Anatomy and Physiology



NAME ______________________________________LAB TIME/DATE _____________________________REVIEW SHEET EXERCISE40Anatomy of the Urinary SystemGross Anatomy of the Human Urinary System??1.What is the function of the fat cushion that surrounds the kidneys in life? Helps anchor the kidneys to the dorsal body wall ? and cushions them against blows ?2Define ptosis. Dropping of the kidney(s) to a more inferior position in the abdominal cavity ?3.Match the appropriate structure in column B to its description in column A. The items in column B may be used more than once.Column AColumn B b 1.smooth membrane, tightly adherent to the kidney surface a.cortex c 2.portion of the kidney containing mostly collecting ductsb.fibrous capsule a 3.portion of the kidney containing the bulk of the nephron structuresc.medulla a 4.superficial region of kidney tissued.minor calyx f 5.basinlike area of the kidney, continuous with the uretere.renal column d 6.a cup-shaped extension of the pelvis that encircles the apex of a pyramidf.renal pelvis e 7.area of cortical tissue running between the medullary pyramidsFunctional Microscopic Anatomy of the Kidney and Bladder?Key:a.afferent arteriolej.glomerulusb.arcuate arteryk.interlobar arteryc.arcuate veinl.interlobar veind.collecting ductm.nephron loop—ascending limbe.cortical radiate arteryn.nephron loop—descending limbf.cortical radiate veino.peritubular capillaryg.distal convoluted tubulep.proximal convoluted tubuleh.efferent arterioleq.segmental arteryi.glomerular capsule?4.For each of the following descriptions of a structure, find the matching name in the question 6 key. j 1.?capillary specialized for filtration m 4.?location of macula densa o 2.?capillary specialized for reabsorption p 5.?primary site of tubular reabsorption i 3.?cuplike part of the renal corpuscle d 6.?receives urine from many nephrons?5.Explain why the glomerulus is such a high-pressure capillary bed. It is both fed and drained by arterioles (which are high-pressure vessels compared to venules), and the afferent arteriole has a larger diameter than the efferent arteriole.How does its high-pressure condition aid its function of filtrate formation? The higher the capillary pressure, the more filtrate will be formed. ?6.What structural modification of certain tubule cells enhances their ability to reabsorb substances from the filtrate? Their possession of dense microvilli (especially the PCT cells) 7.Explain the mechanism of tubular secretion, and explain its importance in the urine-formation process. Tubular secretion is the process of moving substances from the tubule cells or from the peritubular capillary blood into the nephron filtrate (to be eliminated in the urine). It is important for adjusting pH and eliminating substances not already in the filtrate.pare and contrast the composition of blood plasma and glomerular filtrate. Glomerular filtrate = blood plasma without most of the blood proteins. 9.Define juxtaglomerular complex. Macula densa cells of the ascending limb of the nephron loop and granular (juxtaglomerular) cells of the afferent arteriole that play a role in regulating the rate of filtrate formation and systemic blood pressure 33547052000250010.Label the figure using the key letters of the correct terms. Key:a.granular cellsb.cuboidal epitheliumc.macula densad.glomerular capsule (parietal layer)e.ascending limb of the nephron loop11.What is important functionally about the specialized epithelium (transitional epithelium) in the bladder? The cells have the ability to move over one another as the bladder fills, thus decreasing the bladder wall thickness and increasing the internal bladder volume.Why This Matters13.Name and describe the sphincter that provides conscious control over the micturition reflex. The external urethral sphincter composed of skeletal muscle controls the micturition reflex.?14The practice of elimination communication seems to indicate that babies can gain the ability to inhibit the micturition reflex. Hypothesize how this control might be achieved and which nervous system (central, autonomic, or somatic) is most likely involved. The inhibition most likely involves higher brain centers. Higher brain centers would be found in the central? nervous system.? ................
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