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Subjunctive: Part IAll too frequently, the topic of the subjunctive is made far more difficult than is necessary. Let's try a slightly different approach, with the goal of making this topic less troublesome.The subjunctive is not a tense; rather, it is a mood. Tense refers to when an action takes place (past, present, future), while mood merely reflects how the speaker feels about the action. The subjunctive mood is rarely used in English, but it is widely used in Spanish.Here are some examples of the subjunctive being used in English:The doctor recommends that he take the pills with food.?Subjunctive conjugation: he takeThe law requires that you be 18 years old to vote.?Subjunctive conjugation: you beIf I were a rich man, I wouldn't have to work hard.?Subjunctive conjugation: I wereSo far, you have studied verb tenses in the indicative mood. The indicative mood is used to express factual information, certainty, and objectivity.Usted va al Perú en diciembre.You are going to Peru in December.The above sentence merely reports the fact that you are going to Peru in December, so the indicative mood is used.Let's change the above example slightly:No dudo que usted va al Perú en diciembre.I don't doubt that you are going to Peru in December.In the above sentence, the clause "no dudo" introduces a quality of certainty, -- the speaker has no doubt, so the indicative mood is used in the second clause (va) as well as the first (no dudo).Let's make another slight change to our example:Dudo que usted vaya al Perú en diciembre.I doubt that you are going to Peru in December.In the above sentence, the clause "dudo" introduces a quality of uncertainty, -- the speaker does have doubt, so here the subjunctive mood is used in the second clause (vaya).The subjunctive mood is used to express everything except certainty and objectivity: things like doubt, uncertainty, subjectivity, etc.Yo dudo que usted vaya al Perú en diciembre.I doubt that you are going to Peru in December.Since the above statement does not express certainty, the subjunctive (vaya) is required in the second clause.The difference between indicative and subjunctive is the difference between certainty/objectivity (indicative) and possibility/subjectivity (subjunctive).IndicativeJohn goes to the store.?(This sentence merely states the certain, objective fact that John goes to the store.)I know that John goes to the store.?(The clause "I know" tells us that the speaker feels that it is a certain, objective fact that John goes to the store.)There is no doubt that John goes to the store.?(The clause "there is no doubt" tells us that the speaker feels that it is a certain, objective fact that John goes to the store.)SubjunctiveI want John to go to the store.?(The clause "I want" tells us that the speaker feels that there is uncertainty as to whether John goes to the store.)I hope that John goes to the store.?(The clause "I hope" tells us that the speaker feels that there is uncertainty as to whether John goes to the store.)It is possible that John will go to the store.?(The clause "it is possible" tells us that the speaker feels that there is uncertainty as to whether John goes to the store.)It's good that John goes to the store.?(The clause "it's good" alerts us that the speaker is about to express a subjective opinion.)It's important that John goes to the store.?(The clause "it's important" alerts us that the speaker is about to express a subjective opinion.)Because there must be some uncertainty or subjectivity to warrant the use of the subjunctive, you will usually see it in sentences that contain a main clause which introduces a quality of uncertainty or subjectivity.I hope she will come.?I hope = main clauseI know she will come.?I know = main clauseI feel she will come.?I feel = main clause.The above examples all have main clauses, but only the first and the third introduce an element of uncertainty or subjectivity.In learning to use the subjunctive, it is quite helpful if one can first recognize such clauses. The following is a list of clauses commonly associated with the use of the subjunctive:a menos que ...?unless ...antes (de) que ...?before ...con tal (de) que ...?provided that ...cuando ...?when ...conviene que ...?it is advisable that ...después (de) que ...?after ...dudar que ...?to doubt that ...en caso de que ...?in case ...en cuanto ...?as soon as ...es aconsejable que ...?it's advisable that ...es bueno que ...?it's good that ...es difícil que ...?it's unlikely that ...es dudoso que ...?it is doubtful that ...es fácil que ...?it's likely that ...es fantástico que ...?it's fantastic that ...es importante que ...?it's important that ...es imposible que ...?it's impossible that ...es improbable que ...?it's unlikely that ...es incierto que ...?it's uncertain that ...es increíble que ...?it's incredible that ...es (una) lástima que ...?it's a pity that ...es malo que ...?it's bad that ...es mejor que ...?it's better that ...es menester que ...?it's necessary that ...es necesario que ...?it's necessary that ...esperar que ...?to wish that ...es posible que ...?it's possible that ...es preciso que ...?it's necessary that ...es preferible que ...?it's preferable that ...es probable que ...?it's probable that ...es raro que ...?it's rare that ...es ridículo que ...?it's ridiculous that ...estar contento que?to be happy that ...es terrible que ...?it's terrible that ...hasta que ...?until ...insistir en que ...?to insist that ...mandar que ...?to order that ...más vale que ...?it's better that ...mientras que ...?while ...negar que ...?to deny that ...no creer que ...?not to believe that ...no es cierto que ...?it's not certain that ...no estar convencido de que ...?to not be convinced that ...no estar seguro de que ...?to not be sure that ...no es verdad que ...?it's not true that ...no imaginarse que ...?to not imagine that ...no parecer que ...?to not seem that ...no pensar que ...?to not think that ...no suponer que ...?to not suppose that ...ojalá que ...?if only he would ...para que ...?in order that ...pedir que ...?to ask that ...preferir que ...?to prefer that ...prohibir que ...?to prohibit that ...puede ser que ...?it may be that ...querer que ...?to want that ...recomendar que ...?to recommend that ...rogar que ...?to plead that ...sentir que ...?to regret that ...sin que ...?without ...sugerir que ...?to suggest that ...tan pronto como ...?as soon as ...temer que ...?to fear that ...tener miedo de que ...?to be afraid that ...As you can see, the list is quite long, and this isn't even a complete list! There are even more expressions that trigger use of the subjunctive that we haven't included. Instead of trying to memorize such a long list, why not familiarize yourself with a much shorter list of expressions with which the subjunctive is not used?creer que ...?to believe that ...no dudar que ...?to not doubt that ...es cierto que ...?it is certain that ...es claro que ...?it is clear that ...es evidente que ...?it is certain that ...es obvio que ...?it is obvious that ...estar seguro que ...?to be sure that ...es verdad que ...?it is true that ...no cabe duda que ...?there's no doubt that ...no es dudoso que ...?it is not doubtful that ...no hay duda que ...?there is no doubt that ...Since these expressions introduce a quality of certainty, they do not trigger the use of the subjunctive.If you encounter a sentence with a main clause followed by a second clause, and the main clause introduces a quality of certainty or objectivity, the sentence will use the indicative mood in the second clause, since the sentence will be reporting something certain.If you encounter a sentence with a main clause followed by a second clause, and the main clause does not introduce a quality of certainty or objectivity, the sentence will usually use the subjunctive mood in the second clause, since the sentence will not be reporting something certain.Subjunctive: Part IIIn Part I, you learned that the subjunctive mood is used whenever the speaker feels any uncertainty about the action of the sentence, or when the speaker is expressing a subjective opinion.In this lesson you will begin to learn how to conjugate verbs in the present subjunctive.For most verbs, the present subjunctive is formed by following these three steps:Start with the yo form of the present indicative.Then drop the -o ending.Finally, add the following endings:-ar verbs:?-e, -es, -e, -emos, -éis, -en-er and -ir verbs:?-a, -as, -a, -amos, -áis, -anRegular -ar verbs like hablar (yo hablo).hablo - o = hablhabl + e = hable?habl + es = hables?habl + e = hable?habl + emos = hablemos?habl + éis = habléis?habl + en = hablenRegular -er verbs like comer (yo como).como - o = comcom + a = coma?com + as = comas?com + a = coma?com + amos = comamos?com + áis = comáis?com + an = comanRegular -ir verbs like vivir (yo vivo).vivo - o = vivviv + a = viva?viv + as = vivas?viv + a = viva?viv + amos = vivamos?viv + áis = viváis?viv + an = vivanThe formula also works for verbs that have irregular "yo" forms in the present indicative. Study these examples:conocer (yo conozco)?conozco - o = conozcconozc + a = conozca?conozc + as = conozcas?conozc + a = conozca?conozc + amos = conozcamos?conozc + áis = conozcáis?conozc + an = conozcantener (yo tengo)?tengo - o = tengteng + a = tenga?teng + as = tengas?teng + a = tenga?teng + amos = tengamos?teng + áis = tengáis?teng + an = tengansalir (yo salgo)? salgo - o = salgsalg + a = salga?salg + as = salgas?salg + a = salga?salg + amos = salgamos?salg + áis = salgáis?salg + an = salganFor -ar and -er stem-changing verbs, the formula applies except that there is no stem change in the nosotros and vosotros forms. Study these examples:pensar (yo pienso)?pienso - o = pienspiens + e = piense?piens + es = pienses?piens + e = piense?pens + emos = pensemos?pens + éis = penséis?piens + en = piensenperder (yo pierdo)?pierdo - o = pierdpierd + a = pierda?pierd + as = pierdas?pierd + a = pierda?perd + amos = perdamos?perd + áis = perdáis?pierd + an = pierdancontar (yo cuento)?cuento - o = cuentcuent + e = cuente?cuent + es = cuentes?cuent + e = cuente?cont + emos = contemos?cont + éis = contéis?cuent + en = cuentenvolver (yo vuelvo)?vuelvo - o = vuelvvuelv + a = vuelva?vuelv + as = vuelvas?vuelv + a = vuelva?volv + amos = volvamos?volv + áis = volváis?vuelv + an = vuelvanFor -ir stem-changing verbs, the formula applies except that the stem change in the nosotros and vosotros forms follows these patterns: o:ue verbs change o to u; e:ie verbs change e to i; e:i verbs change e to i. Study these examples:dormir (yo duermo)?duermo - o = duermduerm + a = duerma?duerm + as = duermas?duerm + a = duerma?durm + amos = durmamos?durm + áis = durmáis?duerm + an = duermansentir (yo siento)?siento - o = sientsient + a = sienta?sient + as = sientas?sient + a = sienta?sint + amos = sintamos?sint + áis = sintáis?sient + an = sientanpedir (yo pido)?pido - o = pidpid + a = pida?pid + as = pidas?pid + a = pida?pid + amos = pidamos?pid + áis = pidáis?pid + an = pidanThere are just a few more rules for conjugating verbs in the present subjunctive. They will be covered in the next two lessons.Present Subjunctive - hablarhable?, hables, hable, ?hablemos, habléis, hablenPresent Subjunctive - comercoma?, comas, coma, comamos, comáis, comanPresent Subjunctive - vivirviva, vivas,viva, ?vivamos, viváis, vivanPresent Subjunctive - verbs with irregular first persons in present indicativeconocer - conozca, conozcas, conozca, conozcamos, conozcáis, conozcantener - tenga, tengas, tenga, tengamos, tengáis, tengansalir - salga, salgas, salga, salgamos, salgáis, salganPresent Subjunctive - -ar and -er stem-changing verbsConjugate just like regular subjunctives (using "yo" form of the indicative) except the stem change does not occur in the nosotros/vosotros forms:pensarpiense?, pienses, piense, pensemos, penséis?, piensenPresent Subjunctive - -ir stem-changing verbsConjugate just like regular subjunctives (using "yo" form of the indicative) except the stem change in the nosotros and vosotros forms follows these patterns: o:ue verbs change o to u; e:ie verbs change e to i; e:i verbs change e to i.:dormir – durmamos?sentir - sintamos?pedir – pidamosSubjunctive: Part IIIIn Part I, you learned that the subjunctive mood is used whenever the speaker feels uncertain about the action of the sentence, or when the speaker is expressing a subjective opinion.In Part II, you learned the basic rules for conjugating regular verbs and stem-changing verbs.You learned that -ar verbs take the endings:-e, -es, -e, -emos, -éis, -enAnd -er and -ir verbs take the endings:-a, -as, -a, -amos, -áis, -anIn this lesson you will learn how to conjugate verbs in the present subjunctive that change orthographically.Spanish spelling is nearly perfect phonetically. That is, if you can pronounce it, you can spell it, and if you see it written, you can pronounce it. Pronunciation came first. Later, an alphabet was developed to represent that pronunciation on paper. Fortunately, when the rules for the alphabet were developed, they were kept simple and straightforward. That is why, in Spanish, you can spell any word that you can pronounce, and you can pronounce any word that you see written.With regard to verb conjugations, these strict rules for spelling often lead to something called "orthographic" changes. These are changes in spelling, changes that are made for one purpose -- to preserve the sound of the infinitive. All of the verbs we discuss in this lesson have orthographic changes.All of these orthographic changes occur for one reason and one reason only. If we were to simply apply the rules learned in the previous lesson, then we would lose the sound of the infinitive. These orthographic changes ensure that the spelling properly reflects the way these words are actually pronounced.Remember, pronunciation comes first. Spelling merely reflects the way a word is pronounced. Here are the rules for the orthographic changes in the present subjunctive:For verbs that end in -zar, the z changes to c when it comes before the letter e.empezar (e:ie)empiece, empieces?, empiece, empecemos?, empecéis?, empiecenFor verbs that end in -ger or -gir, the g changes to j when it comes before the letter a.escogerescoja, ?escojas?, escoja?, escojamos, ?escojáis, ?escojanelegir (e:i)elija?, elijas, ?elija?, elijamos, ?elijáis, ?elijanFor verbs that end in -guir, the gu changes to g when it comes before the letter a.seguir (e:i)siga?, sigas?, siga?, sigamos, ?sigáis?, siganFor verbs that end in -car, the c changes to qu when it comes before the letter e.buscarbusque, ?busques, ?busque?, busquemos?, busquéis?, busquenFor verbs that end in -gar, the g changes to gu when it comes before the letter e.pagarpague, ?pagues?, pague?, paguemos?, paguéis, ?paguenFor verbs that end in uir, add the letter y before the letter a.huirhuya, ?huyas, ?huya?, huyamos, ?huyáis, ?huyanThere is just one more consideration for conjugating verbs in the present subjunctive. We will cover that in the next lesson.-zar: z changes to c before e?(present subjunctive)empezar (e:ie)empiece?, empieces?, empiece, ?empecemos, ?empecéis?, empiecen-ger or -gir: g changes to j before a?(present subjunctive)escogerescoja?, escojas?, escoja?, escojamos, ?escojáis, ?escojan-guir: gu changes to g before a?(present subjunctive)seguir (e:i)siga, ?sigas, ?siga, ?sigamos, ?sigáis, ?sigan-car: c changes to qu before e?-gar g changes to gu before e?(present subjunctive)buscar / pagarbusque / pague?, busques / pagues, ?busque / pague?,busquemos / paguemos, ?busquéis/paguéis, ?busquen / paguenuir: add y before a?(present subjunctive)huirhuya, ?huyas,? huya, ?huyamos, ?huyáis?, huyanSubjunctive: Part IVIn Part I, you learned that the subjunctive mood is used whenever the speaker feels uncertain about the action of the sentence, or when the speaker is expressing a subjective opinion.In Part II, you learned the basic rules for conjugating regular verbs and stem-changing verbs.You learned that -ar verbs take the endings:-e, -es, -e, -emos, -éis, -enAnd -er and -ir verbs take the endings:-a, -as, -a, -amos, -áis, -anIn Part III, you learned how to conjugate verbs in the present subjunctive that change orthographically.In this lesson, you will learn about verbs that are irregular in the present tense subjunctive. The good news is that we will only examine six irregular verbs. The bad news is that, like all irregular verbs, you just have to memorize them. The practice exercises and the verb flashcards will make memorizing them easy.Here are the six verbs that are irregular in the present subjunctive:dar - to givedé?, des, ?dé?, demos, ?deis, ?denestar - to beesté?, estés, ?esté, ?estemos, ?estéis, ?esténhaber - to have (auxiliary verb)haya, ?hayas, ?haya, ?hayamos, ?hayáis, ?hayanir - to govaya, ?vayas, ?vaya, ?vayamos, ?vayáis, ?vayansaber - to knowsepa?, sepas, ?sepa, ?sepamos, ?sepáis, ?sepanser - to besea, ?seas, ?sea, ?seamos, ?seáis, ?seanSubjunctive: Part VIn Part I, you learned that the subjunctive mood is used whenever the speaker feels uncertain about the action of the sentence, or when the speaker is expressing a subjective opinion.In Parts II - IV, you learned all the rules for conjugating regular verbs in the present subjunctive.In this lesson, you will simply practice one of the many ways the subjunctive is used: to express desire.Here is a list of common expressions that introduce an aspect of desire to the sentence, and therefore trigger the use of the subjunctive.esperar queto wish that ...insistir en que ...to insist that ...mandar que ...to order that ...preferir que ...to prefer that ...prohibir que ...to prohibit that ...querer que ...to want that ...es aconsejable que ...it's advisable that ...es necesario que ...it's necessary that ...pedir que ...to ask that ...recomendar que ...to recommend that ...rogar que ...to plead that ...sugerir que ...to suggest that ...Remember, there are also expressions that trigger the use of the indicative mood, since they introduce a quality of certainty or objectivity. Here's a partial list of such expressions that we will mix into the practice exercises for this lesson, just to keep you on your toes!creer que ...to believe that ...no dudar que ...to not doubt that ...estar seguro que ...to be sure that ...no es dudoso que ...it is not doubtful that ...no hay duda que ...there is no doubt that ...Present Subjunctive - desireesperar que, ?insistir en que, ?mandar qu, e?preferir que?, prohibir que?, querer que, ?es aconsejable que, ?es necesario que, ?pedir que, ?recomendar que, ?rogar que?, sugerir queSubjunctive: Part VIIn this lesson, you will simply practice another of the many ways the subjunctive is used: to express ignorance or doubt.Here is a list of common expressions that introduce an aspect of ignorance or doubt to the sentence, and therefore trigger the use of the subjunctive.dudar que ...to doubt that ...es dudoso que ...it is doubtful that ...es improbable que ...it's unlikely that ...es incierto que ...it's uncertain that ...es posible que ...it's possible that ...no creer que ...not to believe that ...no es cierto que ...it's not certain that ...no estar convencido de que ...to not be convinced that ...no estar seguro de que ...to not be sure that ...no parecer que ...to not seem that ...no pensar que ...to not think that ...no suponer que ...to not suppose that ...puede ser que ...it may be that ...negar que ...to deny that ...no es verdad que ...it's not true that ...no es cierto que ...it's not certain that ...no imaginarse que ...to not imagine that ...temer que ...to suspect that ...Remember, there are also expressions that trigger the use of the indicative mood, since they introduce a quality of certainty. Here's a partial list of such expressions that we will mix into the practice exercises for this lesson, just to keep you on your toes!no dudo que ...to not doubt that ...estar seguro de que ...to be certain that ...creer que ...to think that ...no negar que ...to not deny that ...es verdad que ...it's true that ...Present Subjunctive - ignorance or doubtdudar que?, es improbable que?, es incierto que, ?es posible que, ?no creer que?, puede ser que?, es aconsejable que, ?temer queSubjunctive: Part VIIIn Part I, you learned that the subjunctive mood is used whenever the speaker feels uncertain about the action of the sentence, or when the speaker is expressing a subjective opinion.In Parts II - IV, you learned all the rules for conjugating regular verbs in the present subjunctive.In this lesson, you will simply practice another of the many ways the subjunctive is used: after certain impersonal expressions.Here is a list of common impersonal expressions that introduce an aspect of uncertainty or subjectivity, and therefore trigger the use of the subjunctive. You will notice that there is some overlap with other lessons. That is, you may see some of these impersonal expressions in other subjunctive lessons, as well.conviene que ...it is advisable that ...es aconsejable que ...it is advisable that ...es bueno que ...it's good that ...es difícil que ...it's unlikely that ...es dudoso que ...it's doubtful that ...es fácil que ...it's likely that ...es fantástico que ...it's fantastic that ...es importante que ...it's important that ...es imposible que ...it's impossible that ...es improbable que ...it's unlikely that ...es incierto que ...it's uncertain that ...es increíble que ...it's incredible that ...es (una) lástima que ...it's a shame that ...es malo que ... it's bad that ...es mejor que ...it's better that ...es menester que ...it's necessary that ...es necesario que ...it's necessary that ...es posible que ...it's possible that ...es preciso que ...it's necessary that ...es preferible que ...it's preferable that ...es probable que ...it's likely that ...es raro que ...it's rare that ...es ridículo que ...it's ridiculous that ...es terrible que ...it's terrible that ...más vale que ...it's better that ...ojalá que ...if only he would ...puede ser que ...it could be that ...Remember, there are also impersonal expressions that trigger the use of the indicative mood, since they introduce a quality of certainty or objectivity. Here's a partial list of such expressions that we will mix into the practice exercises for this lesson, just to keep you on your toes!es evidente que ...it is certain that ...es obvio que ...it is obvious that ...es verdad que ...it's true that ...no es dudoso que ...it is not doubtful that ...no hay duda que ...there is no doubt that ...Present Subjunctive - impersonal expressionses bueno que?, es importante que?, es posible que?, es raro que, ?es malo que, ?es ridículo que?, es terrible que, ?puede ser queSubjunctive: Part VIIIIn Part I, you learned that the subjunctive mood is used whenever the speaker feels uncertain about the action of the sentence, or when the speaker is expressing a subjective opinion.In Parts II - IV, you learned all the rules for conjugating regular verbs in the present subjunctive.In this lesson, you will simply practice another of the many ways the subjunctive is used: with actions that are not yet completed.Here is a list of common expressions that may indicate that the action that follows has not yet been completed. These expressions will always invoke the subjunctive:a menos que ...unless ...antes (de) que ...before ...con tal (de) que ...provided that ...en caso de que ...in case ...para que ...so that ...sin que ...without ...The following expressions only invoke the subjunctive when they indicate that the action that follows has not yet been completed:después de que...after...en cuanto...as soon as...hasta que...until...mientras que...while...tan pronto como...as soon as...Remember, there are also expressions that trigger the use of the indicative mood, since they introduce a quality of certainty or objectivity. Here's a partial list of such expressions. es cierto que ...it is certain that ...es claro que ...it is clear that ...es evidente que ...it is certain that ...es obvio que ...it is obvious that ...es verdad que ...it is true that ...Present Subjunctive - incompleted actionsa menos que, ?antes de que, ?con tal de que?, después de que?, hasta que, ?mientras que, ?tan pronto como ................
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