COUNCIL for PARITY DEMOCRACY
COUNCIL for PARITY DEMOCRACY
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
19 Mulready House Herrick Street Westminster London England SW1P 4JL
Tel & Fax + 44 20 7834 1309 Mobile + 44 79 32 79 44 32 Email shequality @
Honorary Secretary
Raymond Lloyd
FORMER HEADS of STATE and Other WOMEN LEADERS throughout the WORLD: 1945-2005
List 6x 307 names 3 May 2005 £ 40 US$ 80 @ Raymond Lloyd
* New category, name or office since previous list
SUMMARY
Page Countries Names
1. Former Heads & Deputy Heads of State and Government since 1945
A. Heads of State and Government 2 15 33
B. Heads of State 2-3 28 32
C. Heads of Government 3-4 54 85
-- 150
2. Former Ministers of Foreign Affairs, Justice,
Home & Interior, Finance & Economy, Defence & Veterans
(may be compiled later)
3. Former Judges of Supreme & Similar Courts since 1980
A. National or Federal Supreme Courts 5 11 13
B. International Courts 5 2 2
-- 15
4. Former Governors & Deputy Governors of Central Banks since 1950
A. National Banks 5-6 32 53
B. International Banks 6 4 9
-- 62
5. *Former Businesswomen CEOs 6 1 1
6. Former Bishops & Religious Leaders since 1980 6 4 14
7. Former Military Leaders: Admirals & Generals 6 1 2
8. Former Heads of International Organizations since 1980 7-8 40 63
---
307
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This list is a development of the writer's research, from 1980 on, to promote the appointment of able women to posts of executive leadership in national and international bodies. To date some 5000 women from 130 democracies have been named in over 90 lists issued three to six times a year since 1980.
From List No 1 of 17 February 1989 to No 55 of 18 July 2000, the bimonthly lists of "Women Heads of State" named both present and past leaders. After total names passed the 1500 mark in 2000, I began dividing the lists between one of some 1300 current leaders, including 650 women ministers in 200 national governments; and one of 600 past leaders since 1945. Even then, the list of past leaders did not include women ministers in national governments, the growing number of which would have made the list unmanageable.
Now, the list of 1300 current leaders has also become too numerous, so with List 74 of 3 May 2005, I no longer name Presiding Officers of Parliament, Heads of Provincial or State Governments, or Judges of State and Regional Courts. Names of past such leaders similarly are no longer listed here. Also, in my new lists of current leaders, I limit names of Ministers in National Governments to those usually at the top of cabinet lists, namely Foreign Affairs, Justice, Home & Interior, Finance & Economy, Defence & Veterans. The most recent examples of the 2000 and 2004 comprehensive lists, of both past and current leaders, as well as the more recent reduced lists, are listed on my website , by clicking on Women Leaders.
All lists owe much to "People in Power", the world's most comprehensive directory of political leadership in sovereign countries, and the first systematically to identify women leaders. "People in Power" 240 pp ISSN 0965-7517 is compiled bimonthly at Cambridge International Reference on Current Affairs (CIRCA) by Rosemary Payne and Carina O'Reilly 13-17 Sturton Street Cambridge England CB1 2SN (tel + 44 1223 568 017 & )
An excellent website entitled "Worldwide Guide to Women in Leadership", both past and present, not least of junior ministers, is maintained by Martin K I Christensen at . Information on most women presidents, prime ministers, foreign, finance and defence ministers are complemented with photos, usually in colour. Martin's site also includes Presiding Officers of Parliament, Heads of Political Parties (a list I never attempted), and Heads of Provincial or State Governments. Martin has also compiled illustrated lists of women with political authority for all periods back to 4500 BC.
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1. Women Heads or Deputy Heads of State and Government since 1945: 141
A. Former Heads of State and Government: 33
Country Name Office Term of Office
Argentina Isabel Martinez de PERON President 1.7.1974-24. 3.1976
Bolivia Lidia GUEILER Tejada Acting President 16.11.1979-17. 7.1980
Costa Rica Victoria GARRON de Doryan Second Vice-President 8.5.1986- 8. 5.1990
Rebeca Crynspan Second Vice-President 8.5.1994- 8. 5.1998
Astrid Fischel First Vice-President 8.5.1998- 2002
Elizabeth Odio Second Vice-President 8.5.1998- 2002
Dominican Republic *Milagros Ortiz Bosch Vice-President 16.8.2000-16. 8.2004
Ecuador Rosalia Arteaga President 9-12. 2.1997
Vice-President 10.8.1996- 3.1998
Guyana Viola Burnham Vice-President & Vice-P Minister 8.1985- 19??
Janet Jagan President 19.12.1997-11. 8.1999
Honduras Guadalupe Jerezano Vice-President 27.1.1994-27. 1.1998
Gladys Caballero de Arevalo Vice-President 2000-27. 1.2002
Indonesia Megawati Sukarnoputri *President 23.7.2001-20.10.2004
Vice-President 21.10.1999-23. 7.2001
Liberia Ruth Perry Chair Council of State 3.9.1996- 2. 8.1997
Victoria Refell Deputy Chair Council of State 3.9.1996- 2. 8.1997
Nicaragua Violeta Barrios de CHAMORRO President 25.4.1990-10. 1.1997
Julia de la Cruz MENA Rivera Vice-President 10.1995-10. 1.1997
Palau *Sandra Pierantozzi Vice-President 7.11.2000- 2.11.2004
Panama *Mireya Moscoso President 1.9.1999- 1. 9.2004
Philippines Corazon Aquino President 25.2.1986-30. 6.1992
Gloria Arroyo Vice-President 30.6.1998-19. 1.2001
Rwanda Agathe Uwilingiymana Interim President (assassinated) 6- 7. 4.1994
San Marino Maria Lea Pedini-Angelini Captain Regent 1.4-30. 9.1981
Gloriana Ranocchini Captain Regent 1.4-30.9.1984, 1.4-30. 9.1989
Edda Ceccoli Captain Regent 1.10.1991-1.4.1992, 1.4-30. 9.1998
Patricia Busignani Captain Regent 1.4-30. 9.1993
Rosa Zafferani Captain Regent 1.4-30. 9.1999
Maria Domenica Michelotti Captain Regent 1.4-30. 9.2000
Valeria Ciavatta Captain-Regent 1.10.2003-31. 3.2004
Switzerland Ruth Dreifuss President 1.1-31.12.1999
Vice-President 1.1-31.12.1998
Ruth Metzler-Arnold Vice-President for 2003 1.1-31.12.2003
Uganda Speciosa Wandira Kazibwe Vice-President 18.11.1994- 6.2003
Venezuela Adina Bastidas Vice-President 24.12.2000- 2.2002
B. Former Heads of State: 32
Albania Emine Guri Vice-President 1982-1989
Bahamas Doris Johnson Acting Governor General 1979
Barbados Nita Barrow Governor General (died in office) 1990-19.12.1995
Belize Minita Gordon Governor General 21.9.1981-1993
Bhutan Ashi Kesang Queen Regent 22.4-24.7.1972
Bosnia & Herzegovina Tatjana Ljujic-Mijatovic Member Bosnian Presidency ?1993-1996
Bulgaria Blaga Dimitrova Vice-President 1.1992-7.1993
Burundi Sylvie Kinigi Acting Head of State 27.10-5.11.1993
Cambodia Kossamak Nearireath Queen Regent 3.4-10.7.1960, 3-10.1970
Canada Jeanne Sauvé Governor General 1984-1989
China SOONG Ching Ling Vice-Chair 31.10.1968-24.2.1972
Honorary President ?.1979-29.5.1981
Germany (DDR) Sabine Bergmann-Pohl Acting Head of State 5.4-2.10.1990
Georgia Nino Burdzhanadze Acting President 23.11.2003-25.1.2004
Guinea-Bissau Carmen Pereira Acting Head of State 14-16.5.1984
Guyana Viola Burnham Vice-President 8.1985-1991
Haiti Ertha Pascal-Trouillot President 12.3.1990-6.2.1991
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(#) The above threefold division is useful, though not perfect: thus, while the Nicaraguan president (in A) actually held the defence portfolio, others (in B) may have held constitutional defence responsibilities. And a universally elected president, as in Ireland, has greater moral authority than one chosen by parliament. Also the list includes only formally-designated Deputy Prime Ministers, as distinct from other women listed second (or third) in cabinets.
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B. Former Heads of State: 32 continued
Country Name Office Term of Office
Iceland Vigdis Finnbogadottir President 1.8.1980-31.7.1996
Ireland Mary Robinson President 3.12.1990-12.9.1997
Lesotho 'Ma-Mohato Regent-Queen 5.6-20.11.70,6-12.11.90,17.1-6.2.1996
Luxembourg Charlotte Grand Duchess 15.1.1919-12.11.1964
Malta Agatha Barbara President 15.2.1982-15.2.1987
Mongolia Yanjamaa Nemendeyen Subaataryn Acting Head of State 23.9.1953-7.7.1954
Netherlands Juliana Queen 4.9.1948-30.4.1980
New Zealand Catherine Tizard Governor General 12.1990-3.1996
Romania Maria Paretti Vice-President 1961-1966
Constanta Craciun Vice-President 1966-1970
Maria Ciocan Vice-President 1980-1985
Maria Ghitulica Vice-President 1985-1989
Swaziland Dzeliwe Queen Regent 21.9.1982-9.8.1983
Ntombi Queen Regent 18.9.1983-25.4.1986
Thailand Sirikit Queen Regent 22.10-7.12.1956
Tonga Salote Tupou III Queen 1918-15.12.1965
C. Former Heads of Government: 85
Albania Makbule Ceco Deputy Prime Minister 29.10.1999-7.9.2001
Ermelinda Meksi Deputy Prime Minister 28.7-29.12.2003
Austria Susanne Riess-Passer Vice-Chancellor 4.2.2000-8.9.2002
Bangladesh Khaleda Zia Prime Minister 20. 3.1991-30.3.1996
Sheikh Hasina Wajed Prime Minister 24.6.1996-12.6.2001
Barbados Billie Miller Deputy Prime Minister 12.9.1994-4.2003
Belgium Isabelle Durant Deputy Prime Minister 11.7.1999-4.2003
Bulgaria Drazha Deleva Vulcheva Deputy Prime Minister 1979-81
Reneta Indjova Prime Minister 17.10.1994-24.1.1995
Christina Vutcheva First Deputy Prime Minister 17.10.1994-24.1.1995
Lidiya Santova Shuleva Deputy Prime Minister 24.7.2001-21.2.2005
Burundi Sylvie Kinigi Prime Minister 10.7.1993- 7.2.1994
Canada Kim Campbell Prime Minister 25.6-29.9.1993
Flora MacDonald Acting Prime Minister (some days)1987-88
Sheila Copps Deputy Prime Minister 4.11.1993- 2.6.1997
Central African R Elizabeth Domitien Prime Minister 3.1.1975-7.4.1976
Croatia Ljerka Mintas-Hodak Deputy Prime Minister 12.1995-27.1.2000
Zeljka Antunovic Deputy Prime Minister 27.1.2000-23.12.2003
Czechoslovakia Ludmilla Jankovcova Deputy Prime Minister 1954-63
Denmark Mimi Jakobsen First Deputy Prime Minister 25.1.1993-1996
Marianne Jelved Deputy Prime Minister 1993-2001
Dominica Eugenia Charles Prime Minister 21.7.1980-13.6.1995
Fiji Taufa Vakatale Deputy Prime Minister 8.1997-5.1999
Kuini Vuikaba Speed Deputy Prime Minister 5.1999-27.5.2000
Finland Tynne Leivo-Larson Deputy Prime Minister 1958
Anneli Jaatteenmaki Prime Minister 14.4-18.6.2003
France Nicole Questiaux Deputy Prime Minister 1980
Edith Cresson Prime Minister 15.5.1991- 2.4.1992
Georgia Irena Sarishvili Deputy Prime Minister 11.9-?.11.1993
*Tamar Beruchashvili Deputy Prime Minister 17. 2.2004-6.2004
Grenada Grace Duncan Deputy Prime Minister 30.9.1996- .2.1997
Guyana Janet Jagan Prime Minister 17.3-19.12.1997
Haiti Claudette Werleigh Prime Minister 7.11.1995-26.2.1996
Hungary Judit Csehak Deputy Prime Minister 1984-87
India Indira Gandhi Prime Minister (assassinated) 1.66-3.77,1.80-31.10.84
Iraq Akila Al-Hashimi Rotating President Governing Council
Rajah Habib Al-Khuzaai Member Governing Council
Sondul Chapouk Member Governing Council
Israel Golda Meir Prime Minister 17.3.1969-10.4.1974
Jordan Rima Khalaf Hunaidi Deputy Prime Minister 4.3.1999-15.1.2000
Kazakstan Aitkul Samakova Deputy Prime Minister 22.1.1999-12.10.1999
*Byrganym Aitimova Deputy Prime Minister 18.5-14.12.2004
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C. Former Heads of Government: 85 continued
Country Name Office Term of Office
Korea DPR KIM Pok-Sin Deputy Premier 1981-96
Kyrgyzstan Mira Jangaracheva Deputy Prime Minister 3.1996-4.4.1998
Lithuania Irena Degutiene Acting Prime Minister 3-18.5, 27.10-3.11.1999
Luxembourg Colette Flesch Deputy Prime Minister 1980-84
*Lydie Polfer Deputy Prime Minister 7.8.1999-31.7.2004
Macedonia Dosta Dimovska Vice-Premier 30.11.98-1.12.00,30.11.01-18.1.02
Radmila Kiprijanova-Radovanovik Vice-Premier 30.11.1998-28.11.1999
Moldova Lidia Gutu Deputy Prime Minister 21.12.1999-20.4.2001
Mongolia Nyam-Osoriyn Tuya Acting Prime Minister 22-30.7.1999
Nepal Salaija Acharya Deputy Prime Minister 18.4-28.12.1998
New Zealand Helen Clark Deputy Prime Minister 8.1989- 90
Jenny Shipley Prime Minister 8.12.1997-10.12.1999
Norway Gro Harlem BRUNDTLAND Prime Minister 1981, 1986-89,3.11.90-23.10.1996
Anne Enger Lahnstein Acting Prime Minister 30.8-23.9.1998
Deputy Prime Minister 15.3.1999-17.3.2000
Pakistan Benazir Bhutto Prime Minister 2.12.88-6.8.90, 20.10.93-5.11.96
Peru Beatriz Mereno President Council of Ministers 28.6-12.12.2003
Poland Hanna Suchocka Prime Minister 8.7.1992-16.10.1993
Portugal Maria de Lurdes PINTASILGO Prime Minister 1.8.1979-3.1.1980
Russia Valentina Matviyenko Deputy Chair Council of Ministers 10.1998-3.2003
Galina Karelova Deputy Chair Council of Ministers 24. 3.2003-9.3.2004
Rwanda Agathe Uwilingiymana Prime Minister (assassinated) 16.7.1993- 7. 4.1994
Sao Tome & Principe *Maria das Neves de Sousa Prime Minister 6.10.2002-15.9.2004
Senegal Mama Madior Boye Prime Minister 3.3.2001-4.11.2002
Slovakia Brigita Schmoegnerovna Deputy Prime Minister 16.3.1994- 3.11.1994
Katarina Tothova Deputy Prime Minister 13.12.1994-30.10.1998
Maria Kadlecikova Deputy Prime Minister 4.2001-16.10.2002
Sri Lanka Sirimavo Bandaranaike Prime Minister 7.60-5.65,31.5.70- 21.7.1977
14.11.1994-10.8.2000
Chandrika Kumaratunga Prime Minister 19.8.94-10.11.1994
Sweden Mona Sahlin Deputy Prime Minister 3.10.1994-10.11.1995
Lena Hjelm-Wallen Deputy Prime Minister 6.10.1998-21.10.2002
Margareta Winberg Deputy Prime Minister 21.10.2002-31.10.2003
Tajikistan Bozgul Dodkhudoyeva Deputy Prime Minister 2-7.1994
Munira Inoyatova Abdulloyevna Deputy Prime Minister 7.1994-21.12.1999
Nigina Sharapova Deputy Prime Minister 21.12.1999-1.2004
Timor-Leste Melina Perez Vice-President National Council 10.2000-20.9.2001
Turkey Tansu Ciller Prime Minister 14.6.1993-12. 3.1996
Deputy Prime Minister 28.6.1996-30. 6.1997
Turkmenistan Abad Sehedovna Risaeva Deputy Prime Minister 3.1994- 6.1997
*Gurbansoltan Handurdyyeva Deputy Chair Council of Ministers 9.2002-14.12.2004
Ukraine Yulia Tymoshenko Deputy Prime Minister 30.12.1999-19.1.2001
Uzbekistan Dilbar Ghulomova Deputy Prime Minister 5.1995-2.2004
United Kingdom Margaret Thatcher Prime Minister 4.5.1979-28.11.1990
Yugoslavia Milka Planinc Prime Minister 15.5.1982-15.5.1986
Maya Gojkovic Deputy Prime Minister 12.8.1999-10.2000
Former Women Presiding & Deputy Presiding Officers of Parliament since 1945
A. National Parliaments B. State, Provincial or Territorial Assemblies C. Regional and International Assemblies
(see yearly lists WG1x- WG5x)
Former Women Heads of Provincial or State Governments since 1945
A. Constitutionally Appointed B. Politically Elected
(see yearly lists WG1x- WG5x)
Former Women Ministers in National Governments
(see six-monthly lists 1 - 73)
- 5 (wg6x) -
3. Former Judges of Supreme & Similar Courts since 1980: 15 (list incomplete)
A. National or Federal Supreme Courts: 13
Country Name Office Term of Office
Canada Bertha Wilson Judge Supreme Court of Canada 1982-90
Louise Arbour Judge Supreme Court of Canada 1999-2004
France Simone Rozes President Court of Appeal (Cassation) 1984-88
Germany Christine Krohn Judge Federal Supreme Court Karlsruhe 199?-??
Jutta Limbach President Federal Constitutional Court 1994-2002
Ghana Annie Ruth Jiagge President Court of Appeal 1980-83
Haiti Ertha Pascal-Trouillot Judge Supreme Court 1986-90
India Fathima Beevi Judge Supreme Court 1990-94
Liberia Angie Brooks Judge Supreme Court 1997-
New Zealand Silvia Cartwright Judge High Court 1993-4.2001
Slovenia Miroslava Gec Korosec Judge Constitutional Court 9.1.1998-30.9.2000
United Kingdom Elizabeth Butler-Sloss Lord Justice of Appeal 1988-99
Venezuela Cecilia Sosa President Supreme Court 199?-24.8.99
B. International Courts: 2
United Nations Gabrielle K McDonald (US) President Intl Criminal Tribunal ex-Yugo 17.11.97-99
#Elizabeth Odio Benito (Cos Rica) Vice-Pres " " " " 17.11.93-97
4. Former Women Governors of Central Banks since 1950: 59 (list incomplete)
A. National Banks: 53
Albania Rexhina Bajraktari Deputy Governor Bank of Albania 1995-96
Elisabeta Gjoni First Deputy Governor Bank of Albania 17.9.1996-97
Austria Maria Schaumayer Governor Austrian National Bank 1.6.90-31.5.95
Kunata Kottulinsky Deputy Governor Austrian National Bank 1982
*Gertrude Tumpel-Gugerell First Vice-Governor Austrian National Bank 1998-2004
Belize Carla Barnett Deputy Governor Central Bank of Belize 1993-96
Botswana Julia Majaha-Jartby Deputy Governor Bank of Botswana 1996-98
Bulgaria Rozalina Natzeva Board Member Bulgarian National Bank 1992-96
Nikolina Micheva Board Member Bulgarian National Bank 1996-97
Lena Rousenova Board Member Bulgarian National Bank 1996-97
Cambodia CHULONG Someara Deputy Governor National Bank of Cambodia 1993-96
China CHEN Muhua President People's Bank of China 1987-93
QUI Qing Vice-President People's Bank of China 1982-88
Ecuador Ana Lucia Armijos President Banco Central del Ecuador 1993-8.96
Egypt Faika El Refaie Sub Governor Central Bank of Egypt 1993-2000
Finland Sirkka Hamalainen Chair Board of Management Bank of Finland 1992-6.98
Germany Julia Dingwort-Nusseck Member Board of Directors Bundesbank 198?-9?
Germany:DDR Greta Kuckhoff President Deutsche Notenbank 1950-58
Grete Wittkowski President Deutsche Notenbank 1967
Ghana Teresa Owusu Deputy Governor Bank of Ghana 1993-98
Guatemala Lilly Zapata President Banco de Guatemala 1993-94
Guinea Mariama Kesso Bah Dep Governor Banque Centrale Rep de Guinee 1978-84
Honduras Victoria Asfura de Diaz President Banco Central de Honduras 1999-2002
Hungary Katalin Botos President State Banking Supervision 1993-94
Kyrgystan Lyudmilla Pismemaya Vice-President National Bank of Kyrgyzstan 1990-
Mariya Taranchieva Vice-President National Bank of Kyrgyzstan 1994-99
Djamilya Esenalieva Vice-President National Bank of Kyrgyzstan 1994-99
Laos Pany Yathotou Governor Bank of the Lao PDR 1992-98
Liberia Ellen Johnson-Sirleaf Governor National Bank of Liberia 1980
Malaysia Rafia Salim Assistant Governor Bank Negara Malaysia 1995-97
- 6 (wg6x) -
5. Former Women Governors of Central Banks since 1950: 59 (continued)
Country Name Office Term of Office
Moldova Klaudia Melnick Deputy Governor National Bank of Moldova 6.91-11.92
Lilia Burunciuc Deputy Governor National Bank of Moldova 11.92- 9.96
Peru Sandra Fuentes President Banco Central de Reserva del Peru 1992-94
Philippines Carlotta Valenzuela Deputy Governor Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas 1985
Escolastica Bince Deputy Governor Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas 1985-89
Poland Hanna Gronkiewicz-Waltz Governor National Bank of Poland 1992-2000
Russia Tatiana V Paramonova Acting Chair Central Bank Russian Fedn 21.10.94-8.11.95
Sao Tome & Pr Maria Pires de Carvalho Silveira Governor Banco Central de Sao Tome e Principe 1999-2002
Sweden Kersti Eriksen Administrative Director Sveriges Riksbank 199?-
Louise Eidsmo Director Sveriges Riksbank 199?-
Kerstin Hessius Member Executive Board Sveriges Riksbank 1998-2001
Lena Kvist Director Sveriges Riksbank 199?-
Gunilla Wikman Director Sveriges Riksbank 199?-97
Thailand CHUSRI Daengprapai Assistant Governor Bank of Thailand 1996-98
TANYA Sirivedhin Deputy Governor Bank of Thailand 1998-2003
United Kingdom DeAnne Julius Member Monetary Policy Cte Bank of England 1997-2001
Sheila Marshall McKechnie Non-Executive Director Bank of England 1.6.1998-31.5.2003
Merlyn Lowther Chief Cashier Bank of England 1.1.1999-2003
United States Nancy Teeters Member Board of Governors Federal Reserve 1978-84
Martha Seger Member Board of Governors Federal Reserve 1984-91
Janet Yellen Member Board of Governors Federal Reserve 1994-97
Alice Rivlin Vice-Chair Board of Governors Federal Reserve 1996-2001
Venezuela Ruth de Krivoy President Banco Central de Venezuela 1992-4.94
Leonor Filardo Vice President Banco Central de Venezuela 1993-4
B. International Banks: 9
Europe *#Sirkka Hamalainen (Finland) Board Member European Central Bank 1.7.98-04
Anne Wibble (Sweden) Chair Board of Governors EBRD 28.4.93-19.4.94
Clare Short (U K) Chair Board of Governors EBRD 5.2002-5.2003
*Manuela Ferreira Leite Portugal) Chair Board of Governors EBRD 5.2003-5.2004
#Ariane Obolensky (France) Vice President European Investment Bank 6.1994-99
International Jessica Einhorn (US) Managing Director World Bank 1996-98
*#Mamphela Ramphele (S Africa) Managing Director World Bank 1999-2004
Rachel Lomax (UK) Vice President World Bank 10.1995-96
Nancy Birdsall (US) Executive VP Inter-American Development Bank 1994-99
6. Former Businesswomen CEOs: 1
United States *Carleton (Carly) S Fiorina CEO Hewlett Packard ( 11) 19.7.1999-9.2.05
7. Former Women Religious Leaders since 1980: 14 (list incomplete)
Australia Eva Burrows World General Salvation Army 1986-93
Jillian Claire Tabart Nat President Uniting Church in Australia 1994-97
Canada Lois Wilson Moderator United Church Canada 1980-82
Marion S Best Moderator United Church Canada 8.1994-97
Victoria Matthews Suffragan Bishop Toronto Anglican 12.2.1994-97
Ruhiyyih Rabbani "Hand of the Cause" Baha'i Faith 198?-2000
United Kingdom Ruth Clarke Moderator United Reform Church 199?
Kathleen Richardson Moderator Free Church Council 1995-98
United States Leontine T C Kelly Bishop United Methodist 1984-
Marjorie Matthews Bishop United Methodist 19??-86
Judith Craig Bishop Ohio West United Methodist 1984-99
Patricia A McClurg President Nat Council Churches of Christ 1988-89
International Ruth Elizabeth Jenks President Church of Christ Scientist 6.94-6.95
Mother Teresa of Calcutta Founder Missionaries of Charity 7.10.1950-3.97
8. Former Military Leaders: Admirals & Generals: 2
United States Marsha Evans Rear Admiral United States Navy 199?-200?
Leslie F Kenne Lt General Dep Chief of Staff US Air Force 1999-200?
Vietnam
- 7 (wg6x) -
8. Former Women Heads of International Organizations since 1980: 63
Country Name Office Term of Office
European Commission #Ritt Bjeeregaard (Denmark) Environment, Nuclear Security 24.1.95-15. 3.99
Christiane Scrivener (France) Taxation, Customs & Consumer Policy 6.1.89- 5. 1.95
#Edith Cresson (France) Science & Research, Education & Youth 24.1.95-15. 3.99
#Monika Wulf-Mathies (Germany) Regional Policy, Cohesion Fund 24.1.95-15. 3.99
#Michaele Schreyer (Germany) Budget & Taxation 15.9.99-30.10.04
#Vasso Papandreou (Greece) Education, Employment & Social Affairs 6.1.89- 5. 1.93
#Anna Diamantopoulou (Greece) Employment & Social Affairs 15.9.99- 4.04
Emma Bonino (Italy) Consumers, Humanitarian Aid, Fisheries 24.1.95-15. 3.99
#Sandra Kalniete (Latvia) Fisheries 1.5.04-30.10.04
*#Dalia Grybauskaite (Lithuania) Education & Culture 1.5.04-11.04
*#Viviane Reding (Luxembourg) Education, Youth & Culture 15.9.99-11.04
*#Daniela Hubner (Poland) Trade 1.5.04-11.04
#Loyola de Palacio (Spain) Vice-President; Transport & Energy; Parlt 15.9.99-30.10.04
#Anita Gradin (Sweden) Immigration & Legal Affairs, Anti-Fraud 24.1.95-15. 3.99
*#Margot Wallström (Sweden) Environment 15.9.99-11.04
Council of Europe #Catherine Lalumiere (France) Secretary General 1.6.89-31.5.94
Commonwealth #Veronica Sutherland (UK) Deputy Sec-Gen Commonwealth of Nations 1.2.1999-2001
Francophone Community Shirin Aumeeruddy-Cziffra (Mau) Pres Conseil Permanent de la Francophonie 1993-95
International #Narcisa L Escaler (Philpns) Dep Dir-Gen Intntl Org for Migration 1994-97
OECD Joanna Shelton (US) Deputy Secretary-General OECD 1996-00
Sally Shelton-Colby (US) Deputy Secretary-General OECD 2000-2002
#Helga Steeg (Germany) Dir-Gen International Energy Agency 15.5.84-96
United Nations Therese Paquet-Sevigny (Canada) Under-Sec-General Public Information .87-12.91
Under-Secs-Gen Melissa F Wells (US) Under-Sec-Gen Administration & Management 5.4.93-17.2.94
Gillian M Sorenson (US) Under-Sec-Gen Information & Public Policy 5.93-28.1.97
#Louise Arbour (Canada) Prosecutor Int Crim Trib Rwanda/ex-Yugo 1.10.96-15.9.99
Elizabeth Dowdeswell (Canada) Exec Director UN Environment Programme 1.1.93-1.1.98
Sadako Ogata (Japan) UN High Commissioner for Refugees 1.1.91-14.12.00
Nafis Sadik Pakistan) Exec Director UN Population Fund 30.5.87-31.12.00
*Carol Bellamy (US) Exec Director UN Children's Fund (Unicef) 4.1995-2005
#Danuta Hubner (Poland) Exec Secretary UN Econ Comm for Europe (ECE) 6.00-10.2001
#Margaret Joan Anstee (UK) Director-General UN Office Vienna 1.3.87- 5.2.92
SG's Special Representative in Angola 6.2.92-30.6.93
#Catherine Bertini (US) Exec Director World Food Programme 5.4.92-02
Under-Sec-Gen Human Resources Management 5.4.93-17.2.94
UN: Asst Secs-Gen Lucille Mair (Jamaica) Secretary General Conference on Palestine 1982-83
Gertrude Mongella (Tanzania Sec Gen 4th World Conference on Women 1993-95
Dunja Pastizzi-Ferencic Croatia Dep Exec Sec UN Econ Comm for Europe (ECE) 1994-12.1997
Seiko Takahashi (Japan) Dep Exec Sec UN Econ Comm for Asia (ESCAP) 1990-97
*Kayoko Mizuta (Japan) Dep Exec Sec UN Econ Comm for Asia (ESCAP) 1998-200?
*Kristin Trone (Sweden) Dep Exec Dir UN Population Fund 199?-200?
Angela King (Jamaica) Asst Sec-Gen Advancement of Women 1.3.1997-4.04
*#Carolyn McAskie (Canada) Asst Sec-Gen Emergency Relief Coordinator 11.1999-200?
*Rafiah Salim (Malaysia Asst Sec-Gen Human Resources Management 1998-200?
*Gillian M Sorenson (US) Asst Sec-Gen External Relations 28.1.97-200?
*Mary Ann Wyrsch (US) Deputy UN High Commissioner for Refugees 4.2001-2004
UN:Senior Officials *#Hina Jilani (Pakistan UN Special Rep Human Rights Defenders 18.8 2000-200?
*#Asma Jahangir (Pakistan Rapporteur Extra-Judicial Executions 1999-200?
#Elisabeth Rehn (Finland) Human Rights Rapporteur Former Yugoslavia ?12.95-99
Yakin Erturk (Turkey) Director Institute Advancement Women (INSTRAW) 1998-2001
*Savitri Butchey (Malaysia Act Dir Institute Advancement Women (INSTRAW) 2002-2004
*Patricia Lewis (UK) Director Institute Disarmament Research 1.7.97-200?
#Ann Hercus (NZ) SG's Special Representative in Cyprus ?1998-28.7.99
#Roza Otunbayeva (Kyrgyz) SG's Deputy Special Representative Georgia 5.2002-8.2004
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# Individuals from democracies who, prior to attaining their current high office, featured in earlier lists circulated by the Council for Parity Democracy from 8 August 1980 onward, drawing attention to the potential of some 4250 able women from 130 democracies for positions of national or international leadership. Other individuals are listed earlier in 5.C: International Courts.
- 8 (wg6x) -
8. Former Women Heads of International Organizations since 1980: 63 (continued)
Office Name Office Term of Office
Specialized Agencies Mary Chinery-Hesse (Ghana) Exec Director International Labour Office 1989-2000
*Katherine Ann Hagen (US) Exec Director International Labour Office 1994-200?
*#Mitsuko Horiuchi (Japan) Asst Dir-Gen International Labour Office 1998-200?
Kay Killingsworth (US) Asst Dir-Gen Food & Agriculture Organization 1.2000-2004
*Carleen Gardner (Jamaica) Asst Dir-Gen Gen Affairs & Information FAO 1.2000-2004
Francine Fournier (Canada) Asst Dir-Gen Social & Human Sciences Unesco 1997-2000
*Eleonora Mitrofanova (Russia) Asst Dir-Gen Administration Unesco 16.1.01-200?
Gro Harlem BRUNDTLAND (Norway) Director-General World Health Organization 20.7.98-7.2003
Poonam Ketrapal Singh (India) Executive Director Healthy Environments WHO 1998-2000
Olive Shishana (S Africa) Executive Director Family & Health Service WHO 1998-2000
*Ann Kern (Austrlia) Executive Director WHO 1998-200?
The above list is one of eleven unique databases promoting women's advancement and democracy maintained by the writer since 1980. Previously the names of past leaders were combined with those of current leaders as follows:
List & Date No of Women Named List & Date Women List & Date Women List & Date Women
1. 17 2 89 430 (120 countries) 17. 30 4 94 530 (142) 33. 21 11 96 845 (169) 49. 31 8 99 1152 (170)
2. 15 5 91 278 (103 " ) 18. 18 6 94 533 (141) 34. 23 1 97 834 (167) 50. 25 10 99 1196 (170)
3. 1 6 91 282 (104 " ) 19. 25 8 94 544 (148) 35. 26 3 97 888 (167) 51. 13 11 99 1208 (173)
4. 1 1 92 295 (106 " ) 20. 3 11 94 605 (154) 36. 17 5 97 907 (170) 52. 21 2 00 1208 (170)
5. 8 3 92 303 (107 " ) 21. 18 12 94 612 (152) 37. 11 8 97 933 (162) 53. 17 3 00 1420 (172)
6. 28 4 92 297 (106 " ) 22. 28 2 95 632 (155) 38. 30 9 97 983 (170) 54. 24 5 00 1501 (172)
7. 1 10 92 320 (109 " ) 23. 23 4 95 667 (158) 39. 20 11 97 993 (168) 55. 18 7 00 1487 (176)
8. 1 11 92 332 (111 " ) 24. 31 5 95 696 (159) 40. 26 1 98 1006 (169)
*9. 1 1 93 360 (121 " ) 25. 12 9 95 746 (164) 41. 15 4 98 1007 (168) Past Leaders Only
10. 14 2 93 380 (120 " ) 26. 1 10 95 796 (162) 42. 30 5 98 1040 (170)
11. 20 4 93 388 (121 " ) 27. 1 12 95 793 (160) 43. 18 7 98 1058 (170) 1x. 18 7 00 509
12. 4 7 93 408 (124 " ) 28. 31 1 96 806 (158) 44. 25 9 98 1036 (165) 2x. 16 5 01 551
13. 20 8 93 414 (129 " ) 29 15 3 96 799 (157) 45. 21 11 98 1064 (167) 3x. 7 5 02 577
14. 30 10 93 418 (130 " ) 30. 18 5 96 811 (157) 46. 29 1 99 1108 (168) 4x. 16 5 03 601
15. 17 12 93 454 (144 " ) 31. 24 7 96 822 (160) 47. 31 3 99 1104 (168) 5x. 11 7 04 658
16. 14 2 94 510 (142 " ) 32. 28 9 96 815 (161) 48. 22 5 99 1141 (171) 6x. 3 5 05 307
All 11 databases on democracy and women's advancement maintained by the writer comprise:
1. 2500 Anniversaries for Promoting Democracy 1988-2016 3 pages annually
2. 1000 Anniversaries of Women's Empowerment 1992-2010 3 " annually
3. 5500 Centenaries of Distinguished Women of History 1981-2054 3 " annually
4. 2500 Birthdays of Distinguished Living Women from 130 countries 40 " cumulative
5. 5000 Women Heads for International Organizations 2 " quarterly
6. 600 Heads of State & Other Women Leaders in the World 14 " six-monthly
7. 400 Past Heads of State & Other Women Leaders in the World 1945-2004 12 " annually
8. Women's Advancement (Political & Civil Liberties) in 222 countries 1 " annually
9. Parity, Democracy, Dictatorship & Anarchy in the world's 192 states 1 " annually
10. Women Ministers & MPs in the 48 countries of Europe (numbers only) 1 " occasionally
11. Female Primogeniture in the 28 Monarchies of the Contemporary World 6 " occasionally
Since January 1997 the anniversaries in the first four lists have been published monthly in advance in The Parity Democrat ISSN 1367-6946 (£60 or $120 annual subscription).
Parity democracy, or paritocracy, is a democracy where women and men become true partners in citizenship and leadership, sharing equal responsibilities in government and administration, parliament and political parties, the judiciary and the media, and over public revenue and expenditure. Parity democracy is an end in itself, to bring to bear on public affairs the intelligence and creativity, the courage and integrity, the kindness and compassion, and the enthusiasm and industry of half of humankind. It is also a means to a world where every girl, as well as every boy, from Afghanistan to ex-Zaire, receives adequate nutrition, secondary education, and the expectation of gainful employment and an independent income; and to a world where women and girls enjoy freedom from violence and from the fear of violence.
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