Do Americans Really Like Children



Do Americans Really Like Children . . . Yet?

Group 1

Members: Satine Gorgyan Megan Holland Vardui Khorikyan Hermine Sarkisian

| | Then |2009 |Your Impressions of the Data between Then and Now |

| | |Cite Source | |

|1 | Infant mortality |Infant Mortality | There has been a decline in the infant mortality |

| |“Our rate is the fifteenth among 42 nations having |- According to the central intelligence agency’s “The Worlds |rate in the United States. We went from being 12th to |

| |comparable data, which is almost twice the rate of Sweden. |FactBook”, the United States is ranked at 174 out of 222 countries |now, 174th in the world (CIA FactBook, 2012). But for |

| |Infant mortality rates for American whites are much higher |for its infant mortality rate of 5.98. (CIA 2012) |being such a rich and strong nation, in comparison to |

| |than the national average, and mortality rates of nonwhite |- The United States has the highest rate of infant mortality for |other nations, our mortality rate is still somewhat high.|

| |infants born in America's 20 largest cities approach the |being a rich nation (Huffington Post, 2012) |We have one of the highest capita of beds in a hospital |

| |rates in urban areas of underdeveloped countries.” |-In the United States, the most common causes of infant mortality are|that could hold patients, but due to health care and |

| |(Keniston). |congenital malformations and disorders associated with low |other factors, we do not make it easy to provide these |

| | |birth-weight and short gestation. |patients adequate care. (Huffington Post, 2012). I would |

| | |- America's relative performance is declining. In 1960, the United |expect that in the United States there would be enough |

| | |States had the twelfth lowest infant mortality rate in the world. By |money and other resources to help mothers and their |

| | |1990, we had dropped to twenty-third, and we sank to thirty-fourth in|babies to decline the rate of infant mortality. According|

| | |2008. (Huffington Post, 2012) |to the facts from Keniston’s article and now, it seems as|

| | | |if the article was written sometime during the 1960’s. |

|2 |Adequate health care |*Adequate health care | It is unfortunate to find out that much hasn’t |

| |-“We are among the very few modern nations that do not |-“More Than One Child in Four Lacks Regular Access to Health Care” |change from the time of Keniston’s article and now. |

| |guarantee adequate health care to mothers and children… |() |According to an article I found on the Children’s Health |

| |Approximately one-quarter of all American children do not |-“Just having health insurance does not guarantee that our children |Fund (CHF) website, there are the same amount of |

| |receive anything approaching adequate health care, nor did |have access to health care. Non-economic factors also interfere with |children, if not more, who lack regular access to health |

| |their mothers before they were born –whence our graceful |access to health care services. In many poor urban and rural |care. The CHF article also lists details of barriers |

| |infant mortality rates… Inadequate prenatal care of |communities there are too few health professionals. These are |that families and children encounter in order to access |

| |mothers increases the chances that children will be born |federally designated as “health professional shortage areas”, or |adequate health care. As a teacher, it is important to |

| |dead, defective, or sickly… Inadequate healthcare |HPSAs. An inadequate supply of health professionals inevitably |be aware of such difficulties that a family can be |

| |increases the chances of illness or transforms minor |results in sparse distribution. Many families, particularly in rural |facing. |

| |illnesses into permanent handicaps.” (Keniston) |communities, must travel long distances to get to a doctor. In these |I would’ve never thought that immunizations were |

| | |communities unaffordable, unavailable and/or unreliable |difficult to access in this country. I’m surprised to |

| | |transportation can be a powerful, but often overlooked, barrier to |learn that some insurance companies wouldn’t cover such |

| | |health access.” ( & National Rural Health |simple preventative care such as immunizations. What are|

| | |Association ) |we, a third-world country? My dogs have better access to |

| | |*Percent of children with health insurance |vaccines! If a child isn’t vaccinated for easily |

| | |-“In 2005, there were 9 million children |preventative diseases and comes in contact with other |

| | |(11.2%) without health insurance, representing a growth of 361,000 |people, this poses a tremendous risk for our society. |

| | |from 2004 to 2005.” () | |

| | |-“23.7 million US children experience challenges in accessing health | |

| | |care: | |

| | |Uninsured: 9 million | |

| | |Gaps in coverage: 11.5 million | |

| | |Transportation barriers: 3.2 million” | |

| | |() | |

| | |*Percent of children immunized | |

| | |- “…an undetermined number of children have so-called “catastrophic” | |

| | |health insurance that covers hospitalization but not routine care | |

| | |such as immunization.” () | |

| | |-“One out of five children (20%) living in families below the federal| |

| | |poverty level do not get even one well child visit during the year. | |

| | |One serious consequence of denying children access to preventive care| |

| | |is delayed immunizations. Partial or delayed immunization status | |

| | |places their health, and the health of the other children with whom | |

| | |they come into contact, at risk.” | |

| | |( & National Rural Health Association | |

| | |) | |

|3 |Child Malnutrition. |Malnutrition | I think child malnutrition has always been a major |

| |- “A United States Department of Agriculture survey shows |According to the USDA, over 16 million children lived in food |concern. I believe that the statistics have actually |

| |that between 1955 and 1965, a decade of rising agricultural|insecure (low food security and very low food security) households in|gotten worse. The Keniston article explains that millions|

| |productivity, the percentage of diets deficient in one more|2010. |of children are malnourished, but now the USDA reports 16|

| |essential nutrients actually increased. Millions of |16 million kids aren’t sure where their next meal will come from |million children being malnourished. All the statistics |

| |American children today remain hungry and malnourished” |(Save the Children, 2010). |found today explain 13-16 million children living in |

| |(Keniston) |13 million children live in homes with limited access to food (Live |malnourished homes, which is reported by Save the |

| | |Strong, 2009). |Children organization and Live Strong). Even in the past|

| | | |though, as the Keniston article explains, even at an |

| | | |agricultural high point children were malnourished. I |

| | | |believe this is because the children and parents were not|

| | | |aware of how important a well balanced diet is on growth |

| | | |and brain activity. Now with the economic downturn, |

| | | |parents can’t afford to keep their children properly |

| | | |nourished. |

| |Children in Poverty |Children in Poverty | The information from the Keniston article and online|

| |‘We say that children have a right to the material |“New York City (February 14, 2012) – By the sheer numbers, and |statistics is really shocking to me. It seems as though |

| |necessities of life and yet of all age groups in America, |contrary to some common stereotypes about the country’s poor, America|the rates of poverty have increased over the years for |

| |children are the most likely to live in abject poverty. In |has more white children living in low-income families than any other |children. It is very sad to find out such horrible news.|

| |fact, one-sixth of them I live below the officially defined|race. More than 12.1 million white children live in low-income |I think this may be due to the economic downfall in the |

| |poverty line. One-third lives below that level defined by |families; compared to: |US and not enough jobs for families to live off of. We |

| |the government as "minimum but adequate". And we are the |10.7 million Hispanic children; |have focused on educating students to enter into the job |

| |only industrial democracy that lacks of a system of income |6.5 million black children; |market well prepared, but where are they supposed to |

| |supports for families with children. In this area, we are |1 million Asian children; |work? The US needs to spend its money on creating work |

| |an underdeveloped nation.’ (Keniston) |400,000 American Indian children; and |for its people. Families need the income to support |

| | |1.3 million children of other races. |their children, so that their children can grow healthy |

| | |At the same time, black and Hispanic children are more likely to live|and strong. Americans need to work on prioritizing their|

| | |in low-income families than white children. Sixty-four percent of |actions to meet the needs of children, first and |

| | |black children and 63 percent of Hispanic children lived in such |foremost. |

| | |families compared to 31 percent of white children. The statistics are| |

| | |revealed in newly-released fact sheets from the National Center for | |

| | |Children in Poverty (NCCP), based at the Mailman School of Public | |

| | |Health at Columbia University.” | |

| | |“There are more than 72 million children under age 18 in the United | |

| | |States: of those, 31.9 million live in low-income families (44% of | |

| | |all children); and 15.5 million live in poor families (21% of all | |

| | |children). Low income ($44,700 for a family of four) is defined by | |

| | |NCCP as being twice the official federal poverty level ($22,350 for a| |

| | |family of four).” | |

|5 |School Achievement (graduation rates) |Achievement Gap | The Keniston article ties the achievement gap |

| |- “Yet, on a variety of standard achievement tests the |“Children of poor families are up to six times more likely to drop |between poor and rich with race, showing that they are |

| |absolute gap between rich and poor and between black and |out of High School than wealthy children” (, 2012). |both vital issues. Also by tying the two together it |

| |white students as well, is greatest at the twelfth grade |The achievement gap between poor and rich has doubled the gap between|makes it seem like they both have the same degree of |

| |level” (Keniston) |black and white children (Stanford University 2009). |difference. Currently, as the statistics stated by |

| | |“Test scores between affluent and low-income students had grown by |Stanford University (2009) the gap between rich and poor |

| | |40% since 1960” (University of Michigan, 2010). |is much greater than the difference among black and white|

| | |“In the 1950’s and 1960’s in which race was more consequential than |students. I believe that the achievement gap among |

| | |family income” (Stanford University, 2009). |students because of social economic status, has been a |

| | | |problem for a while, but with the economic downturn, has |

| | | |become more predominant in the school and a greater |

| | | |problem. |

Group 2

Group 2 Members: Allison, Nancy, Lakeita and Jonathon

| |Then |2009 |Your Impressions of the Data between Then and Now |

| | |Cite Source | |

|6 |Maternal Employment |Nancy: |Nancy: |

| | |The labor force participation rate--the percent of the population working or |Mothers now are working more than when the Kinston article was |

| |“It is a simple fact that last year for the|looking for work--for all mothers with children under age 18 was 70.6 percent |written. 70.6 percent of all mothers with children under the |

| |first time in our history more than half of|in 2011, little different from 70.8 percent in 2010. In 2011, the |age of 18 are working. (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2011) Since|

| |all mothers of school-age children in |participation rate for married mothers with |the article there has been a twenty percent increase in women |

| |two-parent families worked outside the |a spouse present (68.7 percent) remained lower than the rate for mothers with |working. |

| |home, mostly full-time.” (Kinston) |other marital statuses (74.6 percent). | |

| | | | |

| | | | |

| | | | |

| | |Jonathan: | |

| | |The labor force participation rate--the percent of the population working or | |

| | |looking for work--for all mothers with children under age 18 was 70.6 percent | |

| | |in 2011. In 2011, the participation rate for married mothers with a spouse | |

| | |present (68.7 percent) remained lower than the rate for mothers with other |Jonathan: |

| | |marital statuses (74.6 percent). |Although the rate has increased significantly, I actually |

| | | |thought it would be higher. |

| | | | |

| | |Allison: | |

| | |From a different statistical view, in 1975, 60% of all women in the labor |Allison: |

| | |force had children of school age (6-17 years old). In 1980, 64%. In 1990, |These numbers are slightly different as they are the stats for |

| | |75%. Peaked in 2000 at 79%. And in 2010, 77%. |specifically school-aged children. It is a higher percentage. |

| | | |It shows that more women go back to work when their children |

| | | |are older |

| | | | |

|7 |Single parent families with children |Nancy: |Nancy: |

| | |Single parent families |United States Census, (2009) |

| |“Another trend is the disappearance of |11.6 million |Single parent households also have risen from Kinston’s |

| |non-parental relatives from families. In |Number of single parents living with their children in 2009. Of these, 9.9 |journal. Of 9.9, million were single mothers and 1.7 million |

| |1949, about 50 percent of single parent |million were single mothers and 1.7 million were single fathers.
Source: |were single fathers. (United States Census, 2009) |

| |families with children under six were |America's Families and Living Arrangements: 2009 | |

| |headed by a relative other than the mother | Tables FG5 | |

| |or father. By 19__, this proportion had | | |

| |dropped to 20 percent.” (Kinston) | | |

| | | | |

| | |Jonathan: |Jonathan: |

| | |In 2009, 7.8 million children (under 18) lived with at least one grandparent, |This is not the same as what Kinston was reporting on. Having |

| | |a 64 percent increase since 1991 when 4.7 million children lived with a |difficulty finding the statistics for that. |

| | |grandparent, according to a new report from the U.S. Census Bureau. | |

| | |Among children living with a grandparent, 76 percent also were living with at | |

| | |least one parent in 2009, not statistically different from the 77 percent who | |

| | |lived with at least one parent in 1991. | |

| | | | |

| | |children/cb11-117.html | |

| | | | |

| | |Allison: | |

| | |To add some other statistics to the above mentioned: According to the US | |

| | |Census Bureau 2010, for single employed mothers, primary childcare |Allison: |

| | |arrangements (preschool children under 5) were provided in percentage (stats |At first I mistakenly did the statistics for children 5-14 and |

| | |are rounded and approximate as I had to combine data myself and was looking |found different data. In comparison, this age group had: |

| | |for any correlations): siblings 2.5%, grandparents 27%, other 9%, daycare |siblings 10%, grandparents 20%, other 10%, daycare 5%. It is |

| | |center 19%. |interesting to see the shift in childcare by age group. My |

| | | |family as childcare stats for 2010 are higher than the 20% in |

| | | |19xx. |

|8 |Single women giving birth ratio – |Nancy: |Nancy: |

| | |Single women giving birth ratio – 33% |Keniston refers to single woman ratio of the 1960’s, and 1972, |

| |“In the 1960s, about 1 out of every 20 |Percentage of women age 15 to 50 with a birth in the last 12 months, as of |which means this article had to have been made after 1972. |

| |giving birth was not married; by 1972, this|2006, who either were widowed, divorced or never married. About 199,000 were |There are about 33% of all single women are having children. |

| |ratio to 1 out of every 8.” (Keniston) |living with an unmarried partner. Source: Fertility of American Women: 2006 |(Census, 2006) |

| | | | |

| | | | |

| | |Jonathan: | |

| | |In 2010, more than four in ten births (41 percent) were to unmarried women. | |

| | | |Jonathan: |

| | | |According to Keniston, the percentage in 1972 was 12.5%. In |

| | | |2010 it was 41%. It increased 328%. That is amazing to me. I |

| | |Allison: |can’t wrap my head around it. |

| | |Childbearing by unmarried women has resumed a steep climb since 2002. | |

| | |Births to unmarried women totaled 1,714,643 in 2007, 26% more than in 2002. |Allison: |

| | |Nearly 4 in 10 U.S. births were to unmarried women in 2007. |There has been a significant climb in the birthrate to |

| | |Birth rates have risen considerably for unmarried women in their twenties and |unmarried mothers. This shows a cultural change in our society |

| | |over, while declining or changing little for unmarried teenagers. |over the past 40 years. As there can be advantages in two |

| | |(Data from the Natality Data Sets, National Vital Statistics System at |parent homes, the data reflects that the structure of the |

| | | |modern family is changing. |

|9 |Time children are with TV/technology |Nancy: |Nancy: |

| |(technological babysitter) |Time children are with TV/technology |Today there are a lot more technological outlets for young |

| | |Today, 8-18 year-olds devote an average of 7 hours and 38 minutes (7:38) to |children. Today, 8-18 year-olds devote an average of 7 hours |

| |“What has replaced the people in the |using entertainment media across a typical day (more than 53 hours a week).  |and 38 minutes (7:38) to using entertainment media across a |

| |family? For one, television has become a |And because they spend so much of that time 'media multitasking' (using more |typical day (more than 53 hours a week).  And because they |

| |kind of flickering blue parent for many |than one medium at a time), they actually manage to pack a total of 10 hours |spend so much of that time 'media multitasking' (using more |

| |children. Indeed, this technological |and 45 minutes (10:45) worth of media content into those 7½ hours. |than one medium at a time), they actually manage to pack a |

| |babysitter occupies more of the waking | |total of 10 hours and 45 minutes (10:45) worth of media content|

| |hours of American children than any other | |into those 7½ hours. (Kaiser Family Foundation Study, 2010) |

| |single influence --including both parents.”| | |

| |(Keniston) | |Jonathan: |

| | | |Incredible how much we allow our children to be engaged with |

| | |Jonathan: |media. While looking up this statistic, I noticed many articles|

| | |I found same as Nancy and what follows. |relating media use to obesity, poor grades, poor concentration,|

| | |A Nielsen study last year found that children aged 6 to 11 spent more than 28 |and other problems. |

| | |hours a week using computers, cellphones, televisions and other electronic | |

| | |devices. A University of Michigan study found that from 1979 to 1999, children| |

| | |on the whole lost 12 hours of free time a week, including eight hours of | |

| | |unstructured play and outdoor activities. One can only assume that the figure | |

| | |has increased over the last decade, as many schools have eliminated recess in | |

| | |favor of more time for academics. | |

| | | | |

| | | | |

| | |Allison: | |

| | |Some interesting statistcs: |Allison: |

| | |Approximate number of studies examining TV's effects on children: 4,000 |I agree that TV definitely has an effect on attention span, |

| | |Number of minutes per week that parents spend in meaningful conversation with |obesity, poor grades. I also have very strong beliefs about the|

| | |their children: 3.5 |impact of violence on TV and our children. But as a child that |

| | |Number of minutes per week that the average child watches television: 1,680 |also grew up on TV, I also can see the benefits, as far as |

| | |(28 hours) |informational programming (science, history) and phonics |

| | |Percentage of day care centers that use TV during a typical day: 70 |instruction for toddlers. Though technology should be limited |

| | |Percentage of parents who would like to limit their children's TV watching: 73|and more personal interaction is important, if children are to |

| | |Percentage of 4-6 year-olds who, when asked to choose between watching TV and |watch TV, there are choices in programming that should be |

| | |spending time with their fathers, preferred television: 54 |strict. |

| | |Hours per year the average American youth spends in school: 900 hours | |

| | |Hours per year the average American youth watches TV: 1500. | |

| | | | |

|10 |Peer group. Other unrelated children play a|Power of the Peer Group |Nancy: |

| |larger and larger role in socializing the |Nancy: |I found it rather difficult to find research made on peer group|

| |young. |Peer influence on behavior gradually becomes more dominant. Harris (1998, |that would give me any statistical artifacts. |

| | |2002) and Rowe (1994) maintained that peer groups have an even stronger | |

| |“What has replaced the people in the |influence than that of parents, although that extreme position has been | |

| |family? For one, television has become a |refuted by other researchers (Berk, 2005). | |

| |kind of flickering blue parent for many | | |

| |children. Indeed, this technological |Jonathan: | |

| |babysitter occupies more of the waking |When children use home computers instead | |

| |hours of American children than any other |of watching television, it is generally viewed |Jonathan: |

| |single influence --including both parents.”|as positive; but when children use computers |I had great trouble in finding statistics on amount of time |

| |(Kinston) |instead of participating in sports and |children spend with peers. I was able to find many studies |

| | |social activities, it raises concerns about the |stressing the need for time with peers and the problem of |

| | |possible effects on their physical and psychological |decreased time devoted to social interaction due to increased |

| | |well-being. |media use. |

| | | | |

| | |Allison: |Allison: |

| | |“The peer group serves as a barometer for children examining themselves and |I see peer groups as being a necessary part of a child’s life, |

| | |their feelings about self and family. The peer group also influences |and also know that there can be negative consequences when part|

| | |development of children’s socializing skills. These early friendships help |of a delinquent peer group. As times have changed, our children|

| | |children learn how to negotiate and relate to others. They learn from peers |are spending more time outside the home from a very young age. |

| | |how to cooperate and socialize according to group norms and group-sanctioned |But it is important for the parent to be highly involved and a |

| | |modes of behavior. The peer group can influence what the child values, knows, |watchdog over their children’s’ interactions. |

| | |wears, eats, and learns. The extent of this influence, however, depends on | |

| | |other situational constraints, such as the age and personality of children and| |

| | |the nature of the group (Harris, 1998; Hartup, 1983)” (Barbour, Barbour, & | |

| | |Scully) | |

| |Group 3 |

| |Members: Jessica, Teewa and Betsy |

| |Then |2012 |Your Impressions of the Data between Then and Now |

| | |Cite Source | |

|11 | The various child care arrangements that|Childcare/After-school care |Because more female are joining the work force, many families have |

| |must be made by working parents. |“In 1949, about 50% of single parent families with children under six |relied on center-based care and home-based care for caregivers to |

| | |were headed by a relative other than the mother or father. By 19__, this|supervise their children. According to the statistics, in 2011 the |

| | |proportion had dropped to 20%” (2). In 1960, about 1 out of every 20 |average, annual fees paid for full-time center care for an infant is|

| | |women giving birth was not married; by 1972, this ration had increased to|between $4,620-$18,773 ($11,276 in CA). It appears many single |

| | |1 out of every 8” (2). |parents are struggling financially to provide the care their |

| | | |children need since the ratio of single parent with children is |

| | |In the U.S. about 301,461,533 children are in childcare programs. About |constantly growing. There are government funded childcare which is |

| | |14,827,511 of those children younger than age 6 need childcare as their |very difficult for single parent to get due to the long waitlist. |

| | |parents go to work. |With the growing number of single parents with children and not |

| | | |enough government funded childcare services poses as an immense |

| | |2011: |problem for the children. In this case, many young kids, known as |

| | | |latchkey children, are left to stay alone in their house. Due to the|

| | | |absence of both parents, children have turned to their caregiver, |

| | | |peers and/or television as their role models and guides. |

|12 |The intellectualization of the child- |The intellectualization of the child- |Although we have recognized that standardize testing does not |

| | | |determine a child’s intellect, we still rely heavily on tests of |

| |Children whose value and progress are |“We are witnessing a growing emphasis upon the IQ-as-a-brain; upon the |intelligence, reading readiness and school achievement to compare |

| |judged primarily by their capacity to do |cultivation of narrowly defined cognitive skills and attitudes; and, |student’s overall performance. Each student’s ability to do well on|

| |well on tests of intelligence, reading |above all, upon the creation, through our preschools and schools, of a |tests is the primary determination of the child’s progress and |

| |readiness, or school achievement. |race of children whose value and progress are judged primarily by their |position in the world. With our technological advances, we place a |

| | |capacity to do well on tests of intelligence, reading readiness, or |lot of central value on what can be measured with numbers and assign|

| | |school achievement” (3). |them to children to determine the children’s worth. The students |

| | | |who performed well on the tests are the ones who get promotions, |

| | | |special tracks and educational credentials. |

|13 |Test taking. The child who has learned to|Test taking; $$ spent on testing versus $$ spent on education |It seems as though the cost for testing does not even compare to the|

| |master test-taking gets the goodies | |cost of actual education in US. The cost for testing ranges anywhere|

| |Academic Standards - “technism”: |We measure the effectiveness of education by whether or not it produces |below $1000 per student whereas the cost for education is well over |

| | |income increments, not by whether it improves the quality of life of |$10,000. Both cost however, compare in one way: they both continue |

| |This ideology places central value on |those who are educated. We have allowed quantitative standards, so |to rise as the cost for living, operating, and consuming in the US |

| |what can be measured—with numbers—assigns|central to our economic system and our way of thinking about it, to |increases. We are not surprised by the numbers but did think that |

| |numbers to what cannot be measured and |become the principal yardstick of our definition of our children’s worth.|testing would have cost more than reported. One question remaining |

| |redefines everything else as | |that revolves around the school budget:  Why is it declining while |

| |self-expression or entertainment. (IQ) |Then?: In the early 1990s, the Center for the Study of Testing, |costs for living are increasing? This does not add up!  |

| | |Evaluation, and Educational Policy (CSTEEP), at Boston College, | |

| |The tendency to rank and rate. |calculated a "high" estimate of $22.7 billion spent on standardized | |

| |High test scores and high grade-point |testing per year... an estimate that breaks down to about $575 per | |

| |average. |student per year (Phelps 2006). | |

| |Effectiveness of education is valued by | | |

| |what is measured with numbers. |The GAO (1993) estimated $15 to $33 per student which  contrasts markedly| |

| |25% of American children are being |with CSTEEP estimates. And, the GAO estimates counted all relevant costs,| |

| |brought up to fail. |including that for teacher time used in administering tests (Phelps | |

| |1 out of 12 Americans are born with a |2000). | |

| |major handicap. (page 5-6) | | |

| | |The National Center for Education Statistics reported that the average | |

| | |per-student expenditure in public schools was $8,310 in the 2003-04 | |

| | |school year (Llips 2006). | |

| | | | |

| | |Today: Government spending on testing in schools has risen by 64% since | |

| | |1997, the Liberal Democrats claimed today (Horn 2011).  | |

| | | | |

| | |Public school systems spent an average of $10,615 per student on | |

| | |education in the 2010 fiscal year, an increase of 1.1% from the previous | |

| | |year and although the amount spent per student has steadily crept up in | |

| | |recent decades, it can vary widely based on cost of living and operating | |

| | |(Gumbrecht 2012). | |

| | | | |

| | |References: | |

| | | | |

| | |Gumbrecht, Jamie."Which places spent more per student on education?," | |

| | |Schools For Thought, CNN: Education: US, 21 June 2012. 3 September 2012. | |

| | | | |

| | | | |

| | |Horn, Jim. “The real truth about testing costs,” Schools Matter. 14 | |

| | |October 2011. 3 September 2012. | |

| | | | |

| | | | |

| | |Llips. “K-12 Education In U.S. costs $100,000,” Education and Academia, | |

| | |Human Events. 20 September 2006. 3 September 2012. | |

| | || |

| | | | |

| | |Phelps, Richard P. "Estimating the Cost of Standardized Student Testing | |

| | |in the United States," Journal of Education Finance. v.25, n.3, Winter | |

| | |2000, pp. 343-380. | |

|14 |Head Start Statistics: |Head Start, Healthy Start, State preschool, prekindergarten programs |We are not surprised to find that the budget for “Head Start” is |

| | | |decreasing by the year. We are surprised however, to find that |

| |IQ scores and the developing of reading |Head Start: type of daycare |students’ academics were decreasing after their first year of Head |

| |capacity. This program was intended, more| |Start. This tells us the effectiveness of the program that was |

| |fundamentally, to give power to parents, |Then: In 2000, President Clinton’s budget request included $6.27 billion |available at that time was not up to standards. However, that should|

| |to broaden the experience of children in |for Head Start in the US, a 19% increase (Butler & Gish 2001). The |not give reason to decrease the budget so drastically.  |

| |non-cognitive ways, and to provide them |Clinton Administration established a goal of serving 1 million children | |

| |with many services such as health and |by FY2002. They served 822,316 low-income children including 45,000 | |

| |dental care. |infants and toddlers (Butler & Gish p 4).  | |

| | | | |

| |1960’s- After rediscovery of poverty and |Now: Changes to the program took on a new urgency after a federal study | |

| |racism. |in 2010 found that children in Head Start improve their language and | |

| |Designed to do more than help in |literacy skills but that many of the gains disappear by the end of first | |

| |academics, but to also provide health and|grade (Rivera 2012). Gov. Jerry Brown's 2012-13 budget proposal released | |

| |dental services. |a $500-million cut to child care and preschool programs, as well as the | |

| |25% of American children do not receive |elimination of $224 million in funding for transitional kindergarten for | |

| |adequate healthcare. |4-year olds that was to begin next fall. About 125,000 children could be | |

| |(page 4-5). |affected (Rivera 2012). | |

| | | | |

| | |Funding Results for Healthy Start are found here: | |

| | | | |

| | | | |

| | |References:  | |

| | | | |

| | |Butler, Alice; Gish, Melinda. “Head Start: Background and Funding,” CRS | |

| | |Web:CRS Report for Congress. 10 January 2001. 5 September 2012. | |

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