpaid constables in England

b. Schutzmannschaft in Germany

c. Prisons: French Guiana

D. Social Polarization

1. Urban social structure

a. Higher wages foster an increased standard of living

b. Inequitable distribution of wealth, labor aristocracy wanted to lead working class

1. Polarization between aristocracy and poor

a. Middle class Divisions (White collar workers)

1. Wealthy upper middle class (merge with aristocracy)

2. Middle, middle class (Teachers, engineers, managers)

3. Lower middle class

c. Working class

1. Highly skilled, labor aristocracy

2. Semiskilled

3. unskilled

2. Working and leisure

a. Increase in domestic service

b. Drinking

c. Bull/ Bear baiting, cockfights, racing, gambling

d. Declining church attendance

1. Not part of working class culture and responsibilities

2. Lack of clergy

3. Nihilists

a. Ivan Turgenev

d. Rejected the materialism of West

e. “A nihilist is a man who does not bow down before any authority, who does not take any principle on faith.”

f. Nikolai Chernyshevsky, What is to be Done?

g. Michael Bakunin, anarchist “Karl Marx is ruining the workers by making theorists out of them.”

4. Populists

a. in respone to nihilists

b. Wanted to prepare for an insurrection

E. Familial patterns

1. Economics were an important consideration in middle class marriages

2. Romance in working classes

3. Illegitimacy explosion (Births outside of wedlock)

a. Pregnancy often led to marriage 1850’s - on

4. Status of Women (Second class citizens)

a. Labor defined by Gender roles

1. Only small businesses employed husbands and wives

b. Typically subordinate by law, lacking legal rights

c. Ibsen: A Doll’s House (Spiel. 725)

d. Domestic life / home management role increases

e. Prostitution, Disease, Jack the Ripper

5. Children

a. Greater economic ties

b. Birth rate declines, parental care increases

c. Reduction in family size

1. Desire to improve children’s social stature in life

d. Mr. Mrs. And Baby Gustav Droz, a Victorian manual for families

F. Physics and Chemistry

1. Physics

a. Thermodynamics: relationship between heat and mechanical energy

b. Law of conservation of energy

c. Energy can only be converted not created or destroyed

2. Chemistry

a. Dmitri Mendelev (1834-1907)

1. Periodic Table of Elements

2. Organic chemistry: Study of carbonic compounds

b. Michael Faraday (1791-1867)

1. Electromagnetism: Designs for generators

3. Science again becomes a prestigious area of study

G. Other Sciences

1. Evolutionary study of society, applied the principles of the philosophes

2. August Comte (1798 – 1857) Sociology

a. System of Positive Philosophy

b. Stages of knowledge

c. Secular, positivist method to discover laws of human behavior (Scientific method applied to sociology)

3. Charles Lyell (1797-1875) Geology

a. Theory of Uniform processes

4. Jean Baptiste-Lamarck (1744-1829) Biology

a. Biological development by adjustment to the environment

5. Charles Darwin (1809-1882) Biology

a. Biological evolution

b. On the Origin of Species The Descent of Man (Spiel. 669)

c. Principles of theory

1. Life adapted from a common origin

2. Natural selection

3. Adaption

4. Population cycle

6. Herbert Spencer (1820-1903)

a. “Survival of the fittest”

b. Human (survival) by economics

7. Sigmund Freud (1856-1939)

a. Father of Psychoanalysis

b. Id, Ego, Superego

b. Behavior is shaped by unconscious emotional needs

8. Theories of Max Planck, Albert Einstein, and the Michelson Morley Experiment

a. Reexamined assumptions of previous scientists

9. Worlds Fastest Surgeon (Dr. Liston –Pg. 13 – Lighter side of History)

H. Realism

1. Literature: Depicting life exactly

a. Written in prose, objective and factual reporting of life

b. Rejected romantics, heredity and environment determined behavior

c. Focus on middle and working classes

2. Russia

a. The Brothers Karamazov, Feodor Dostoevsky

b. War and Peace, Leo Tolstoy (1828-1910)

1. Fatalistic view of society, destined for conflict

3. France

a. Human Comedy, Le Pere Goroit, Henre De Balzac (1799-1850)

1. Hundred volume realist stories

b. Madame Bovary, Gustave Flaubert (1821-1880)

c. Germinal, Zola

4. England

a. Middle March, Mary Ann Evans ( 1819-1880) Pen name: George Eliot

b. Tess of D’urbervilles, Return of the Native, Thomas Hardy (1840-1928)

c. Vanity Fair, A Novel Without a Hero William Thackery (1811-1863)

I. Art

1. Jean Francois Millet (1814-1875), The Gleaners

KING HIGH SCHOOL

N. Hocking

Nationalism/Unifications 1850

I. Post revolutions (1848)

A. Rise of Nationalism

1. Defined by an identification with a particular nation-state

2. An important tool in unifying disjointed peoples

B. France

1. Louis Phillipe abdicates, second republic declared

2. Louis Napoleon (Napoleon III) elected by plebiscite

a. Sought national unity and social progress

b. Power held in check by National Assembly

c. Fostered Coup d’ etat in 1851

1. Restored universal male suffrage, authoritarian rule

2. Elected again by plebiscite Emperor Napoleon III

a. Nap. III attempted to create constitutional monarchy

3. Economic expansion through public works programs

4. electoral politics were closely monitored

5. public opinion shadowed decisions

6. Employment improves, unions allowed to form as well as the right to strike

7. Liberalism sends France into tailspin

3. Republican France (Third republic) “Liberal Empire”

a. educational reforms

b. moderate political leaders

c. expansion of colonies

4. Dreyfus affair

a. Captain Alfred Dreyfus convicted of treason, later acquitted

b. Suspected French army information given to Germany

c. Jewish, typified anti-Semitism; Emile Zola writes J’ Accuse

d. Evidence against Major Walsin Esterhazy

5. General Boulanger Affair

a. Almost ended third republic

b. First political campaign in France, elected deputy of Paris

c. Committed suicide

6. State and Church split in education and wages

7. Socialist movement develops

8. Paris Commune (following defeat in Franco-Prussian war)

a. Socialist proclaim Paris a “Commune”

b. Sought to defend Paris, organized and created labor reforms

c. Overthrown by Adolphe Thiers’ Versailles army

d. Government “communards” executed

C. Italy

1. History of small city-states ruled by region

2. Reorganized by Congress of Vienna (1815)

a. Northern Italy: Ruled by Austria

b. Sardinia, Piedmont, Tuscany: Ruled by Italy

c. Central Italy: Ruled by papacy

d. Naples, Sicily: Ruled by Bourbon (France)

3. Guiseppe Mazzini

a. Attempted to centralize Italy based on principle of Universal Male suffrage “Young Italy” (Spiel. 631)

b. The Duties of Man Edited Il Risorgimento (resurgence or revival)

c. Envisioned democratic republic (revolutionary nationalism)

4. Vincenzo Gioberti (Catholic priest)

a. Unify Italy under Roman pontiff (pope)

b. Pius IX fled Vatican during 1848 revolutions

1. opposed to most social, political trends

2. Syllabus of errors denounced modern trends

5. Camillo Benso di Cavour (1810-1861)

a. Prime minister of Sardinia aligned policies with middle class

b. Realpolitik: The politics of realism

c. Attempt to unify Northern & Central Italy by provoking Austria

d. Treaty of Turin, Peace of Villafranca (1859)

1. agreements between Napoleon III, Austria, Italy

e. Central Italy voted to join Sardinia

6. Guiseppe Garibaldi (1807-1882)

a. Volunteer army “Red shirts” sought to liberate the “two” Sicilies

b. Voted to join Piedmont

c. Politically united under Victor Emmanuel II, King of Piedmont- Sardinia.

d. Politically united in 1860 (Spiel. 652)

e. Supported suffrage, emancipation of women and social reforms

7. Christina Belgiojoso – sought Italian unification

D. Germany

1. German confederation made of 38 states (1815) / Failure of Frankfurt Assembly

2. German customs union (Zollverein) progress led to resentment with Austria

3. William I replaces Frederick William IV as king of Prussia

a. Frankfurt Assemble sought new united Germany - Disbanded

4. power vacuum with parliament, King William appoints Otto von Bismarck

5. Zionist Movement founded by Theodor Herzel

a. Emerged as a response to Anti-Semitism

b. Wanted to establish a Jewish homeland in Palestine

6. Kruppworks steel, led by Prussian industrialist Alfred Krupp (1812-1887)

7. Ausgleich Compromise (1867) Created Dual monarchy of Austria-Hungary

a. Francis Joseph (King of Hungary, Emperor of Austria)

8. Otto von Bismarck (1815-1898)

a. Junker aristocracy, elected to Prussian assembly

b. Sought to unify confederation states against Austria using nationalism as a tool. Distrust of socialism

c. Goals would be achieved, ”not through speeches and majority decisions but by ‘blood and iron’” Government would rule without parliamentary consent to achieve unification of Germany

d. Austro-Prussian war (1866) “Seven weeks war”

1. Austria and Prussia victorious over Denmark, Schleiswig-Holstein (Danish war 1864)

2. Austria to administer Holstein, Prussia Schleiswig

3. Prussian armies overran Austrian troops at Holstein

a. Battle of Sadowa, Bohemia

4. Austria lost no territory, North German Confederation formed

5. elected lower house, local administration

6. Prussian control of Gov’t, foreign policy

7. Austria withdrew from German affairs, Italy unified

e. Franco-Prussian war (1870-1871)

1. Using nationalistic tendencies, Bismarck provokes war with France, over who would be king of Spain (Spiel. 656)

2. South German states play to his hand, completes unification

3. Bismark edited telegram, Nationalistic tendencies abound

4. French army is defeated at Sedan , Prussians occupy Paris

5. Napoleon III captured, France terms of surrender

a. French gave up Alsace-Lorraine/ France paid one billion dollars

6. Bismarck used war to unify Southern Germany into a united Germany (1871)

7. France: end of Second republic, beginning of Third republic

9. German empire: Prussia and 24 smaller states

a. Reichstag (lower house of Parliament) elected by males over 25

b. Bundesrat (upper house of Parliament)

c. Kulturkampf: Bismarcks plan to foster nationalism over papal power

(Catholic Church) Jesuits expelled, church schools closed.

1. Backfired, helped to unify Catholics

2. Needed their help against socialists

d. Protectionism: tariffs and policies used to protect agriculture and

production

e. Attempts to stem tide of socialism

f. Social measures, first state to enact social legislation

g. By 1914 Germany most industrialized, socialist and unionized country in Europe.

h. William II inherits German throne, dismissed Bismark (1890)

1. Begins to develop German Navy, doubles size of Army

E. Russia

1. “Modernization” changes that enable a countries to compete with other nations.

2. Decembrist revolts (1825)

a. Alexander I Czar (1801) Dies 1825, Nicholas I

b. Army officers stage uprising on December 26

c. Demanded a constitutional monarchy, revolt crushed

d. Made strong impression on Nicholas I (Strengthen his power)

e. Gave secret police unlimited power, arrest, imprisonment, deported

3. Crimean war (1853-1856)

a. Russian control over Constantinople, weakening of Ottoman empire Ottoman Empire (Sick man of Europe) Muslim in religious belief

b. British feared Russia (balance of power)

c. Russia (Nicholas I)sent troops to Moldavia and Wallachia Sultan of Turkey declares war on Russia (1853)

d. Britain and France (later Italy) declare war on Russia

e. Alfred Tennyson “Charge of the Light Brigade”

f. Nicholas I dies in Crimean war, succeeded by son Alexander II

g. Florence Nightingale / Many died of disease (Cholera)

h. Peace of Paris (1856) neutrality of Black Sea, Turkey’s independence

i. Despite domination of British, helps foster Russian modernization

4. Freedom of Serfs “Emancipation Edict” (1861) Alexander II (Spiel. 659)

a. threat of peasant uprisings, parceled land to peasants called “Mirs”

b. Most important of great reforms “better to abolish serfdom from above than to wait until it is abolished from below”

c. Pogroms, troops raided Jewish communities

d. Zemstvo’s, elected councils to deal with local problems

e. Reform of legal system

f. Institutes new government

g. Mirs (Parceled lands) peasants had to pay Gov’t. period of 49 years

h. Populists create political parties to work for revolution, “Peoples will”

i. Several attempts on Czar’s life, successful in 1881

5. Alexander II assassinated (1881) Alexander III, modernization slowed

a. Return to repressive policies

b. Russification: forced ethnic minorities to follow Russian Orthodox church, etc.

c. Jews targeted by raids on communities (Pogroms)

6. Nicholas II (1894)

a. Continued repressive policies in face of industrialization

7. Eduard Bernstein, Evolutionary Socialism Socialist goals by Democratic

process

8. Sergei Witte, minister of finance

a. Railroad construction stimulated industrialization

b. Used West to catch up to West

c. Construction of the Trans-Siberian Railway (modernization)

9. Revolution of 1905

a. Defeated by Japanese over Manchurian territory, spurred to action

b. “Bloody Sunday” (January, 22 1905) St. Petersburg

1. Workers sought to petition conditions to the czar

2. Troops opened fire on the crowd, 300 killed, 1,000 wounded

3. Nicholas II had fled St. Petersburg (saw petition as threat)

4. Black Hundreds, attempted to bring czar back to power following 1905 Revolution

c. Strikes, peasant uprisings, revolts

d. (Marxist) Revisionism: effort by socialists to update Marx doctrines

e. Nicholas II issues October Manifesto

1. ensures creation of parliament (Duma)

2. Did little to help situation

3. Many peasants hung who protested (Stolypin’s necktie)

4. Peter Stolypin began program to help peasants buy land

5. Assassinated (1911)

A. Great Britain & Ireland

1. John Stuart Mill, On Liberty / On the Subjection of Women (Spiel. 621)

a. Issue protecting individual rights (highly intellectual)

b. Absolute freedom of opinion on all subjects

2. Lord Palmerston (P.M. 1850-1865)

a. Preoccupied by colonial problems, little interest in domestic affairs

3. Conservatives led by Benjamin Disraeli (1804-1881)

4. Third reform bill extended voting rights (1884)

5. Queen Victoria ruled British crown 1837-1901

a. Married German Prince Albert ( sparked anti-German sentiment)

b. King Edward VII inherited throne (1901-1910)

c. 1850’s – 1860’s Viscount Palmerston led Whigs/ began Liberal party

6. Liberals led by David Lloyd George

a. eliminated House of Lords as real power

b. increased taxes on wealthy aristocracy

c. social welfare programs instituted

7. Prime Minister William Gladstone (1809-1898)

a. Gladstone proposed home rule bill for Ireland, failed

b. Leads Liberal Party, England toward democracy

8. Ulsterites resisted home rule in Northern Ireland

9. Division between Catholics and Protestants

E. Austro-Hungarian empire toward a “Dual monarchy”

1. Multiethnic and multinational populations posed difficulties

2. Magyar nobility restored 1848 constitution, ruling Hungary

3. Language issues proved to be divisive

4. Dual monarchy – Augsleich (compromise of 1867)

F. Socialism

1. Appeals to working classes

2. responses to nationalism and industrialism led by socialists

3. Marxism led negative response to industrialization

4. 1864, “First International of socialists” is formed

5. 1889, second International is formed (May day)

a. remains in place until 1914

b. based on inability of “old order” to address workers needs.

KING HIGH SCHOOL

N. Hocking

Imperialism 1880

I. Post industrialization

A. European expansionist policies

1. Stimulated by growth in industry, commerce (trade) and transportation

2. Greater per capita wealth

3. Europe sought to expand empire in Africa and Asia

1. Railroad and steamship helped to foster trade patterns

4. Corn Laws repealed

a. Britain becomes a marketplace for exporting goods

b. Intercontinental trade

c. Assisted by Suez and Panama canals

6. Sought investment in foreign lands “New Imperialism”

a. United States and Canada

b. Latin America

c. Asia, Australia, New Zealand

d. Africa

e. military force, political will, self-destiny policies

a. Political concerns over economic concerns (1880 -1914)

1. “political control” dictates new imperialism

f. Fueled by Nationalism and Social Darwinist tendencies

1. Ethnocentric view of Europeans as liberators, protectors, teachers to Asiatic and African peoples

2. White man’s burden Rudyard Kipling (Spiel. pg. 734)

h. Theodore Herzl: The Jewish State (Spiel. pg. 727)

7. Critics of Imperialism

a. Claimed establishing colonies benefited only wealthy

b. English economist J.A. Hobson Imperialism

1. Imperialism based on unregulated capitalism

2. Criticized imperialism and influenced Socialist’s and Marxist thought

c. Joseph Conrad Heart of Darkness

1. Outlined “Selfish endeavors” of ethnocentrism

d. Edward Morel Black Man’s Burden (Spiel. pg. 735)

8. Reaction of peoples varied, resistance to acceptance

9. Race for control over foreign nations leads to tensions within Europe

a. only Liberia and Ethopia would not fall to European imperialism

10. Belgium under Leopold II

a. Sent Henry M. Stanley to secure Congo region (central Africa)

11. Congress of Berlin (1878)

12. Berlin Conference (1884 - 1885)

a. Essentially set “rules” for Imperialism

b. Stemmed from Bismark’s attempts to stem tide of French expansion

1. Jules Ferry (France)

a. “effective occupation” on basis of territorial claims

2. Promulgated the quest for African colonies

a. pledge to stop slave trade and slavery

b. Recognition of Leopold II rule over the Congo

13. British occupy North Africa , Egypt, Sudan

a. Egypt: Col. Ahmed Arabi creates Egyptian Nationalist party

1. declares war on the English, defeated.

2. armed resistance to imperialism from West

3. served as a model for new imperialism

b. Moroccan crises

1. Led to political tensions between France and Germany

c. Fashoda Incident

1. French and British troops brink of war in Sudan (9 weeks)

2. Dreyfus affair forced French Withdrawal

d. Battle of Omdurman (1898)

1. Muslim troops slaughtered

2. British led by Horattio Kitchener

3. eleven thousand Sudanese forces killed

e. Cecil Rhodes established several satellite protectorates

1. DeBeers Diamond Co. (Rhodesia)

a. progress resulted from racial competition and territorial expansion

f. Boer war (1899 -1902)

1. Dutch settlements defeated by British

14. Japanese Imperialism

a. Sino- British war

1. caused by Chinese attempt to stop British opium trading

2. treaty of Nanking (1842)

b. Sino- Japanese war (1894 - 1895)

1. Led to Japanese imperialism in China

c. Russo-Japanese war (1904 -1905)

1. Japan defeats Russia, provinces in China

d. Manchu dynasty (China) overthrown

15. Motivations behind imperialism

a. Economic considerations important, however not critical

b. Colonies important for national security

c. Nationalism, Ethnocentrism (racism), Social Darwinism contributed

1. Social Darwinism, in effect competition between races (nations)

2. Heinrich von Treitschke, wrote about nationalistic drive for colonies

d. Missionaries attempts to “Christianize” non Europeans

B. The great migration

1. European population explosion

a. 188 million in 1800

b. 432 million in 1900

a. Overpopulation, overcrowding of cities

b. Most migrated due to economic considerations

2. 60 million left Europe

a. North, South America, Australia, New Zealand, Siberia

b. 1/3 from the British Isles

c. From differing Socioeconomic status (SES)

1. small farmers, agrarian craftsmen

2. sought economic advantages (North America)

d. Some migrants eventually returned

1. Return by possibility of land purchase

2. German migration linked to industrial development

e. Discriminatory immigration laws

1. Asians in Australia, North America

f. Russia

1. Alexander II assassinated

2. Russian Jews migrated to Poland, Ukraine

3. Jews least likely to return to native land (anti-Semitism)

g. Italians

1. Spurred by lack of Industry

1. South America, France

C. Invention and health

1. Telegraph

2. Machine gun

3. Quinine

a. used to treat malaria

KING HIGH SCHOOL

N. Hocking

World War I / Russian Revolution 1914

I. World War I

A. Preconditions to war

1. Growing German power following Franco-Prussian War

a. French loss of Alsace-Lorraine

2. Balkan powderkeg: waning power of the Ottoman empire

3. Bismarck’s alliances to isolate France and maintain peace with Russia, Austria-Hungary

4. Alliances and tensions

a. Three Emperor’s league: Austria-Hungary, Germany, Russia

1. Congress of Berlin (1878)

2. Austria could “occupy and administer” Bosnia and Herzegovina

3. Serbia and Romania win independence

4. attempt to balance European power

b. Triple Alliance: Austria, Germany, Italy

b. Alliance of the three emperors: Austria, Germany, Russia

1. further divides Ottoman empire

d. Russian-German Reinsurance treaty (Neutrality in case of attack)

d. 1890 Bismarck dismissed by William II

1. Russia proved to be devisive issue

2. Russian-French alliance: France and Russia now become military allies

3. Anglo-German tensions arise

f. German naval fleet

g. Britain courts United States, France for alliance

1. Algeciras Conference (1906)

2. Germany demanded conference on Morroco rule

3. further solidified French and British union

4. Germany seen as a common threat

5. Triple Entente: Britain, France, Russia (1915 Italy joins)

h. Premise: Bismarck’s alliances for peace actually fostered war

i. social tensions, domestic political factors led to war “triumph of nationalism.” ( McKay, et.al)

j. Anarchists, wanted abolition of state through violent overthrow

1. Pierre Joseph Proudhon, (France) Peter Kropotkin (Russia)

2. Black International

k. Syndacilists, rejected participation in political life

1. union organization controls industry and state (Fra., Spain, Italy)

2. Fernand Pelloutier (France)

B. Precipitants / war

1. First Balkan War (1912)

a. Serbia, Greece, Bulgaria conquer Macedonia from Ottoman empire

b. question of division of territory, leads to

2. Second Balkan war (1913)

a. Austria involved, Serbia forced to relinquish Albania

b. Essentially nationalism / imperialism ends Ottoman empire

3. Third Balkan war (1914)

a. June 28, Archduke Francis and Sophie Ferdinand assassinated in Sarajevo

b. Heir to Austrian and Hungarian throne

c. Serbian revolutionaries “Black Hand”

d. Austria-Hungary essentially demands control of Serbia

1. stems hostile nationalism within Austria-Hungary

2. German Kaiser urges Austria to invade Serbia

e. Mobilization of troops, war declaration July 28, 1914

e. Germany’s unconditional support of Austria-Hungary

f. Theobald Bentham-Hollweg hoped Britain would remain neutral in war

g. Tsar Nicholas II, Russian general staff mobilize against Austria, Germany

4. Course of the war

a. Germany’s “Schlieffen plan” Count Alfred von Schlieffen

1. Conquer France quickly through neutral Belgium, then Russia

2. Anticipated two front war

3. Belgium refuse German entrance, Germany attacked

4. Aug. 3, 1914 Great Britain joins France by declaring war on Germany.

b. Germans advance to French border, met by British resistance

1. Extended German front

2. First battle of Marne

a. French General Joffre attacked extended German lines

3. lines solidify, trenches ensue Western Front

3. “No mans land”, “Over the top”

a. Offensive vs. Defensive warfare

b. Gas attacks, Ypres

c. Resentment of those who had not fought trench warfare

d. Represented an important life experience

3. Battle of Somme (1916)

a. British and French gain minimal advance

b. Chancellor Bethmann-Hollweg, forced from office

c. Hindenburg and Ludendorf attain political control of Germany (1917) would rule until end of war

d. Mandatory conscription follows

e. Total war fosters “totalitarianism”

4. Verdun, Champagne

4. All Quiet on Western Front Erich Maria Remarque (Spiel. 757)

5. Stable lines produced a stalemate

6. Eastern front (Austria)

a. Russian initial advance halted

b. German command, Hindenburg, Ludendorf

c. Russians forced to withdraw (2.5 million killed)

c. Neutral countries tip balance of war

1. Italy joins Triple Entente of Britain, France, Russia

a. wanted to gain territory from Austria

b. British armies defeat remnants of Ottoman empire

c. utilizing forces from colonies: New Zealand, Australia, India

2. Bulgaria: Austria-Germany (Central powers)

2. United States Enters war (April 1917)

a. propaganda

1. Used to gain, maintain support

2. Public censure used to foster patriotic nationalism

b. Unrestricted submarine warfare

1. Lusitania torpedoed (May 1915)

2. Germany withdraws Unrestricted Sub warfare two years

1. Germany resumes , United States declares war

4. Easter rebellion (1916) Ireland

a. Irish nationalists fought British rule

b. British killed rioters and leaders

d. Georges Clemenceau established a war “dictatorship” in France

e. German troops depleted, Germany begins to falter

f. Total war fosters economic production, devout nationalism

1. In turn strengthening socialism

a. French troop mutinies

2. Germany: Walter Rathenau, War Raw Materials Board

a. Important in German total war mobilization

3. Ministry of Munitions: David Lloyd George: Prime Min. (Brit.)

4. Role of women, now work in industry

5. promoted social equality, uniting classes

6. labor shortage ends, labor unions develop prestige

g. Waning German war effort

1. Reichstag passed a “peace resolution”

2. Strikes and parliament resistance

1. Treaty of Brest-Litovsk,

a. Germany won severe concessions from Russia

b. assured Germany of peace in the East

4. German Spring offensive (1918) and the end of war

a. Ludendorff extended military lines defeated at:

b. Second battle of the Marne

c. American troops assist in decisive German defeat

d. Austria- Hungary surrenders, German revolts for peace

e. German emperor flees to Holland

f. Socialist leader declare Germany a republic

g. Independence for Austria, Hungary, Czechoslovakia declare republics

h. Armistice: November 11, 1918

h. German revolution

1. Military defeat fostered political questions

2. Austria-Hungary revolutions

a. Nationalistic revolutions

3. Revolution (Nov. 1918)

a. wanted to establish political democracy and civil liberties

b. German social democrats

c. Coup attempt: Liebknecht, Luxemburg

1. ended by army

d. led now by moderate socialists

C. Treaty of Versailles (Spiel. pg. 775)

1. wanted to create “eternal peace”

a. not to make the same errors of Congress of Vienna (1815)

b. The Big Four: United States, Great Britain, France, Italy

c. Germany not allowed to participate

d. Russia embroiled in civil war

e. U.S. President Wilson obsessed on creation of League of Nations

1. collective sanctions to avert aggression

2. Versailles treaty never ratified by U.S.

a. Fearful that took power to declare war away from Senate

3. Isolationist policy

f. Clemenceau, wanted French security

f. Lloyd George wanted to punish Germany

1. War reparations (Placed blame for war on Germany)

a. Demilitarized Germany, only 100,000 troops

b. Buffer between France and Germany (Rhine) deferred for alliance with Britain and United States (French security)

c. Alsace-Loraine returned to France

d. New Polish state

e. treaty signed in hall of mirrors

f. principle of national self-determination accepted

2. Treaty of Versailles to Germans “Stab in the Back” propaganda

a. not eternal peace but a fragile truce in retrospect

D. Consequences of the war

1. Administrative revolutions based on premise of “total war”

2. National unity for most European nations

3. Bolshevik revolution in Russia

4. radical political movements in Germany

5. Balfour Declaration (1917)

a. British promise Jewish homeland in Palestine

II. Russian Revolution

A. In the wake of W.W.I

1. Weakness of Tsar Nicholas II (Russo-Jap., Bloody Sunday, W.W. I losses)

a. Duma (created by October manifesto)critical of Tsar leadership

a. Tsar to Eastern front to lead troops

1. Tsarina Alexandra (German). Rasputin murdered by nationalistic aristocrats

c. “February Revolution” Petrograd 1917

1. Bread riots and factory strikes

c. Tsar orders troops to dispense riots

1. Troops join revolutionaries/ mutinies on ships

2. Duma declares provisional Gov’t.

a. Right to strike, etc.

3. Tsar abdicates, provisional Gov’t is declared

a. Shares power with Soviet of workers (council)

b. Mistake to continue war effort

c. Lenin denounces provisional Gov’t.

d. Army Order #1 ended military organization

1. Led to collapse of Russian army discipline

2. Russians /Germans fraternized on battlefield

3. “April Crisis”

a. Alexander Kerensky heads the provisional (Coalition) Gov’t.

b. Continued to support W.W. I effort

4. “July Days”

a. Bolsheviks, led by local workers of Soviets attempt to topple provisional Government

b. Some Bolshevik leaders executed, some arrested, many returned to streets

c. Lenin fled to Finland, more begin to support Bolsheviks

4. Kornilov Affair

a. Kerensky-General Kornilov, disagreement over installing a military style regime, Kornilov ordered to resign, refused.

b. These divisions also bolster Bolshevism

2. “October Revolution” Bolsheviks (Red) “Majority”

a. Vladimir Lenin returns believing that a second coup attempt would be successful. John Reed Ten Days That Shook The World (Spiel. pg. 771)

1. Germans assisted implant of Lenin to undermine Russian war effort

2. Charged with aiding Germany

3. believed revolution was necessary to end capitalism

4. led attack on provisional Gov’t, factory uprisings

5. Kerensky flees in U.S. embassy vehicle, Bolsheviks gain Petrograd.

6. Battleship Aurora fires on winter palace

7. contribution to Marx theory

a. importance of violent revolution

b. possible social revolution in Russia

c. necessity of worker’s party

3. Leon Trotsky

a. Completed Bolshevik seizure of power

b. Seized Gov’t buildings, created Red army

c. Power passed to Bolsheviks, named Lenin to head new Gov’t

d. Negotiated Brest-Litovsk treaty with Germany

4. Reasons for Bolshevik control

a. Democracy led to anarchy, people wanted change, leadership

b. Bolsheviks represented an end to anarchy (Tsar)

c. appealed to soldiers and working classes

d. people were tired of the war

B. Keeping control of Gov’t.

1. Peasant uprisings against landlords and church , approved by Lenin

2. Worker control of factories / production, granted

3. Molotov-Ribbentrop / Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (peace with Germany)

4. Progressive Bloc: called for responsible parliamentary Gov’t

1. Russian Civil war

a. Constituent assembly permanently disbanded

b. passing control directly to “red” socialists Bolsheviks

1. Essentially ends democratic process

c. Bolsheviks “Red” represent dictatorship, not unlike Tsar

a. Mensheviks (White) “Minority”

1. Democratic socialists (Nationalists)

2. Kornilov & military generals raised army to fight Bolsheviks

c. “White” socialists organize to oust “Red” Bolsheviks

d. self proclaimed territories foster tensions

e. “White” armies attempt to topple Bolshevik control

f. Bolshevik armies prevail, solidified Gov’t. stability

1. “Whites” politically unorganized and disjointed

2. Essentially lead to a Soviet Dictatorship (Stalin)

3. Trotsky’s communists developed a better army

4. Cheka (use of terror to foster compliance)

a. secret police used to suppress enemies of the state

b. White terror/ Red Terror (pg. 1123 Merriman)

5. Political friction

a. Murmansk, Archangel and Vladivostok occupation by Allied troops

1. Used later as a source of propaganda to rally against West

2. To aid the Mensheviks, Allied aid to “White” nationalists

3. This gave credence to the “Red” Bolsheviks

b. Initially to prevent war material from German hands

C. Bolshevik revolution, W.W. I turning point in History

1. New socialist government controlled a powerful European nation

2. One party dictatorship/ Using terror to enforce political will

3. encouraged violent class revolution

4. July 1918, Constitution is created / 1922 Union of Soviet Socialist Republics

5. Lenin 1921 announces NEP

A. permitted private land ownership as a concession to peasant hostility

B. 1922 suffers stroke, 1924 dies

KING HIGH SCHOOL

N. Hocking

“A Fragile Truce” (Between the wars)

I. Europe between wars

A. Post War ideas

1. Anxiety prevailed due to uncertainty of Versailles treaty

2. Civilian deaths become acceptable practice in war

3. Weimar republic declared in Germany (political, economic instability)

B. Philosophy

1. Freidrich Neitzsche (1844-1900) (predates WWI)

a. question all values, rationality is overemphasized

b.“God is dead” “From chaos comes order”

c. only “supermen” could align the world

d. Conventional morality suffocated self-realization

2. Georges Sorel (1847-1922)

a. rejected democracy

h. French socialist

3. Logical empiricism

a. rejected traditional philosophy (existence of God)

b. only experience is worth analysis

c. Ludwig Wittgenstein: Philosophy is clarification of thought

4. Existentialism

a. Individual must find own meaning to life, (life is absurd)

b. they can overcome adversity

i. Jean Paul Sartre Existentialism (Spiel. 906)

1. No Exit (claiming there is nothing beyond this life)

2. joined French communist party after WWI

3. Individuals give meaning to life through actions

j. Albert Camus (1913-1960)

1. The Plague (moral obligation of a doctor despite “God”)

5. Christian revival

a. Soren Kierkegaard (1813-1855)

1. Total religious commitment to God

2. Christian faith could solidify human nature

b. Karl Barth: Swiss Theologian

c. Gabriel Marcel: existential Catholic

d. Jacques Maritain: denounced anti-semitism

k. T.S. Eliot: work based on traditional Christianity

l. Graham Greene: Religion represents hope and meaning to writing

1. “Began to believe in heaven because one believed in Hell”

m. Arnold Toynbee: Historian

C. Physics and Psychology

1. Marie Curie (1867-1934)

a. Radium emits subatomic particles / no constant atomic weight

2. Max Planck (1858-1947)

a. Energy emitted quanta not steadily

3. Albert Einstein (1879-1955)

a. Theory of relativity

b. challenged Newtonian ideas

4. Ernest Rutherford (1871-1937)

a. Atom could be split into sub atomic parts

5. Werner Heisenberg (1901-1976)

a. Principle of uncertainty

6. Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) (Spiel. 714)

a. Id: unconscious, driven by aggressive nature

1. key to understanding irrational behavior

b. Ego: moral values, what a person can do

c. Superego: what a person should do

c. Human behavior is irrational

d. People are influenced by feelings and emotions

D. Literature and Art

1. Postwar literature : pessimism, relativism, alienation.

a. Marcel Proust: Remembrance of Things Past

b. William Faulkner: The Sound and the Fury

c. James Joyce: Ulysses

d. T.S. Eliot: The Waste Land

e. Franz Kafka: The Trial, The Castle

1. work signifies the end of society

f. George Orwell: 1984

1. Big brother, control of society

2. wrote about the Spanish civil war

g. Germany, Walter Gropius established Bauhaus school,

1. merged fine and applied arts

2. stressed functionalism

2. Art

a. Background of French Impressionism

b. Postimpressionism (expressionism) focus on mood, not objects

1. nonrepresentational, abstract in nature

2. Vincent Van Gogh (1853-1890) The Starry Night

a. psychological view of reality

3. Paul Cezanne (1839-1906)

4. Paul Gauguin (1848-1903)

5. Otto Dix

6. Pablo Picasso (1881-1973)

a. Cubism: focus on angles and geometry

b. overlapping planes, zig-zag lines

c. Guernica Spanish civil war

c. Dadaism: ridiculed traditional art

d. Surrealism: art based on fantasy, defied natural world

1. Salvidor Dali The Persistence of Memory

3. Music

a. Igor Stravinsky: The Rite of Spring

b. Arnold Schonberg: twelve tone music

c. Alban Berg: Dissonant, and atonal music

d. Radio communication: Marconi develops vacuum tube

e. BBC developed

e. Radio would play critical role in propaganda

E. Reparations and Depression

1. Treaty of Versailles (a dictated peace) Anglo- French tensions

a. France less interested in “buffer” zone than in reparations

b. Britain wanted to restore German industry for economic considerations

1. John Maynard Keynes (1883-1946)

2. Economic Consequences of the Peace

3. impoverished Germany would lead to continental economic decline

4. British labour party opposed conservative party

5. British high unemployment

6. Concentrate on domestic market

c. Weimar republic (Germany) could not pay reparations

d. France occupies Ruhr and the Rhine

1. German labor passive resistance to French occupation

2. German Gov’t. prints money, leads to “the great inflation”

3. “The middle way” Scandinavian response to the depression

4. Feb. 1934, riots against Third Republic (Serge Stavisky)

a. Popular Front formed, a coalition Government

b. Led by Leon Blum, instituted worker reforms

c. Opposition grows, Popular Front collapses

e. Gustav Streseman assumed leadership of Weimar Germany

f. Reparation committee headed by Charles Dawes (The Dawes Plan)

1. U.S. would provide loans to Germany, reduced reparations

2. This essentially paid French, British debt to U.S.

3. Led to German recovery, U.S. depression

4. 1926 Germany enters league of Nations

5. France creates “Little Entente” to replace Dual Entente

g. Kellog-Briand Pact

1. Aristide Briand (France) Frank Kellog (U.S.)

2. Essentially gives U.S. power to stabilize Europe

3. condemned war as national policy for gain

h. Beer Hall Putsch

1. National Socialist German workers’ party (Nazi)

2. planned to capture Munich then Berlin

3. Adolf Hitler imprisoned, writes Mein Kampf (My Struggle)

n. German communist party

1. Creates dichotomy with National socialists

j. British prime minister from Labor party, Ramsey MacDonald (1924)

KING HIGH SCHOOL

N. Hocking

Totalitarianism 1920

I. Totalitarianism “Total control”

A. Commonalities

1. Permanent Government control over society, hated Western Liberalism

2. Arguably, unique to 20th century, new form of social control

3. Social, Political, Economic, Military

4. Historical context

a. Plato: society should be structured by authoritarian means, and ruled by a wealthy educated elite.

b. Absolutism (Louis XIV)

1. Lineage of aristocracy

2. Divine right

c. Chauvinism (Nationalism), Racism, (Ethnocentrism) Expansion

(Imperialism)

1. Nation’s own distinct view of History

2. Race, History, Music, Art perverted to serve the needs of the party.

d. Unique vision of “Manifest destiny”

d. Underlying conditions which foster totalitarianism

1. Fear: Conspiracy theory, threatening society

2. The Eternal enemy (Capitalism, Jews)

3. Undermines the authority of the individual

f. Role of the Elites

1. “New Man” “New Order” Nordic-Aryan for Germany

a. aggressive when it comes to the party, yet submissive to party leaders

b. Freudian: Subversion in everyone, tyranny where freedom exists, total rule is the standard, democracy & freedom the exception

2. Arthur Koestler Darkness at Noon: (Stalin’s purges) “The party”

2. Thomas Mann The Magic Mountain, compared Europe to sanitarium

g. Three functions of the state

1. Self assertive

2. Protective function

3. Role of Elites (Above)

h. Characteristics of fascism

1. Extreme nationalism

2. dynamic, violent leader

3. glorification of war & military (propaganda)

5. Personality traits (Stalin, Mussolini, Hitler)

a. Common familial experiences, moderate family life

b. self will, believed destined for better things

c. poor formal education, disrupted family life

d. manipulators that could recognize and seize opportunity

B. Rise of Fascism in Italy

1. Background: WW I a fiasco for Italy

a. Dashed hopes of a liberal democracy

b. denied unity by Versailles treaty

c. Threat of communism, socialism

d. at the brink of economic collapse

1. Unemployment and civil violence

1. Parties

a. Socialists: saw Russia as model for change

b. Popalari: split factions, feared anti-clericalism of other political doctrines

c. Liberals: Led by Giovanni Giolliti

d. Nationalist: Small party run by D’Annunzio

3. Benito Mussolini

a. Educated in Seminary, expelled (Like Stalin)

b. Journalism career, became editor of AVANTI

c. adopted theories of D’Annunzio “New spirit” of Italy

d. Brought together “Black shirts” unemployed army veterans

e. 1919-1921 Rise of Italian Fascism

1. Fascist black shirts controlled the streets, guardians against communists

2. General strike of 1922, Fascists used strike to oust socialist, communists from political interest

a. Middle class applauded efforts

b. No social classes in Italy, only Italians (end of class struggle)

3. Il Duce “the leader”

4. March on Rome: Successful Coup attempt, legally secured power

a. Formally in power by 1922, 1925 Fascism instituted

b. Lateran agreement: Pope and Catholic church supported Mussolini

c. Victor Emmanuel III, made deal with conservative elites to stay in power

d. Theory: A mid-range program between capitalism and communism

e. The Political and Social Doctrine of Fascism (Spiel. pg. 792)

f. Developed corporatism: Join all people together dependent

upon one economic activity or industry.

5. Industry improved (but no raw materials)

a. program included: territorial expansion, land reform, social welfare reform

6. By mid 1930’s 1/3 Italys income spent on military

7. Rise of Sicilian and Neapolitin Mafias

8. Many passively supported Mussolini, some emigrated

C. Russia: Development of the first Totalitarian state

1. Road to Russian Revolution

a. 1890, Russia most autocratic and backwards European nation

b. Political system vested in Tsar (Nicholas II)

c. 1905 revolution, Nicholas sabotaged Duma to solidify power, contributed to downfall

d. 1905 loss in Russo-Japanese war, slaughter of WWI

e. Duma authority undermined by Bolsheviks

f. Kerensky and Mensheviks lose power, Lenin seizes opportunity

g. Totalitarianism: extreme solution for extreme problems, 1924 Lenin dies

2. Joseph (Dzhugashvili) Stalin (derived last name from Russian word for “Steel”)

a. Ability to seize power

1. Stalin’s Marxism was ruthless, faithful, disciplined

2. Trotsky: believed in Marxist-Leninism, wanted world-wide revolution. “Permanent revolution”

1. Stalin could organize administrative duties, send revolution to world after consolidated in Russia “Socialism in one country”

a. Leads to argument over “opportunity”

4. Trotsky” Military authority, Stalin Civilian authority

a. Civilian authority NOT military takes control

b. Trotsky dismissed from military position, murdered in Mexico, 1940 (Ice Picked in a park)

5. Stalin led Bolshevik party, in turn running nation

6. Politburo filled with “Yes men”

a. Impeaches party members for deviation

b. Stalin becomes super autocrat (more power than Tsar)

7. 1920-1923 famine forces a partial return to capitalism

a. Under Lenin, New Economic Policy (NEP) allowed private agricultural industry

b. a political compromise with Russian peasants

c. By 1925-1928 NEP became formidable threat to socialist doctrine

d. “Five Year Plan” forced peasant farms into state controlled heavy industry “Collectivization”

(1132, Merriman) (Spiel. pg. 803)

e. Stalin orders deaths, re-education of Kulaks

1. 1932-1933 famine killed 3-6 million

2. 2 million exiled to Siberia, 1 million Kulaks killed, burned tools, killed farm animals to protest.

3. Old Bolsheviks tortured

e. Great purges

1. Sergi Kirov murdered, suggested plots against Stalin.

2. Millions arrested and murdered by Checka (1137, Merriman)

3. Publicized purges to utilize terror tactics

4. Created new generation of communists loyal to Stalin, weakened soviet military, killed leadership.

b. Stalins personal autocratic rule

1. Theory of permanent terror as a tool, industrialization increased

2. cleaned house of unfaithful, eliminated generation that won the revolution

3. Consolidated power with “Yes men”

D. National Socialism in Germany (Nazi party)

1. Versailles treaty (The stab in the back)

a. Treated Germany as losers and malcontents

b. Left Germany in economic ruin, unable to sustain political autonomy

c. L.C.B. Seaman: denied Germany right to defend itself

d. German people hated Gov’t. for relenting to the treaty

2. Adolf Hitler

a. Jailed for beer hall putsch

b. Mein Kampf My Struggle: blames Jews and communists for Versailles (Spiel. 795, 798)

1. National Socialists appealed mostly to lower middle classes

2. 1929 foreign minister Stresemann dies, Weimar Republic in trouble

3. by end of 1932 43% labor force unemployed (Spiel. pg. 785)

4. Book addresses: Living space, Race, Leadership

c. 1930, 1932 elections, Nazis become largest party in Reichstag

1. Jan. 1933 Hitler appointed chancellor by Hindenburg

2. Telegram to Hindenburg from Ludendorff

a. “ I prophesy to you that this evil man (Hitler) will plunge our Reich into the abyss and will inflict immeasurable woe on our nation.”

3. 1933, Reichstag fire, Dutch communist Marinus van der Lubbe

a. leads to enabling act

4. 1934, President Hindenburg dies

5. Great depression important to Hitler’s rise to power

a. popularity over economic recovery, social mobility, foreign policy

b. “Third path” promised between capitalism and communism directed to urban workers

6. Enabling Act gives Hitler and Nazis Gov’t. authority

a. Creates power dichotomy, by 1934 Nazi’s controlled Gov’t.

b. Hitlers guard: SA and political enemies rounded up

c. Wins support of German military

1. army and business were suspicious of SA troops

d. SS under Heinrich Himmler joins with Gestapo

a. Propaganda instrumental in movement

b. Women crucial to war production (Rosie the riveter)

c. Nuremburg Laws passed to deny Jewish citizenship (process)

1. Jewish population begins to emigrate

2. Kristallnacht (Broken glass)

3. Jewish Ghettos

4. Holocaust: Concentration camps (Spiel. pg. 834)

a. “Final solution to the Jewish question”

b. 6 million Jews systematically murdered

f. Hitler challenges the Versailles treaty

1. 1935 Hitler established general draft, German rearmament

2. 1936 Hitler marches armies into demilitarized Rhineland

1. Britain established appeasement policy

2. 1939 Pact of Steel: German military alliance with Italy

3. 1939 Non-Agression Pact with Soviet Union/Molotov-Ribbentrop

g. Appeasement and war

1. Austria invaded, French felt weak without British support

2. Munich conference: Czechoslovakia ceded to Germany for appeasement (Sudetenland) (Spiel. pg. 821)

a. Could not represent self-determination

b. Chech had retained parliamentary Gov’t

1. Chamberlain declares “peace for our time”

2. Germany-Russian non-aggression pact

3. Sept. 1, 1939 Germany invades Poland (Phony war)

a. Blitzkreig “Lightning war”

b. Poland falls in one month

c. Latvia Lituania, Estonia to Soviet Union

6. Sept. 3, 1939 Britain and France declare war on Germany

h. “ Reach for empire”

1. Denmark, Norway, Holland fall to Germany

2. Belgium, France

a. Miracle of Dunkirk

b. British troops surrounded, escaped

3. France under German puppet Gov’t: Vichy France

a. Free France: French resistance

4. 1940 Germany controlled much of central and western Europe

a. Allies with Italy under Mussolini

b. Neutral Soviet Union, Spain

E. Spanish Civil war

1. General Miguel Primo de Rivera seized power with support of army, resigned 1930

2. Alfonzo XIII abdicates

3. Second Spanish Republic declared under Manuel Azana; led to the “Black years”

4. “October revolution” 1934 set up “soviets” ended by General Francisco Franco

5. 1935 “Popular front” forms, military insurrection begins

a. The Falange small fascist movement destabilized the republic

b. Republican Loyalists vs. Nationalists (Franco)

6. 580,000 believe died (1/6th on the battlefield)

a. executions, malnutrition

b. Picasso, Guernica

7. German and Italian assistance proves decisive

8. Franco established a military dictatorship

a. Role for Catholic Church

F. Marshal Tito (Josip Broz )

1. Headed Yugoslavian resistance to Nazi Germany

2. Set up local Communist committees in liberated regions

3. Eventually breaks with Stalin, aided by West

II. World War II

A. Course of the war

1. Battle of Britain and quest for Mediterranean control

a. Extended German air war over the English channel

b. Bombing raids on differing British cities to break English spirit

c. British aviators defeated luftwaffe pilots 3 to 1

d. Hitler turns forces to North Africa

1. Afrika Korps, General Rommel

2. Egypt and Suez canal cut British supply (oil)

e. Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria into alliance with Germany

2. Germany invades Soviet Union (Epitomized Hitler’s unlimited ambitions)

a. In defiance of non-aggression pact

b. German advance halted at Leningrad, tactical error (Moscow)

c. Extended lines, Russian winter stalls German blitzkrieg warfare

3. Japan bombs Pearl Harbor

a. Hitler declares war on United States

b. Japan into Southeast Asia

4. Grand Alliance: U.S., Britain, Soviet Union

a. Soviet Union “conveniently” given less resources

b. Commitment to unconditional surrender

c. “Europe first”

d. Postpone peace settlement until victory had been achieved

5. German push toward Stalingrad (Spiel pg. 827)

a. Red Army counterattack crushed German sixth army

b. Hitler refused to order retreat, hapless German troops systematically slaughtered

c. Red army now takes offensive and drive German army

6. North Africa campaign 1942

a. British defeat German and Italian troops at El Alamein

b. British capture Egypt

c. British-American victories follow at Morrocco, Algeria

7. Invasion of Italy 1943

a. Sicily, then mainland invaded

b. Mussolini captured then liberated under Hitler’s orders

c. Italian Gov’t accepted unconditional surrender

8. D-Day June 6, 1944

a. Normandy invasion, Calais deception

b. Established foothold on continental Europe that British and American troops needed

a. 1945, American troops entered Rhine

9. The rush for Berlin

a. Russian Red Army advancing quickly, Romania, Hungary, Yugoslavia

b. Met American forces on the Elbe

1. Berlin under siege of Russians

2. Hitler commits suicide

3. German command surrenders

10. The atomic bomb

a. Question of mainland invasion or atomic alternative

b. Hiroshima, Nagasaki

c. Ends the second world war

d. Dawn of the Cold War

KING HIGH SCHOOL

N. Hocking

The Cold War 1945

I. The aftermath of war and preconditions for another

A. The conferences (TYPe)

1. Teheran (1943)

a. Big Three: Winston Churchill, FDR, Joseph Stalin

b. Agreed to work together to defeat Nazi Germany

c. Led to West / East Europe

2. Yalta (Feb 1945)

a. A defeated Germany is divided among victors

b. Bulgaria, Poland under Russian control

c. USSR promise to declare war on Japan

3. Potsdam (July, 1945)

a. Truman replaces FDR

1. Cuts aid to USSR

2. Communist developed Eastern European Gov’ts.

3. US demilitarization, backed by atomic threat

4. Truman doctrine (Marshall plan)

b. Churchill declares an “Iron curtain” surrounding Eastern Europe (USSR)

B. The Superpowers (In this corner…)

1. US backs countries for democratic principles

a. US supports free elections in Eastern Europe

b. NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization established (1949)

c. “an attack on one, is an attack on all” Western European unity

d. West Germany joins 1955

2. USSR becomes leader of communist nations

a. Warsaw Pact (Eastern bloc)

b. USSR returns to pre war totalitarianism

3. Post WWII Social service programs established

4. British economy slows (Old factories, Little investment)

C. Mounting tensions (Keep score at home!)

1. Iran Crisis (1946)

a. USSR occupies Iran during war (Great Britain)

b. Truman threatens retaliation, Stalin capitulates

2. Truman Doctrine (1947)

a. Stemmed from fears of communist expansion

b. Policy to contain spread of communism in areas liberated by Red army, leads to:

1. Marshall plan

a. Financial assistance for rebuilding European countries

b. European Economic Community (EEC) major role in revitalizing postwar Europe

3. US National security act (1947)

a. Establishes National security council, Central Intelligence Agency

4. Berlin Blockade (1948-1949)

a. Stalin blocks entrance into Western controlled Berlin

b. Berlin airlift (Below)

1. Food, provisions dropped to Berliners

5. NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization)

a. Military alliance between nations (west)

6. China falls to communism (1949)

a. Civil war since 1935

b. Mao Tse-Tung communist leader

b. Chang Kai Shek fled to Formosa (Taiwan)

7. Korean war (1950-1953)

a. Occupied by Japan until end of WW II

b. Divided at 38th parallel

c. Communist North, US South

d. US UN defend South Korea

e. 38th parallel established as permanent boundary in stalemate

8. H-Bomb (1952) detonated

9. Stalin dies (1953) De-Stalinization under Khrushchev

a. Economy more responsive to Soviet consumers

b. 1955, 1958 failed arms reduction talks “We will bury you.”

c. Writers, artist and intellectual unrest

d. Eastern European nationalism (rebellion)

e. Denouncing Stalin (Spiel. pg. 860)

10. French defeated in Vietnam (1954)

a. 1945-1954 Indochina war (Vietnam independence)

11. SEATO formed (Southeast Asia)

12. Geneva accords (1955)

a. Divides Vietnam 17th parallel

13. Soviet Union invades Hungary (1956)

a. Hungarian demonstrations for elections

b. USSR responds with armed incursion

14. Suez crisis (1956)

a. UN sent in to keep peace

b. Leads to Eisenhower doctrine (Monroe doctrine for middle east)

15. Sputnik I, Sputnik II

a. Begins “space race”

16. Cuba

a. Fidel Castro ousts Bautista for control of Cuban Government

b. Supported by Moscow

17. U2 spy plane crisis (1960)

a. Arms reduction talks set for Paris

b. Pilot Gary Powers shot down over Soviet Union air space

b. Eisenhower denies, Khrushev shows proof

c. Conference dissolved (Manchester pg. )

18. Bay of Pigs (1961)

a. CIA attempt to overthrow Castro with Cuban exiles

b. 1500 troops killed or imprisoned (US humiliated)

19. The Berlin Wall (1961)

a. Khrushev constructs wall separating East and West Berlin

b. Kennedy: “Ich Mein Berliner” “ I am a Pastry”

20. Cuban missile crisis (1962) (Spiel. pg. 853) (13 Days)

a. Soviet missiles photographed in Cuba

b. Kennedy establishes naval blockade

c. US warns USSR any attack retaliation on Moscow

d. USSR removes missiles, military expansion begins

21. 1964 Leonid Brezhnev ousts Khrushchev, begins military build-up

22. Tonkin Gulf resolution (1964)

a. USS Mattox “fired upon?”

b. President authorized to take “all necessary measures”

c. American troops deployed

23. US occupies Dominican Republic

a. Fearful of another Cuba

b. 25,000 troops deployed

24. USS Pueblo (1968)

a. Spy ship captured coast of North Korea

25. TET offensive: Vietnam (1968)

a. NVA orchestrated attacks on American troops

b. US eventually withdraws troops

26. Soviet Invasion of Czechoslovakia “Prague Spring” (1968)

a. Czechoslovak reform movement under Alexander Dubchek

b. Soviet troops and tanks end Czechoslovakian reforms

c. Attempt to “humanize” communism under

27. Helsinki agreement (1975)

a. Sought Soviet bloc human rights

b. recognition of existing political boundaries

28. Soviets in Afghanistan (1979)

a. US military build up

b. Soviet geopolitics

29. Détente and Willy Brandt (West German chancellor)

a. First attempt to unify East and West blocs

b. Détente (1970’s relaxation of cold war tensions)

1. Soviets build military under auspice of détente

c. Sought peace and reconciliation with eastern Europe

d. 1974 resigns, controversy that aides spied for East Germany

30. Michael Gorbachev (1985)

D. European demographic shifts

1. German minister of the economy Ludwig Erhard

a. Emphasized free market capitalism

b. “Common market” Treaty of Rome

1. Robert Schuman: plan to bind countries economically making war

impossible

2. De-colonization

a. Asia and Africa independence movements from colonial rule

3. International youth culture

a. Postwar baby boom, growth of middle class

1. Margaret Thatcher attempt to encourage low and moderate income

workers to purchase apartments created new property owners.

b. Postwar prosperity

c. Communication, education and travel and tourism

4. Charles De Gaulle “fifth republic” established in France

a. Student riots, promise of reform

b. French President until 1969

c. wanted out of “American” NATO

d. Sought to develop own nuclear weapons for France to increase power

5. NOW (National Organization for Women)

a. Founded by Betty Friedan

b. “second wave feminism” attributed to

1. changes in workplace and motherhood

2. work of feminist intellectuals

3. demand for reform

6. Misery index

a. combines inflation and unemployment

KING HIGH SCHOOL

N. Hocking

Contemporary European History 1975

I. Contemporary European History

A. Soviet Union / Communism

1. Invasion of Afghanistan ends détente (1979)

a. Formulated by the Helsinki agreement (1975)

b. Brezhnev era

1. Nationalism

2. rise in standard of living

3. Growth of urban population

2. Michael Gorbachev’s reforms based on extending individual freedoms in Soviet bloc

a. Perestroika: reforms used to restructure the economy (Spiel. pg. 884)

1. Included better prices,

2. Independence for state enterprises

3. “Capitalism” profit seeking corporations

4. Andrei Sakharov led democratic opposition to communism

a. Helped develop hydrogen bomb

5. Alexander Solzhenitsyn, The Gulag Archipelago

b. Glasnost: “Openness” in politics and society

c. Russian federation established under universal suffrage

d. Boris Yeltsin (aligns with Christian democrats) “Russia”

1. Policy to put Russian domestic reform above “multi-national”

2. 1991 Communist Coup attempt (Gorbachev kidnapped)

3. Coup leads to demise of Soviet Communism

4. Russia declared independent from Soviet Union (1991)

5. Attempts at democratic reform, leads to inflation

6. Unemployment, destruction of pension savings

3. End of Communist regimes (democratic movements of 1989)

a. Poland establishes free elections (solidarity)

1. Agricultural growth, return to church

2. First state to elect non-communist leader

b. Hungary ends communist autocracy

c. Czechoslovakia ends communist control “Velvet Revolution”

d. Romania countered democratic reforms with armed (Violent) repression

e. The fall of the Berlin Wall

1. Uniting West and East Germany

f. Commonalities

1. Market reforms

2. Flexibility in Gov’t. policy

3. Return to capitalism

B. German Unification

1. Berlin wall opened, massive immigration to West Germany (Half population of East Germany

2. Chancellor Helmut Kohl proposal to unify Germany West German Christian Democrats)

3. How would unification be received by: Russia, France?

4. Peaceful intentions (Nuclear, Biological, Chemical weapons)

5. Loan money to Soviet Union

6. Russian troop withdrawal, Germany becomes leader economically

7. East joins with West Germany based under West German laws/constitution

C. Paris Accord (1990)

1. Reduction in arms

2. Legality of all existing borders / nations

3. Fostered START (decrease in ICBM’s)

4. US (UN) emerges as “global police”

a. Gulf war (1991)

D. Economic stability

1. Development of a global economy

2. Assists development of capitalism

E. War in former Yugoslavia (1991-1995)

1. Revolutions (1989)

2. President Slobodan Milosevic reacts to Slovenia and Croation declared independence

3. Spread to civil war (Bosnia-Herzegovina) “Greater Serbia”

a. Ethnic diversity fostered discontent and “ethnic cleansing”

1. Slaughter of Srebrenica

b. Serbian troops seized territories

c. 1995 United Nations intervened, Dayton accord

1. UN force maintained accord

2. Loose federated state shared by Serbs, Croats, Muslims

F. The European Union (EU)

1. Single European Act 1986 established groundwork

a. Labor, capital, services

2. Sought a single economic market

3. Led by Francois Mitterrand, Jacques Chirac (France) Helmut Kohl (Germany)

4. Maastricht treaty set criteria for joining the economic union:

a. Low inflation

b. Reduced national debt

c. Reduced national budget to 3% GNP

d. Supported by Christian Democrats

G. Other “Tid Brits”

1. Margaret Thatcher (1925- ) “The Iron Lady” (Spiel. pg. 895)

a. First British woman Prime minister (Conservative party)

b. Support of upper and middle classes

c. Falkland Island war (Argentine coast)

2. John Major (1943- )

3. Tony Blair

KING HIGH SCHOOL

N. Hocking

“ISMS”

Political theory

Absolutism: Rule of absolute monarch in an administrative monarchy, total rule (Louis XIV)

Capitalism: Type of market system where private individuals and businesses own the means of producing goods and services based upon initiative, competition, and profit. (Free-enterprise, market system) U.S.

Communism: Extreme form of socialism, in which workers (Government) control the means of producing goods and services (Karl Marx, Freidrich Engels)

Democracy: (ism) Government structure based on popular sovereignty (people) public policies and representation by the vote. (United States)

Fascism: A totalitarian governmental system led by a dictator (Autocrat) and emphasizing aggressive nationalism / racism (Autocracy: Unlimited authority over others vested in a single person: Hitler Mussolini)

Marxism: Communist Manifesto the proletariat would conquer the bourgeoisie in violent class revolution

Marxism-Leninism: combined Marxism and capitalism: developed New Economic Policy (NEP)

Socialism: Economic system in which the public owns and controls most of the capital goods. Basic economic decisions are typically made by economic planners (Saint-Simon, Charles Fourier, Louis Blanc, Joseph Proudhon)

Totalitarianism: Form of Government in which the power to rule embraces all matters of human concern (Authoritarian, Dictatorship: Political power held by one person or group. Rulers have absolute power over the people) pre WW II Russia, Germany, Italy

Art, Music Literature

Abstract expressionism: combines abstract art and expressionist art

classes, urban working classes. Realists observed and reported (Emile Zola, Balzac, Flaubert)

Cubism: (Art) Typified by reduction of natural forms, lines to their geometrical equivalents

Dadaism: Attacked all accepted standards of art, exploited accidental and incongruous effects.

Expressionism: see postimpressionism

Fauvism: Group of early 20th century artists, marked by use of vivid colors, contrast

Impressionism: (Art) movement which attempts to convey general impressions (emotion) rather than object reality (Monet, Renoir, Pissaro)

Neo-Classicism: Revival or adaption of classical style

Postimpressionism: (Art) sought to evoke emotional intensity, nonrepresentational, abstract character wanting to portray inner characteristics of emotion and imagination (Van Gogh, Gauguin)

Realism: (Lit) Utilized observation of everyday life, rejecting romantics, mostly focused on middle

Romanticism: Art, Literature Music characterized by a belief in emotional exuberance, unrestrained imagination and spontaneity (Sturm und Drang, Delacroix, Hugo, William Wordsworth)

Surrealism: (Art) stressing the subconscious significance of imagery or the exploitation of juxtaposition. Fantastic art of dreams and symbols. “Watch melting into landscapes” (Picasso)

National Policy

Colonialism: The policy of a nation seeking to extend its power over other territories (see Imperialism)

Expansionism: see colonialism

Imperialism: The policy of extending the rule or authority of an empire or nation over foreign countries

interests of ones own nation Used as a tool for Unification purposes (Bismarck, Mazzini, Herder, Scramble for Africa)

Jingoism: Extreme patriotism

liberal principles or views: enlightenment influence of John Locke, Baron de Montesquieu

Liberalism: Theory based on principles of liberty and equality, individual rights and political freedom

Mercantilism: Collection of governmental policies for the regulation of economic activities, especially commercial activities, by and for the state. Sell abroad, buy nothing back ( Jean-Baptiste Colbert)

Militarism: Principle of maintaining a large military establishment. Tendency to regard military efficiency as the supreme ideal of the state (Prussia 1700’s)

Nationalism: Utilized cultural unity, common language, history, territory reflected in a devotion to the

Neocolonialism: A system used to perpetuate Western economic dominance over former colonies, (now political independent) asserting Western dominance in international affairs (Decolonization)

Patriotism: see nationalism

Religion

Agnosticism: Neither claim nor deny existence of God

Anti-Semitism: Policies to discriminate against those of the Jewish faith (Kristalnacht)

Atheism: Deny the existence of God

Calvinism: Following the theology of John Calvin

Catholicism: Those following theology of Catholic church, papacy

Deism: Belief in existence of God on the evidence of reason only

Humanism: (Christian) Human interests and values are of primary importance, The study of the humanities (Renaissance)

Judaism: Those following the Jewish faith

Pluralism: Holding of several church offices at the same time: Also with regard to religious toleration for monarchs

Protestantism: Theory developed by Martin Luther, religious sects not adhering to Catholicism

Utraquism: Reception of the Eucharist under both bread and wine (Jan Hus)

Philosophy

Empiricism: Doctrine that all knowledge is derived from experience (Wittgenstein)

Existentialism: Doctrine that people have absolute freedom of choice. Universe is absurd, emphasis on anxiety and alienation (Nietzche, Sartre)

Feminism: Doctrine of social and political rights for women equal to those of men

Rationalism: principle of accepting reason as the supreme authority in matters of opinion, politics (Enlightenment)

Social Darwinism: Racial struggle based on theories of competition with regard to colonization

Terrorism: The use of violence and threats to intimidate or coerce for political puposes

Utopianism: Belief in an ideal society as delineated by Thomas More (marquis de Condorcet)

Terms for European History

Edict

Papacy (Papal)

Bull

Diet

Bourgeoisie

General Terms

Watershed

Precipitant

Precondition

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