ECONOMIC, POLITICAL, AND THEOLOGICAL ISSUES IN THE ...
Reformation (WHII-3)
For centuries, the Roman Catholic Church had little competition in religious thought and action. The resistance of the church to change led to the Protestant Reformation, which resulted in the birth of new political and economic institutions.
|What were some of the conflicts that challenged the authority of the Church in Rome? (3a, b) |
| |
|Merchant wealth challenged the Church’s view of __________ (meaning an extremely high rate of interest). |
|_____________ and _____________ nobility disliked Italian domination of the Church. |
|The Church’s great _____________ power and ____________ caused conflict. |
|Church _______________ and the sale of indulgences* were widespread and caused conflict. |
|Dissenters (prior to Luther) were critical of the Catholic Church |
|_____________________- an English priest who argued that the Bible is the highest religious authority. He translated the Bible into English so people |
|could guide themselves in religious matters. He was denounced by the Pope, and his followers were persecuted. |
|___________________- (also known as John) a Bohemian religious leader who advocated ideas similar to Wycliffe. Huss was arrested, tried as a heretic and|
|burned at the stake. |
| |
|*Expanded information: In the Catholic church an indulgence is a method of obtaining forgiveness of sins—oftentimes by the recitation of selected |
|prayers. As an example of the abuse of this power from church officials, “… in 1517, Pope Leo X offered indulgences for those who gave alms to rebuild |
|St. Peter's Basilica in Rome, a situation that took on the appearance of ‘selling indulgences’.” (from—) |
|Views and Actions of Martin Luther, John Calvin, Henry VII, and Elizabeth I (3a) |
|Religious Leader |Views |Actions |
| |Salvation by ________ alone | |
|Martin Luther |__________ as the ultimate authority |95 theses |
|(the Lutheran tradition) |All humans ________ before God |Birth of the ________________ Church |
| | | |
|John Calvin |Predestination |Expansion of the ______________ Movement |
|(the Calvinist tradition) |Faith revealed by living a ___________________ | |
| |__________ ethic | |
| | | |
|King Henry VIII |Dismissed the authority of the ____________ in Rome |Divorced |
|(Church of England) | |Broke with ____________ |
| | |Headed the national church in England |
| | |Appropriated lands and wealth of the ______________________ |
| | |Church in England |
| | | |
|Elizabeth I |As queen, Elizabeth was head of the ____________* Church|Expansion and colonialism |
|(the Anglican tradition) |Tolerance for ___________ |Obtained victory over the ______________________ (1588) |
| | | |
| |*meaning English or relating to England | |
|Expanded Information: |
| |
|The 95 theses were statements written by Martin Luther against indulgences and other Church practices and, according to legend, were first posted on the |
|Wittenberg University chapel door. They were later printed in German and distributed to the populace—leading to support for Luther and thus alarming the|
|Catholic Church. (Note the role that the Guttenberg printing press had in the spread of ideas during the Reformation.) |
| |
|John Calvin believed in predestination or the idea that God had determined in advance who would achieve salvation. Calvin reformed the city of Geneva, |
|Switzerland and made it into a powerful center of Protestantism. |
| |
|King Henry VIII wanted to divorce his first wife because she did not provide him with a male heir. When the Catholic Church would not grant him a |
|divorce, he broke with the Church in Rome. Henry stopped internal dissent by restricting the religious choice to only the Church of England of which he |
|declared himself to be the head. He retained most of the rituals of the Roman Catholic Church during his reign, but he then dissolved all Catholic |
|monasteries and sold their land and possessions (which amounted to almost one-fourth of the land in England). Henry would marry five more |
|times—executing two of those wives and divorcing another. His second wife was the mother of Elizabeth I. |
| |
|Elizabeth I was the daughter of Henry VIII. She was twenty-five when she became queen in 1558 and ruled successfully for forty-four years. Elizabeth |
|inherited the conflicts between the Catholics and the Protestants which she worked with successfully through compromises. The Anglican Church under |
|Elizabeth followed a moderate Protestantism that satisfied most people in England. During Elizabeth’s reign England began to explore and colonize. |
|Elizabeth sponsored Sir Francis Drake and the colony of Virginia in the New World was named for Elizabeth, the “Virgin Queen”. Philip II of Spain sent |
|the Spanish Armada to try and invade England during Elizabeth’s reign. England was able to successfully defeat the Armada in 1588. |
| |
|The Reformation helped remove the stigma which the Catholic Church had traditionally placed on money-lending with rates of interest (usury). Calvinism |
|encouraged the investment of money by promoting luxury and self-indulgence as vices with thrift as a virtue. The discoveries in the sixteenth and |
|seventeenth centuries opened new trade routes all over the world further enabling capitalism opportunities. |
|Economic, political, and Theological Issues in the Reformation (3b) |
|The Reformation had its roots in theology, but it led to important economic and political changes. Religious differences and hatreds caused war and |
|destruction. |
|Reformation in Germany |
| | |
| |(This column contains expanded information.) |
|Princes in Northern Germany converted to | |
|____________________, ending the authority of the Pope in |The Hapsburg family was the most powerful Roman Catholic family in Europe—with the position of|
|their states. |the Holy Roman Emperor being filled in this time period by Hapsburgs. Even though they were a|
|The _______________ family and the authority of the Holy |royal German family, they ruled in numerous European states from the late Middle Ages until |
|Roman Empire continued to support the Roman Catholic |the 20th century. |
|Church. | |
|Conflict between Protestants and Catholics resulted in |The Thirty Years’ War was a series of conflicts between 1618 and 1648 mostly in the territory |
|devastating wars (e.g., __________________ War). |of today’s Germany. While the clash between the Protestants and Catholics was one of the main|
| |reasons for the war, there were many other factions and conflicts during the war—including |
| |international conflicts, a German civil war for the self-preservation of the Hapsburg dynasty,|
| |and a religious war among Catholics, Lutherans, and Calvinists. When France entered the Thirty|
| |Years War on the side of the Protestants that struggle changed from religious to political. |
| |The Treaty of Westphalia ended the Thirty Years War. |
| | |
| | |
|Economic, political, and Theological Issues in the Reformation (continued) (3b) |
|Reformation in France |
| | |
|The Catholic monarchy granted Protestant Huguenots |The Protestant Huguenots were greatly influenced by Calvin. The Huguenots made up a small |
|freedom of worship by the ____________ ___________ |percentage of the population but a large percentage of the nobility. When one of the Huguenots |
|(later revoked). |(a Protestant) became King (Henry IV in 1589) he converted to Catholicism when he realized that |
| |he would never be accepted otherwise. He later issued the Edict of Nantes which gave the |
|Cardinal Richelieu changed the focus of the Thirty |Huguenots the right to worship as Protestants and returned many of their civil privileges. With |
|Years’ War from a religious to a ____________ conflict.|this Edict the French Wars of Religion (1562-1598) ended. Almost a century later King Henry IV’s|
| |grandson, Louis XIV repealed the Edict making Protestantism illegal in France. At this time many|
| |Protestants left France for Great Britain, Germany, and other countries draining France of many |
| |talented and resourceful people. |
| | |
| |Cardinal Richelieu was the de facto ruler of France after Henry IV’s young son became king. |
| |Though Richelieu was Catholic he supported the Protestants in the Thirty Years War because he |
| |felt the greater enemy of France was Spain (a Catholic country). Internally, he captured the |
| |holdings of the Huguenots who were seen as a threat to the king’s power. He established a system|
| |of government with centralized taxes and selected administrators who gained control over all |
| |parts of France. |
|Catholic Reformation (3b) |
| |
|Counter Reformation |
|The ____________________________ reaffirmed most Church doctrine and practices |
|The sale of indulgences was stopped by the Council of Trent. |
|The Society of Jesus (The ____________) was founded to spread Catholic doctrine around the world. |
|The _________________ was used to reinforce Catholic doctrine. |
|The Inquisition was a church court used against heretics. During this time period the church tried to stop anyone from expressing an opinion different |
|from the teachings of the church. (Those supporting such opinions were known as heretics.) The church would oftentimes seek out the heretics for |
|prosecution and punishments, often by burning them at the stake. |
|A Changing Europe (3c) |
| |
|At first the Reformation divided the countries of Europe on religious principles, leading to religious intolerance. Power in most European states was |
|concentrated in the monarch. Gradually religious toleration emerged, along with democratic thought. |
| | |
|Changing cultural values, traditions, and |Role of the printing press |
|philosophies | |
| |Growth of literacy was stimulated by the _____________ printing press. |
|Growth of secularism* |The Bible was printed in English, _________, and __________. |
|Growth of individualism |These factors had an important impact on spreading the ideas of the __________________ and |
|Eventual growth of religious ______________ |__________________. |
| | |
|*secularism—political or social philosophy that| |
|is not religious | |
1. What are the reasons that people challenged the authority of the Catholic Church? (Think IMAD)
a.
b.
c.
d.
2. What are the key beliefs of Luther and most Protestants? (Think FUN)
a.
b.
c.
3. How did Catholics think one earned salvation?
4. How did Luther challenge the church?
5. Who do Protestants (Luther and Calvin) believe can accurate interpret the Bible?
6. Charles V and his Hapsburg family was a supporter of what religion (denomination)?
7. What is Predestination? Who first thought of it?
8. What did the Edict of Nantes do?
9. How did Cardinal Richelieu keep France strong?
10. What is the correct order of the following events?
____ Luther pins the 95 Thesis
____ Tetzel sells indulgences
____ Henry VIII breaks from the church
____ Council of Trent
____ Calvin establishes a theocracy
11. What is the primary location of the following after the reformation (c. 1600 AD):
a. Catholicism
b. Lutheranism
c. Calvinism
d. Anglicanism
12. What are the results of the Reformation:
a.
b.
c.
d.
-----------------------
To help you remember—
( the Hapsburgs were Catholic
( the Huguenots were Protestant
Note: Alphabetically the Hapsburgs come before the Huguenots—and Catholics are alphabetically before Protestants.
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