Scheduled Tribes in Orissa: An overview - World Bank
Integrated Social and Environmental Assessment Study (Volume: 1.2)
Tribal Inclusion and Development Assessment
And Tribal Development Plan
Of
Targeted Rural Initiatives for Poverty Termination and Infrastructure
(ORISSA RURAL POVERTY REDUCTION MISSION)
Submitted To
Director (TRIPTI) - cum Addl. Secy. to Government
Govt. Of Orissa, SIRD Building, Unit-VIII, Bhubaneswar
Submitted By
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VARUN TECHNO INFRASTUCTURE PVT. LTD.
N-3/429, IRC Village, Bhubaneswar –751015
Ph/Fax-0674-2559555, Email-mailbox@
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Contents
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Section One 7
State Scenario 7
1. Introduction 7
1.1 Social assessment summary, Key Findings 8
1.2 Tribal Development in Orissa – State Overview 10
1.3 Tribal Demography 10
1.4 Tribal Operational Holding: 11
1.5 Organization and Association: 11
1.6 Traditional Tribal Governance Mechanisms: 11
1.7 Devolution of Power- Emergence of system of local self-governance: 11
1.8 Strategies for Tribal Development, Orissa: 12
1.9 Tribal Development Programs in Orissa: 12
1.10 Regulations & acts, Protective and anti-exploitative legislations: 13
1.11 Tribal Education: 13
Section Two 14
Study Findings 14
2. Key Findings from the Tribal Development Assessment 14
2.1 Coverage of the study 14
2.2 Methodology – Consultation process 14
2.3 Tribal Demography: 17
2.4 Major tribes 17
2.5 Educational Status of Tribal in Study Area: 18
2.6 Tribal Economy: 19
2.7 Land/asset ownership of tribal: 19
2.8 Livelihood: 20
2.9 Cultural Identify and Social Assimilation: 20
2.10 Accessibility to institutions and government schemes: 20
2.11 Tribal Development Issues: 23
2.12 SHG Intermediation for Tribal Development: 25
2.13 Scope for Tribal Development 28
2.14 Conclusion: 29
Section Three 30
Tribal Development Plan 30
3. Tribal Development Plan 30
3.1 Objective 30
3.2 Project Coverage 30
3.3 Principles 31
3.4 Plan Components 31
3.5 Overall Project Design 32
3.6 Management & Implementation Structure 33
3.7 Key Elements of the Tribal Inclusion and Development Strategy 34
3.8 Implementation Strategies for Tribal Development 35
3.9 Description of the Tribal Development Strategy – 36
3.10 Additional Provision as Part of the TDP 39
3.11 Legal Entitlement: 40
3.12 Convergence 41
3.13 Operational Arrangements 41
3.14 Monitoring and Evaluation Framework 43
Annexure 1 47
Annexure 2 48
Annexure 3 50
Annexure 4 51
Annexure 5 52
Annexure 6 56
Annexure 7 57
Annexure 8 57
Annexure 9 58
Annex 10 : Minutes of ISEA State Level Consultation Workshop
REFERENCES 60
List Of Tables [pic]
Table-1 Demography of the Project Area
Table-2 Different indicative Tribal Programs
Table-3 Exclusive Regulation to Protect Tribal Interest
Table-4 Demographic profile of sample villages
Table-5 Major Tribes & Population in Study Villages
Table-6 Literacy status of tribal and other social groups at state level
Table-7 Special educational institutes for tribal in selected study districts
Table-8 Category wise livelihood pattern in the sample villages
Table-9 Specific Tribal Issues in Study Villages
Table-10 Number of Tribal SHGs in sample villages
Table-11 No. of Blocks in ST population range
Table-12 Percentage of tribal by project districts
Table-13 Project Objective and Component Linkage
Table-14 Implementation Strategy as per Tribal Population Range
Table-15 Implementation arrangements, Organisation and Management
Table-16 Key issues for Monitoring and Evaluation of TDP
Table 17 Tribal Development Plan – Components Summary
List of Abbreviations
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BPMU Block Project Management Unit
CC Cluster Coordinators
CIF Community Investment Fund
DPMU District Project Management Unit
EC Executive Committee
GoO Government of Orissa
GPLF Gram Panchayat Level Fund
IEC Information, Education and Communication
IS Institutional Strengthening
ISD Institutional Strengthening and Development
ITDA Integrated Tribal Development Agency
LF Livelihood Fund
MIP Micro Investment Plan
OBC Other Backward Class
PRA Participatory Rural Appraisal
SC Schedule Caste
ST Schedule Tribe
TIDS Tribal Inclusion and Development Strategy
TSC Tribal Sub Committee
TRIPTI Targeted Rural Initiatives for Poverty Termination and Infrastructure
List of Annexure:
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Annexure-1 Scheduled Areas in Orissa
Annexure-2 List of Scheduled Tribes of Orissa
Annexure-3 Tribal Population in Studied Districts
Annexure-4 Category of Scheduled Tribes in Study districts
Annexure-5 A profile of the population of the community development blocks of Orissa:
Census-2001.
Annexure-6 Blocks classified according to % of STs Population: 2001 Census
Annexure-7 Special Educational Facilities for Tribal and Number of Schools
Annexure-8 Specific Educational Facilities for Tribal
Annexure-9 Project district wise literacy status of tribal and other communities
Section One
State Scenario
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Introduction
The state of Orissa has the second highest percentage tribal population of the Indian State.
As per the census 2001, the ST population of the State of Orissa stands at 8,145,081. This constitutes 22.13 % of the total population of the state and 9.7 per cent of the total tribal population of the country. The decennial population growth rate of Scheduled Tribe has been 15.8 per cent, which is 0.5 per cent lower than the overall population growth [16.3 %].
Despite a number of specific development initiatives, and some progressive policy moves, tribal have lagged behind in Orissa in terms of socio-economic development. These differentials are most apparent in the case of literacy rate of the STs, which is considerably below the national average at 47.1% and the state average at 63.08%. Male literacy has increased from 34.4 per cent to 51.5 per cent while female literacy has gone up from 10.2 per cent in 1991 to 23.4 per cent during1991-2001.
Ecological imbalance is now seriously undermining the livelihood patterns of the tribal and increasing vulnerability. A small land base, low agricultural productivity and low incomes have led to rising indebtedness, trapping tribal into a vicious circle of exploitation. The life of the tribal is increasingly vulnerable due to a persistent lack of assured entitlements to their resource base. Land alienation has deprived them of their land; forest legislation has turned them into encroachers on land they have always used; and they have also been disproportionately affected by displacement due to mining operations, irrigation projects, wildlife sanctuaries, etc. These have led to social discontent and unrest which provide fertile ground for extremist activities and violent protests.
Tribal generally suffer from social and political marginalization and remain vulnerable to exploitation. In order to redress this situation to alleviate the suffering of tribal communities and to remove obstacles to their development, different constitutional amendments have been introduced. It is expected that, by bringing suitable amendments, the acts should create an enabling environment for promoting the interests of the tribal communities and for harnessing their untapped potential for overall social and economic development of the state and nation.
The Tribal Development Plan is based on information derived from the Social Assessment commissioned by the project. An External Agency was commissioned to undertake a Tribal Inclusion and Development Assessment and to recommend critical implementation mechanisms for its implementation. The preparatory activities efforts involved consultations with a range of stakeholders as well as field based consultation in 11 villages from three sample districts selected by the project. A round of consultations on the plan is planned by the State Project Management Unit (SPMU) during January 2008 to disseminate and seek feedback on the proposed TDP.
Specific Issues of Tribal Development in the Project Area: Though the demographic figure of tribal in the study districts is comparatively at a lower side in comparison to some of the districts of the state in western and southern part, still a persistent gap in the process of mainstreaming appears when interacted with the tribal families in the local context.
As most of the studied areas/districts do not fall in to Modified Area Development Approach (MADA) or Integrated Tribal Development Agencies (ITDA) area due to less tribal concentration i.e. less than 50 % of the total population in a geographical set up, they have been deprived of exclusive provisions of tribal development. As certain schemes meant for scheduled area is not applicable in such cases, the scattered tribal families are remaining deprived of the welfare based development benefits.
The TRIPTI project aims to promote economic and social development among the poor in rural Orissa. As such, tribal development issues will be addressed through the project, and the emphasis that is being given to social inclusion will ensure that the interest of the poor and marginalized tribal will be addressed. However, a number of mechanisms will be created to ensure that the tribal communities benefit from the various components of the project, which defines the project’s Tribal Development Plan
The “Tribal Development Plan” [TDP] for the project adopts a diversified strategy reflecting the different condition of tribal groups in the project area on the basis of their population at the GP level. In addition, in light of the fact that, in many areas, tribal are concentrated in small hamlets but remain a minority at the GP level, emphasis will be given to developing intermediary institutions for tribal in the form of sub-committees at the GP level and on ensuring community investment funds are reserved for their exclusive use in the development stage of the project.
The emphasis of the following strategy is on creating the conditions whereby tribal communities will be integrated into the people’s institutions and economic development objectives of the project. As such, the emphasis will be on ensuring long-term sustainability beyond the life of the project.
1 Social assessment summary, Key Findings
1. The study covered eleven villages in ten proposed project districts of the state to understand socio-economic situation of tribal. The Social and Tribal Assessment was carried out based on intensive consultation with potential project beneficiaries in 11 villages, selected from three project districts i.e. Jagatsinghpur, Nayagarh and Angul. The sample villages were selected based on concentration of different social communities like Scheduled Caste, Scheduled Tribe and Other Backward Classes.
2. Among all the project districts, Anugul and Balasore observed to be having relatively high percentage of scheduled tribe population In scheduled caste category, relatively high percentage of scheduled caste observed to be in the district of Jajpur followed by Bhadrak and Jagatsingpur district. Lowest % among the studied districts observed to be in the district of Khurda. Major tribes observed In the district of Anugul and Balasore, are mainly Gond, Kondh and Kissan Santal, Bhumija and Kolha. Of the total eleven study villages, tribal presence observed to be very high in some villages of study District. In pockets of Nayagarh and Anugul tribal concentration is relatively more in some villages in comparison to other districts. No tribal population was also observed in a few studied villages
3. Tribes normally observed in the studied villages are Kandha and Kolha in Nayagarh and Munda and Bhuyan in the district of Anugul. Study observed the key prevalence factors associated with the tribal in these districts are migration based, rehabilitation based or origin based.
4. In social and human development front, it is observed that tribal literacy percentage is comparatively low to the educational status of all other communities residing in the studied villages. Even, in the educational front, their status is relatively low than that of scheduled caste communities.
5. The predominant livelihood options of the tribes depend upon agriculture, animal rearing and forest apart from temporary migration and wage engagement. Over a period of time, there has been a shift in the land ownership status i.e. from tribal to other social communities due to various socio-economic and political factors. As a result, other caste sections, considered higher in the social ladder own better quality of productive land than that of the tribal. The existing tribal groups mostly hold unproductive or less productive up land. Most of the tribal families are engaged in agriculture and wage activities, which has been their primary source of livelihood. With the poor productive asset base, engagement as laborer is prominent in study villages. Apart from aforementioned livelihood means, tribal families are also observed rearing livestock to supplement their earning. With the changing economic scenario, shift in livelihood means is also observed in many villages. Rampant forest depletion has contributed to a large extent in this regard pushing many families for migrating out of the district and state.
6. Observing culture and tradition is a part of tribal identity and they keep their cultural identity intact where their concentration is relatively high and they stay in a concentrated pocket. The process of social assimilation is slow but emerging in the gradual process of change. Some of the promoted community groups observed having both tribal and non-tribal members and they work together for the common interest.
7. As the study reveals, Accessibility of tribal to government provisions is relatively less in comparison to other classes. Various associated factors are observed responsible such as schematic understanding, approachability on part of tribal families, less tribal development concentration due to scattered demographic situation etc. As most of the studied areas do not fall in to Modified Area Development Approach (MADA) or Integrated Tribal Development Agencies (ITDA) area the residing tribal families have been deprived of exclusive tribal development provisions
8. Looking at the prevailing situation in the studied districts, as per the findings, the study proposes to have a tribal inclusion and development plan called TID Plan which will benefit the tribal in maintaining and upholding their interest in cultural and other livelihood related aspects. The plan is having a diversified strategy reflecting the different condition of tribal groups in the project area on the basis of their population at the GP level.
9. In view of the project and its context from tribal perspective, the study unfold that the approach of SHG and federation could be useful instruments to foster the development of tribal in an inclusive and mainstream mode
10. Savings and credit activities observed commonly prevalent among the tribal SHGs though rate of saving and amount of credit availability is relatively less. Multi-facet source of credit is normally not available from other sources apart from rare cases of formal credit linkages.
11. Several key issues have been identified which could have a negative bearing on the functioning of federations like functional skill and Capacity; conflict among the groups and members, fund investment / utilization etc. The study proposes key measures to minimize and mitigate such upcoming critical issues for smooth functioning of the federations.
12. The study has explored different scope for tribal development in project districts such as promoting tribal SHGs in tribal concentrated pockets, inclusion of tribal families in the existing or to be formed groups, making inclusion fund available for development inclusion of tribal and other vulnerable sections, creating scope for skill improvement, making available untied fund provision etc.
2 Tribal Development in Orissa – State Overview
The sizeable population of tribal in the state assumes significance both in terms of socio-economic and political processes defining the context of developmental intervention. The history of vulnerability and prolonged marginalization of the ST in the state along with their present socio-economic conditions in terms of work-participation, education, health, etc preempt their inclusion and targeting in all developmental activities undertaken by the state. To get a clear understanding on the poor socio-economic status of ST in Orissa, a comparative analysis of ST with State averages is presented here:
▪ The overall literacy rate of ST is only 37.4% as compared to the state average of 63.08%
▪ The ST population in the State is overwhelmingly rural, with 94.5 percent residing in villages as compared to the state total of 85% people living in rural areas.
▪ 54.41% of the total tribal populations live in the Scheduled area and the remaining 45.59% live outside the Scheduled area
▪ Among the total workers, 57.4 per cent are ST main workers where as the main workers for the whole State is accounted for 67.2%
▪ Workers engaged in household industries constitute 4.77% of the total ST workers.
▪ Agricultural Laborers constitute the highest proportion [46.9 per cent] among the total ST main workers where as the percentage of agricultural laborers to the total main workers of the state is only 21.9%.
▪ Various poverty indicators and access indicators reveal that around 63% are poor and 17% are very poor [survey undertaken by OTELP in their program area]
▪ Vulnerability indicators [food security, migration, displacement] 5% have access to PDS and 70% of children are mal-nourished; 50% of the population have suffered some forms of displacement [survey undertaken by OTELP in their program area]
3 Tribal Demography
Table 1: Demography of the Project Area
|Total population of the state |36804660 |
|Scheduled tribes [ST] population |8145081 |
|Scheduled caste [SC] population |6082063 |
|Percentage of ST population to total population |22.13 |
|Percentage of SC population to total population |16.53 |
|S.T. communities |62 |
|S.C. communities |93 |
The State has a total of sixty two [62] Scheduled Tribe communities enumerated in the 2001 census. 13 out of these 62 communities have been identified and declared as primitive tribal groups. In the state context, the tribal population is predominantly rural, with 94.5 per cent residing in villages.
4 Tribal Operational Holding:
There are 40.67 lakh operational holdings in Orissa with an area of 50.81 lakh hectares according to the Agricultural Census- 2000-2001. Small [2.5 to 5 acres] and marginal [1 – 2.5 acres] holdings accounted for 83.8% with an area of 53.12 %. 16.2% of holdings are semi-medium and large categories with an area of 46.88%. Out of 40.67 lakh operational holdings, 42.22% belong to tribal.
5 Organization and Association:
Among all the category of tribes, conformity to customs, norms and social integration continue to be achieved through their traditional political organizations. As the traditional leaders continue to wield influence over their fellow tribesmen, it is worthwhile to take them into confidence in the context of economic development and social change.
6 Traditional Tribal Governance Mechanisms:
The main organizing principle of the tribal society is the kinship system with little stratification. The traditional political organization of the tribes follows a hierarchical order, with the King [symbolizing the State] is at the apex and the family is at the bottom most rung, preceded by the lineage, village and Pargana. The roles of the lineage and village heads are very crucial in maintenance of social and political order. After, the introduction of the statutory Panchayati Raj system, the traditional tribal political organizations are gradually becoming feeble, yet are considered as important socio-cultural institutions.
7 Devolution of Power- Emergence of system of local self-governance:
As institutional mechanisms for decentralized governance, PRIs Act was introduced in 1990s. For Tribal, a separate act called Panchayat [Extension to the Scheduled Areas] Act of 1996, [popularly known as PESA Act] was passed in the year 1996 [Refer Annexure 1 for list of PESA districts]. As a result traditional Gram Sabhas in the tribal areas are being endowed with special functional powers and responsibilities to ensure effective participation of the tribal societies in their own development and in harmony with their culture so as to preserve/ conserve their traditional rights over natural resources. As scheduled tribes live in contiguous, an area approach for development activities as well as regulatory provisions to protect their interests was taken up under the constitutional frame and such areas were declared as “Scheduled Area”. The criteria for declaring “Scheduled Area” under the fifth schedule are [1] Preponderance of tribal population [2] Compactness and reasonable size of the area [3] A viable administrative entity such as a district, block or taluk, and [4] Economic backwardness of the area as compared to the neighboring areas. Introduction of PRI system of local governance, through initiated modern development initiatives in tribal pockets, still it failed to substitute the traditional culture based tribal governance system. But success of the PRI system is mostly to induce development works at tribal pockets taking in to account their concerns and expectations.
With the enactment of PESA, certain powers were given to tribal with regard to forest, land and water. Apart from that, as per recent provisions, tribal can use the local forest [excluding reserved forest and sanctuary] to met their requirements and rights over the collection and sale of 69 Non Timber Forest based Products have been recently transferred to local bodies (see annex…).
8 Strategies for Tribal Development, Orissa:
The Constitution of India has provided many safeguards for the welfare and development of the tribal. The relevant articles can be classified under four major heads: [A] protective provisions [B] developmental provisions [C] administrative provisions and [D] reservation provisions. The administrative provisions under the Fifth and Sixth Schedules give special powers to the State for the protection and governance of tribal areas and the reservation provisions ensure due representation of the STs and SCs in legislative bodies and government jobs.
S.T. & S.C. Development Department is the nodal Department of GoO for the welfare of the ST and SC communities. Various programs have been undertaken for the development of STs in the state with assistance from Centre, fund allocation under State plan and Grants-in-Aid received from various agencies.
9 Tribal Development Programs in Orissa:
A number of tribal development programs are in place sponsored by both Central and State Government. The table below reflects different development initiatives taken for tribal development at state level.
Table No. 2 : Different indicative Tribal Programs
|Name of Program |Central State Program |Geographical Coverage |Availability in Study Districts |
| | | |[Yes / No] |
|Tribal Sub-Plan |Both State and Centre |12 Districts, 118 Blocks |Partially |
|Micro Projects for Primitive |Both State and Centre |12 Districts, 20 Blocks |No |
|Tribes | | | |
|MADA |Both State and Centre |17, Districts, 47 Blocks |Partially |
|Dispersed Tribal Development |Both State and Centre |State |Partially |
|Program | | | |
|RLTAP |Both State and Centre |KBK Districts |No |
The Scheduled Tribes and Scheduled Castes Development Department is the nodal Department of the State Government for the welfare of the ST & SC communities.
|District Welfare Officer [DWO] in every District and Assistant DWO at Sub-divisions |
|21 Integrated Tribal Development Agencies [ITDAs] covering the Scheduled Areas |
|In areas outside the Tribal Sub-plan areas having tribal concentration, 46 MADAs and 14 Clusters programs under implementation. |
|17 Micro Projects for focused program implementation for Primitive Tribal Groups [PTGs]. |
|The Orissa Scheduled Castes & Scheduled Tribes Finance and Development Corporation implements program for the development of Scheduled |
|Castes and dispersed tribal population [DTDP] & minorities. |
|The Tribal Development Co-operative Corporation [TDCC] support marketing of minor forest produce and surplus agriculture produce for the|
|benefit of the tribal. |
10 Regulations & acts, Protective and anti-exploitative legislations:
On account of their ignorance and simplicity, tribal normally fall an easy pray to the unscrupulous money lenders and middlemen who exploit them in many ways. To curb the exploitation several protective regulations have been enacted from time to time and subsequently amended to cope up with the changing situations. Some of the important enactments are stated below.
Table No. 3: Exclusive Regulation to Protect Tribal Interest
|Regulations Acts |Objectives |Implemented in Study |
| | |area |
|Orissa Scheduled Areas Transfer of Immovable Property |To control and check transfers of Immovable property |No |
|[by Scheduled Tribes] Regulation, 1956 |in the Scheduled Areas of the State of Orissa by | |
| |Scheduled Tribes. | |
|Orissa Scheduled Areas ] Money Lenders’ Regulation, |To control and regulate the business of money lending|No |
|1967 [Regulation 2 of 1968] |in the Scheduled Areas of the State of Orissa. | |
|The Orissa [Scheduled Areas] Debt Relief Regulation, |To provide for relief from Indebtedness to the |No |
|1967 [Regulation 1 of 1968] |Scheduled Tribes in the State of Orissa. | |
|The Orissa Reservation of Vacancies in Posts and |To provide adequate representations of Scheduled |Yes |
|Services[ for Scheduled Caste & Sch. Tribe Act 1975 ] |castes and Scheduled Tribes in Posts and Services | |
| |under the State Government and in the State Public | |
| |undertakings and autonomous or local bodies. | |
|The Protection of Civil Rights Act, 1955 |To prevent commission of offences of atrocities |Yes |
| |against the members of Scheduled Caste and Scheduled | |
| |Tribe communities. The Act also provides for setting | |
| |up of Special Courts for trial of atrocity cases. | |
|Special Employment Exchange |To facilitate in absorbing reservation facilities and|Yes |
| |employ them in government jobs. | |
|Monetary Relief to the victims of Atrocities |Financial support to tribal victims of atrocity. |Yes |
|Provision of Legal Aid to Scheduled Castes and |Financial and legal support to tribal |Yes |
|Scheduled Tribes persons | | |
11 Tribal Education:
The Scheduled Tribes [STs] and Scheduled Castes [SCs] are educationally backward. The percentage of literacy among the STs and SCs is 37.37% and 55.53% as against the general literacy level of 63.08 % as per 2001 census. The overall literacy rate of the STs has increased from 22.3 per cent in 1991 to 37.4 per cent in 2001. Despite this improvement, the literacy rate among the tribals is considerably below the national average at 47.1% and the state average at 63.08%. Male literacy has increased from 34.4 per cent to 51.5 per cent while female literacy has gone up from 10.2 per cent in 1991 to 23.4 per cent during1991-2001. Orissa was the pioneer in setting of special type of Residential Educational Institutions for their educational development. The Department has established and manages different Residential Educational Institutions all over the state to promote tribal education [Refer Annexure 7 & 8].
Section Two
Study Findings
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Key Findings from the Tribal Development Assessment
1 Coverage of the study
The study covered eleven villages in ten proposed project districts of the state to understand socio-economic situation of tribal. Under the scope of the study, consultation made with a total of twenty five tribal families in these sample villages through Focus Group Discussion. It was observed that out of the total 35% households in the sample villages belong to Scheduled Tribes while remaining are from other caste categories. Inferences and conclusions are drawn from the analysis of available information.
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2 Methodology – Consultation process
The Social and Tribal Assessment was carried out based on intensive consultation with potential project beneficiaries in 11 villages, selected from three project districts (Jagatsinghpur, Nayagarh and Angul). Free in informed consultation with tribals assumes added important in formation of a TDP and planning for activities to be undertaken to ensure their participation in the project. While preparing the present TDP, extensive consultation were held with local tribal communities and other stakeholders including villager leaders and officials at the block level. The findings of this assessment and the proposed TDP have been discussed in a state level consultation, with representative from government and non-governmental stakeholders, held in Bhubaneswar on the 4th January 2008. Details of these proceedings have been given in annex xx. In addition, further district level consultation are planned by the project, pre-appraisal.
Selection of sample villages In each selected block of the sample district three revenue villages have been selected based upon the following criteria.
• One village dominated by General Castes
• One village dominated by Backward Castes.
• One village dominated by Scheduled Castes
Besides two more revenue villages were be selected from Angul and Nayagarh district- one with very high concentration of STs (more than 80%) and the other with STs Concentration in the range of 20 – 30%.
Table – 4: Demographic profile of Sample villages
|District |Block |
|Social Exclusion |Social exclusion process and forms. |
| |Conflicts sources and addressing mechanism. |
| |Peoples’ perception regarding conflict resolution mechanism. |
|Livelihood |What are existing key occupations in the village? |
| |Which occupations are most preferred? |
| |Why these occupations are most preferred? (Input / Resource / Market / Institution / Skill etc.) |
| |What are the bottlenecks in pursuing these options? |
|Institutions |Reasons for poor not being able to access the institutions meant for the poor. |
| |Which are the sections who benefit and benefit most from different development / livelihood schemes |
| |implemented in the village? |
| |Why the benefits of different schemes do not reach the poor? |
| |What the poor consider necessary so that they get the benefit? |
|SHGs |Status of SHGs |
| |Institutions facilitating the SHGs. and difficulties faced. |
| |Participation and Federation Issues |
| |Social Outcomes of Self-Help |
|Gender Issues |Household Role division and participation of women in village life |
| |Specific issues on age group (adolescent, reproductive and old). |
| |Range of issues and gender perspective : dowry, domestic violence, un-touchable, reproductive rights |
| |and decision making power |
| |Activities exclusively practiced by women. |
|Tribal Development |Major occupation of tribes |
| |Specific tribal community management systems |
| |Access to institutions/ programs (PESA, ITDA, etc) |
| |Gender dynamics/ aspects in tribes |
1 Limitations of the Study
• Sample Size in proportion to the target number of villages may not be representative.
• Time line of the Study
• Availability of Researchers both at the Field level and the Central Level.
• Secondary data is based on 2001 census
3 Tribal Demography:
Among all the project districts, Anugul and Balasore observed to be having relatively high percentage of scheduled tribe population i.e. 11.67 % and 11.28 % respectively of the total district population in comparison to other studied districts. It is followed by 7.76 % of tribal population in the industrial district of Jajpur, 5.88 % in Nayagarh and 5.18 % in Khurda. The lowest tribal population observed to be in the district of Puri [0.30 %] followed by 0.52 % in Kendrapara and 0.82 % in Jagatsingpur. In scheduled caste category, relatively high percentage of scheduled caste observed to be in the district of Jajpur i.e. 22.99 % followed by 21.5 % in Bhadrak and 21.05 % in Jagatsingpur district. Lowest % among the studied districts observed to be in the district of Khurda to the tune of 13.54 %.
4 Major tribes
Observed differ to certain degree and also have a resemblance though their demographic situation varies. In the district of Anugul and Balasore, where sizeable number of tribal resides, are mainly Gond, Kondh and Kissan in Anugul and Santal, Bhumija and Kolha in Balasore.
Table No. 5: Major Tribes & Population in Study Villages
|Dist/Block |GP |Village |Names of Key |Population |
| | | |Tribes | |
| | | |
| |
|General |49.09 |63.09 |34.68 |63.08 |75.35 |50.51 |
|ST |22.31 |34.41 |10.21 |37.37 |51.48 |23.37 |
|SC |36.78 |52.42 |20.74 |55.53 |70.47 |40.33 |
|Source – Census 2001 |
In all the project districts, tribal literacy percentage is comparatively low to the educational status of all communities. Even, in the educational front, their status is relatively low than that of scheduled caste communities.
In view of the educational backwardness of tribal, thrust has been given to promote tribal educational status all over the state through education improvement initiatives like establishing special tribal schools, Ashram schools, girl’s hostels etc. Apart from that, different educational incentives have been provisioned like supply of free books, dresses, exemption of school fee for tribal boys and girls, provision of stipend etc.
Table No. 7: Special educational institutes for tribal in selected study districts
|Sl. |
|1 |Anugul |3 |4 |1 |0 |0 |8 |
|2 |Balasore |3 |2 |4 |22 |0 |31 |
|3 |Bhadrak |1 |0 |1 |0 |0 |2 |
|4 |Cuttack |2 |2 |6 |0 |0 |10 |
|5 |Jagatsingpur |0 |1 |1 |0 |0 |2 |
|6 |Jajpur |4 |2 |8 |0 |0 |14 |
|7 |Kendrapara |0 |2 |3 |0 |0 |5 |
|8 |Khurda |2 |3 |2 |0 |0 |7 |
|9 |Nayagarh |3 |2 |6 |0 |0 |11 |
|10 |Puri |1 |1 |1 |0 |0 |3 |
|Orissa |218 |149 |143 |1548 |400 |2458 |
| |
In the project districts, special educational provision is also made by government in shape of establishing various exclusive educational institutions for tribal students. In Kapaguda village, one Ashram school has been sanctioned. The construction of the building is under process.
5 Tribal Economy:
Like other tribal groups, the tribes existing in the study villages follow more or less the same livelihood earning means predominantly through agriculture, animal rearing and depending upon forest. It is observed that Kolhas remain with worst livelihood condition due to the reason that scanty opportunity and less capacity to trap and utilize the resources. As the study revealed, traditionally land occupancy status was lying with the tribal but in the gradual process of change, it has been transferred to other communities called Chasas [farming community] by various means of legal transfer. Now the situation is such that the upper caste / Chasas own more and productive land than that of the tribal [Kolhas]. The existing tribal groups mostly hold the up land which is having a relatively low productivity with poor water retaining capacity. No irrigation facility is available at the up land to save the standing crops or to opt for bi or multi cropping system.
6 Land/asset ownership of tribal:
Tribal families are engaged mostly in agriculture and wage activities, which has been their primary source of livelihood. With the poor productive asset base, engagement as laborer is much prominent in study villages. The average holding size varies between 1 to 2.5 acres [including encroachment] with a few case of holding more than 3 acres. Holding size observed to be comparatively in an advantageous position in tribal clusters which have relatively high tribal populations. As higher percentage of land under occupancy is high / up lands, the land productivity or yield per acre is comparatively less. Having no scope of irrigation is another contributing factor in this regard to save the standing crops at the time of need. Almost all farming communities have common agricultural implements like Sickle, Plough etc. but possession of modern agricultural equipment do not prevail in study villages. Most of the tribal families observed having silver ornaments, though quantitatively less, which they normally wear.
Livestock has been one of the economically productive assets for them which they use to meet their emergency requirements. Commonly prevalent livestock species observed in the study area are Goats and Chicks even some families also have cattle with them used mostly for agricultural purposes.
Table No. 8: Category wise livelihood pattern in the sample villages
|Sl |Tribal livelihood |Details |
| |
|1. |Agriculture |Paddy & Vegetables |
|2. |Animal Husbandry |Poultry, Goat rearing and piggery (including wild boars) |
|3. |Forest Produces |Collection of Sal leaves, Sal Seed etc. |
|4. |Non-farm [IGA] |Basket making, bamboo based products |
| | |As agricultural laborers or contract labor under contractors |
|5. |Laborer | |
| | |Agricultural Labor |
| | |Construction of roads, Ashram schools etc. |
| | |To brick kilns in Uttar Pradesh |
|6. |Migration | |
| | |Tea Gardens in West Bengal and Assam. |
| | |As agricultural laborers to Punjab. |
| |
7 Livelihood:
Apart from minimized holding size, a shift in livelihood earning means is also marked. With the depletion of forest coverage, dependency of tribal groups over forest has decreased substantially and a shift of livelihood means from forest based to farm and non-farm [not substantial] based is marked. But, simultaneously, inadequate availability of land has further pushed them to work as agricultural laborer and/or daily wage workers. Due to scanty survival means, they are compelled for illegal fuel wood trading exploiting the existing forest resources. Their marginalization is directly contributing to over exploitation of natural resource base which had been their means of livelihood since years.
With the changing overall economic scenario of the studied districts, another patter of livelihood arrangement which is emerging is migration based livelihood. Many able bodied tribal members, both male and female are now migrating to different near by urban and sub-urban set ups in search of their livelihood. Though, the trend started years back, but now it has been more rampant in these districts. This trend of livelihood means is prevalent in almost all the project districts depending upon the amount of scope that prevails. In the studied villages of Nayagarh, it is also observed that there is not only intra and inter district migration, there is also inter state migration where members from some tribal families have migrated to other states in search of employment such as to Gujarat as labors for textile mills, brick kilns in UP and as laborers to work in tea gardens in Assam. Tribal those migrate to Assam tend to settle down there as they find opportunities of employment round the year.
8 Cultural Identify and Social Assimilation:
The study attempted to examine this component in a “heterogeneous community” where tribal families live along with other social groups. It is observed that where tribal concentration is of reasonable size, they stay together in a hamlet within the geographical boundary of the revenue village. In this way they maintain their tribal identity and keep their culture intact among themselves. But tribal social assimilation is restricted in nature leaving a few situations like common village festival and life cycle events. The study also observed that apart from independent identity, there is a community sentiment and we feeling among all the community members in relation to common local issues. As the process of assimilation is a slow but continuous process which takes its socially regulated course, at this point, it can be said that the tribal communities in the studied villages are in the process of mainstreaming as part of the community along with their tribal identity. As a result, in some of the social groups that have been formed at village level are represented by tribal members along with members from other communities.
As the project foresees strengthening SHG / Federation as means of women empowerment, it would be beneficial for the tribal in the sense that it can help to bring members from all social groups to a common platform, may be either in the shape of SHG or Federation. It will help further in strengthening the assimilation process by bringing we feeling among the members. So, the proposed intervention will promote and strengthen this objectively driven assimilation process with regard to development of people allowing maintaining identity of the tribal intact.
9 Accessibility to institutions and government schemes:
In comparison to scheduled or tribal concentrated districts of the state, accessibility of tribal in study districts and villages is relatively less to government provisions. Factors assessed to be responsible are of many folds like non-availability of provision of such exclusive services / benefits for the tribal in these districts as they are relatively scattered. Secondly, understanding of tribal about the schemes / provisions is very poor due to illiteracy / poor education, lack of awareness and ignorance factors. Shyness and fear of approaching officials, in this regard, may also be considered contributing factors for having poor access to various benefiting schematic services.
|Case: |
| |
|In Mudribeda village of Anugul, 155 families belong to rehabilitated population displaced due to the Rengali Dam Project. These |
|tribal are not considered as a part of the village population by the host community. This non-acceptance deprives them from |
|accessing the Panchayat and other development provisions. |
1 Legal Provision and Enforcement :
Despite having some of the most progressive policies in the country, including the transfer of rights to collect and sell 69 NTFP and legislation against the transfer of immobile property from tribals to non-tribals, the livelihood situation of tribal communities was found to be hampers by the poor quality of enforcement of these rights. During the consultation as part of the tribal development assessment, it was found that knowledge of these provision remained limited and, perhaps more importantly, communities felt distant from the local enforcement agencies, namely the block officials, police etc.
| |
|Policy change in Orissa in March 2000 |
| |
|Orissa’s policy of creating private monopolies attracted a great deal of criticism, both from the Government of India (GoI) and civil |
|society. In December 1996, GoI passed a new law, according to which Panchayats in tribal areas are the owners of NTFPs. These |
|developments forced the GoO to review its lease-oriented policies. It passed a new order on 31st March 2000 vesting on the Gram |
|Panchayats (GPs) the authority to regulate the purchase, procurement and trade so that the primary gatherers get a ‘fair price for the |
|NTFPs gathered by them’. Although kendu, bamboo and sal seeds continue to be under government monopoly, 68 other NTFPs, such as tamarind,|
|honey, myrabolans, etc, have been kept under the control of Panchayats throughout the State. There would be no requirement of trade and |
|transit permit, no levies and no royalties for these 68 items. The new policy abolished the ‘leasing system’ and Panchayats were given |
|the power to register the traders at local level and to monitor their function especially with regard to price. |
| |
|N.C.Saxena, 2003, Overseas Development Institute |
The educational backwardness of tribal, subsistence farming, low yield due to small land holdings, the tribal is not able to meet the food requirement for the year and hence depend heavily on NTFP and migration for wage earnings. Apart from minimized holding size, a shift in livelihood earning means is also marked. With the depletion of forest coverage, dependency of tribal groups over forest has decreased substantially and a shift of livelihood means from forest based to farm and non-farm based activities is evident in some areas. But, simultaneously, inadequate availability of land has further pushed them to work as agricultural laborer and/or daily wage workers. Due to scanty survival means, they are compelled for illegal fuel wood trading exploiting the existing forest resources. Their cultural practices and low awareness on health care also contributes to their expenditure on health since they by nature do not avail of the health facilities provided by the government.
One particularly important finding of the Tribal Development Assessment was that access to forest was being restricted due to the high level of competition between SCs and STs residing in a similar locality. Historically the SCs have lived alongside the upper caste, albeit on the basis of substantial evidence. Through this relationship the SCs have developed access to markets and the norms of trade. In contrast the STs have traditionally lives apart from mainstream society, reliant on forest produce and small holdings of land in more remote areas. Over time, the SCs have taken control of land formerly cultivated by the SC, despite the official prohibition over the transfer of land title from ST to non-STs. This has resulted in major conflicts that have in case taken a violent turn. During this process, the some SCs in coastal Orissa have shifted residence away from their native villages and in the process have lost some of the tradition stigmas attached to their caste. As the process of encroachment in to tribal localities has progress, the SC have assumed the role of traders in goods such as salt, oil, cosmetics, and forest produce, acting as intermediaries between the STs and the market.
Strategies to raise awareness and enforce the specific provisions for tribal development – specifically relating to land and NTFP – are a prerequisite for tribal development and are a key area of focus of the TDP.
2 Potentiality of schematic convergence:
Government is having a number of tribal development / welfare schemes which are exclusively meant for tribals. Apart from this, a number of development programs are designed which address both tribal and non-tribal sections. But, as the concentration of tribal in the study districts is comparatively less, several special tribal development provisions are not available like implementation of tribal sub-plan, ITDA intervention, implementation of MADA scheme/s, special Revised Long Term Action Plan Projects [RLTAP] etc. But a number of common plans are there like National Rural Employment Guarantee Act, Public Distribution System etc. which is equally important for all sections of people including tribal. So, in case where there is less thrust of tribal development schemes due to earlier mentioned reasons, the available projects / programs / schemes may suitably crafted favoring the tribal section living in specific pockets or in a scattered manner. Apart from that, available resources under such benefiting schemes may be dovetailed focusing on tribal in such pockets so that they can have a greater and exclusive accessibility to the benefits.
The tribal SHGs and associated federations may also take up / avail various schematic benefits in an approved manner like taking land on lease for cultivation, leasing in government ponds for fishery, dealing with PDS as retailers, establishing brick kilns and supply of bricks for construction of Indira Awas under Indira Awas Yojana etc. Making available these sorts of scopes and bringing in to use may help the tribal to have a grater access to such benefits. So, as the study reveals, scope for scheme convergence and resource dovetailing prevails but requirement of framing suitable policy is required in this regard where all such schemes will have a tribal focus where different tribal groups exists.
10 Tribal Development Issues:
During study, various issues pertaining to tribal were explored and analyzed from local context which influence their life and have a greater bearing on their present socio-economic status. Key issues identified can be segregated in to four different sections such as:
1. Issues of Livelihood
2. Issues of Governance
3. Issues of Social Capital Building
4. Issues of Skill, Knowledge and Capacity
Table No. 9 Specific Tribal Issues in Study Villages
|Aspects of Tribal issues |Specific Issues |
| |Poor productive asset holding |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
|Livelihood | |
| |Poor land occupancy |
| |Considered less credit worthy in the institutional front |
| |Poor access to institutional credit |
| |Earning does not support required family demand |
| |No or less availability of supportive / alternative options |
| |Borrowing from informal sources in most cases |
| |Pay exploitative rate of interest |
| |Involvement in enterprising / trading / business is poor |
| |Poor knowledge & information on livelihood options |
| |Poor participation in local decision making |
| | |
|Governance | |
| |Poor understanding of governance importance |
| |Poor participation in governance structures |
| |Poor women participation in local governance |
| |Relatively poor educational status [in comparison to other] |
| | |
|Social Capital | |
| |Poor Health and hygiene status |
| |Lack of health education / awareness |
| |Poor gender strengthening and dev. integration initiatives |
| |Require market driven skills and vocational inputs |
|Skill & Knowledge | |
| |Gap in Enterprising / trading / business skills |
| | |
1 Issues of Livelihood:
Livelihood arrangement for improved quality of living has been one of the key issues that affect overall community living of tribal in all the studied villages. Though, scope of other sector involved for livelihood is marked, still it has been less adequate to arrange livelihood throughout the year. In one hand, gap in availability of own asset or access to resource base for productive investment is not available and in the other hand, no productive asset base exists which can other wise yield required livelihood for the family. Apart from this, poor capacity to engage in demanding sectors such as business unit establishment or trading etc. is also not prevalent among the tribal. As a result, economic dependency on external sources is relatively high leading to indebtedness and less asset base situation.
Livelihood support for tribal:
As the assessment reveals, requirement for strengthening livelihood of tribal demands multi fold support provisions in different livelihood options. “Opportunity options” need to be capitalized and “existing means” can be strengthened further through various inputs. The opportunity options basically relates to non-farm sector involvement of tribal families like fisheries, establishing business units – collectively or independently, enterprise / production / processing units, market penetration and other forward linkages for business promotion, implementation of government sponsored schemes, wherever feasible etc. While, the existing livelihood means like agriculture, animal husbandry etc. can be further strengthened and capitalized upon by making it profitable through various inputs like capacity building on management practices, development of irrigation potentials, farm mechanization etc. The scope to turning them out of forest dependency [wherever existing like Anugul and Nayagarh] to farm dependency seems prevalent and can be capitalized with appropriate inputs.
SHGs and Federations can play a pivotal role in this connection by providing financial support in shape of credit for productive asset building and investment. As finance will be available with less rate of interest from the market rate, it will create opportunities for tribal to make use of the available credit fund for livelihood improvement. On the other hand, availability of capital fund at group and federation level will keep them refrained from usurious rate of interest and frequent external dependency for credit support. They can also avail physical and moral support of other members of the group and federation at the time of need.
2 Issues of Governance:
Participation in local governance system and decision making is considered to be one of the key indicators of empowerment. But it is observed that in the local decision making system and process, their participation is relatively negligible. One of the identified factors in this regard has been their poor concentration in the locality in comparison to other social groups. Secondly, as a member of the community, participation in local development process is also not so encouraging in comparison to others. As the study districts and villages do not fall in to scheduled zone, exclusive development benefits meant for tribal with regard to governance do not prevail. The scopes that are created by such legal provisions for increased governance participation is no more a promotional input to tribal of studied districts and villages.
3 Issues of Social Capital Building:
Considering the human development parameters, status of the tribal is attempted to look in to during the study with regard to their education and health aspects. As elaborated earlier, education base of tribal is relatively poor in comparison to other social groups. Similar situation also observed persisting in relation to their health. Though under the scope of the present study, this aspect could not be captured extensively, still interaction during study reveals this fact of health negligence and lack of required minimum health awareness in tribal families.
4 Issues of Skill, Knowledge and Capacity:
Contributing to poor socio-economic status, one important factor that crosscuts all section of problems of tribal is persisting gap in required skill, knowledge and capacity in comparison to other social groups. Lagging behind in the development ladder is because of such factors that affect to a great deal to their livelihood and living. Though education is one of the primes in this regard, there are some other factors found to be responsible in this connection like lack of formal or informal training and capacity building measures, trade based orientation, vocational inputs, market oriented capacity building to take up certain market driven opportunities etc. On the other hand, poor awareness, especially that of women section, refrain them from exploring other opportunities in different sectors for improving their quality of living. Lack of awareness and ignorance identify them as a separate section within the community leading to poor development participation and allied isolation.
11 SHG Intermediation for Tribal Development:
The study reveals, looking from project context, that SHG and federation as model of intervention, can be a useful instrument for strengthening tribal economy and women empowerment in the tribal pockets of the project districts. The study attempted to explore further possibilities of tribal involvement in SHG and federation base which not only will strengthen their livelihood base but also minimize their external dependency and interest exploitation from un-institutional credit rendering entities. The study also attempted exploring suitable SHG / Federation model / options for tribal development within the scope of the project.
Table No. 10: Number of Tribal SHGs in sample villages
|District |Name of Village |No of HH |No of SHG |No. of Tribal SHG |
| |Mutaranga |67 |3 |2 Tribal SHGs |
| |Kapagadu |66 |3 |1 Tribal SHG |
| |Ranjana |75 |4 |1 Tribal SHG |
|Anugul | | | | |
| |Nuagaon |110 |6 |1 Tribal SHG |
| |Jamardih |123 |7 |5 Tribal SHGs |
| |
As it is observed, Self Help Group is not a new concept for the tribal in the studied villages. Where population of tribal is more, exclusive tribal SHGs exists like that of Sorada [2 ST groups] and Kapagadu [1 ST group] village of Nayagarh district and Ranjana [1 group] Nuagaon [1 group] and Jamardih [5 groups] village of Anugul district.
So, it is evident that where population of tribal is relatively more, they have formed exclusive groups taking members from tribal community only. Similarly, other social groups also have their own SHGs in their hamlets. So, more or less, tribal families are aware of SHG operation procedures due to their direct involvement in the promoted groups. So, the project can have a two way approach to deal with like the proposed project can use such existing platforms of tribal for their development and secondly, they can promote new tribal groups wherever it is feasible. The overall objective of the project can be realized by making use of such existing platforms.
Table No. 11 : No. of Blocks in ST population range
|Sl. |District |No. of Blocks|No. of HH |Total Population|S.T Population |% of STs |No. of | |No. |
| | |in the | | | | |Blocks in ST| | |
| | |Project | | | | |Population | | |
| | | | | | | |Range | | |
Secondly, through these platforms, the micro finance operations can be rooted in to their families for further strengthening their livelihood and asset building. So, micro finance operation within a tribal community is a possibility with certain recommended options like relatively longer repayment period, initial provision of small and medium size of loan, hand holding and escorting for enterprise, loan for meeting both production and consumption needs etc.
|SHGs as intermediaries for poverty reduction – key features |
|For tribal inclusion |
|As it is evident from the study, SHG can be a viable means for strengthening tribal livelihood with appropriate operational |
|approach |
|In a concentrated pocket, scope exists for promoting special tribal groups [SHGs] |
|The existing tribal groups [SHGs] can be strengthened further in relevant areas. |
|Where ever tribal are in dispersed state, scope is there to include them with other existing / new groups. |
|It is always desired to have integrated federal structures where tribal and non-tribal groups operate under common umbrella. |
|At the inception of federal structures, flexible operational norms with regard to sanction of loan, repayment, rate of interest |
|etc. can be considered but it should not be an imposition on the federation and other members should not feel it as an |
|imposition. |
|At federation level, tribal and other SHGs may be congregated and engaged in financial and non-financial transactions. |
So, the scope of the project in strengthening the tribal livelihood through SHG and federal approach appears to be a feasible option. But, integration of tribal with non-tribal groups at federation level may be thought of taking care of associated group sentiments.
1 Status of tribal SHGs:
Savings, as a part of SHG functioning, is commonly prevalent in all tribal SHGs in the study villages. But due to the influence of poor economic condition, the amount of savings per member per month is normally less ranging between Rs.5/- to Rs.10/-. Irregularity in savings also observed in case of many members across the interacted groups due to various factors like absence in the meeting to deposit savings, no availability of fund in time, casual attitude towards savings etc. However, the average group savings of tribal groups observed to be ranging between Rs.3000/- to Rs.5000/- which they have accumulated over a period of three to four years of functioning. Other source of fund availability in terms of grants or loan is not very common with tribal groups. Apart from this, no tribal group observed linked with the formal financial institutions for accessing credit. Even no tribal group is linked under schematic provision like SGSY.
2 Federation Approach, Exclusive Vs Inclusive Federations:
As elaborated earlier, the settlement of tribal in proposed project districts is scattered in some pockets like that of Jagatsingpur and comparatively less scattered in some others like Anugul and Nayagarh district. So, looking at the nature of settlement, especially where there is concentration of tribal within a geographical / administrative boundary of the GP, a GP level federation covering both tribal and non-tribal SHGs would be a viable option. But in a scattered situation, cluster approach to federation may be worth thinking rather then GP level federation. Instead of a GP, a particular cluster may be thought of for promoting exclusive tribal federations based on concentration of tribal groups in a specific pocket. But, possibilities of number of groups to be associated in a federation structure may vary in an exclusive tribal federation and general federation.
Exclusive tribal federations may tend to enhance “isolative approach” to tribal development rather then tribal mainstreaming in the development process. Past experience over a period of time has proved that “park land” approach to tribal development does not yield desired result in the long run as that of “mainstreaming approach”. At this stage, it would be prudent to ensure participation in a strategised manner aiming convergence with the mainstream. Ignoring this aspect may again result in the tribals getting sidelined by other federation representatives. Care also needs to be taken to ensure that such SHGs have independent social identity should get assimilated at federation level where they can perform along with other members representing from different social groups. Operational mechanism of the federations should be designed in facilitates representation of tribal in decision making process at executive council / executive body level.
3 Key Issues of Federation Strengthening:
Looking at the persisting scenario in study villages, seven potential areas are identified for increasing the scope for tribal development within the federations.
• Capacity Building in specific functional and operational areas
• Sensitization and awareness of federation members [Executive Council] on federation functions and tribal involvement
• Organizing exposure visits to successful similar cases
• Interface with other potential stakeholders benefiting federation functions
• Household or group based micro enterprise promotion – Linking credit with livelihood
• Building attitude of project staff at district and block level to deal with tribal issues meaningfully.
• Initial flexibility in the federation / group operation norms
The federations, so promoted could perform multi-dimensional functions. But proper capacity building is the prerequisite to have an appropriate strategy in this regard. Secondly, exclusive capacity requirement of tribal may be kept in mind during designing the training curriculum for tribal.
12 Scope for Tribal Development
1 Local Organization of Tribal:
In cases, where tribal are found to be in a particular cluster or relatively less scattered, scope of organizing them to different community groups or SHGs is a possibility. It is expected that, by organizing them, a local level platform for tribal development can be created which will be a strategic means to deliver project designed services. The savings and credit operations can be managed effectively using such established platform/s where there will be organized development participation of tribal and ownership of the process.
2 Positive Biasness and Development Inclusion:
Taking into account the deprived state of tribal, the project design [criteria for selection and project implementation] need to be positively biased towards tribal, in-spite of their lower concentration. The project and intervention / operational plan should encompass a pre-condition of inclusion of tribal section within the scope of the project in a desired manner so that they can optimally utilize the benefit of project services to improve their present status.
3 Tribal Inclusion and Development Plan:
Giving due emphasis to STs in the project areas, the need for preparing a separate Tribal Inclusion and Development [TID] Plan can be thought of. TID Plan purview thus would relate to both Scheduled and non-scheduled areas especially where the ST population is residing.
4 Capacity Building and Skill Improvement Measures:
For the purpose, two fold strategies can be thought of i.e. a welfare approach of considering them as a beneficiary of the project or adopting a development approach where they are equal partner of development process. It is always desirable to make them partners in development by promoting their skill, knowledge and capacity in the desired direction so that by making use of such resources, they can improve their living condition. So, different vocational trainings and allied inputs may be given them based on the market demand.
5 Credit Provision for Livelihood Promotion:
Further, strengthening productive household asset base may be considered one of the Pre-requisite to make them self sustaining in the longer run. As discussed earlier, it is also equally important to develop their investment capacity by making available the required resource base at their level. As, required financial resource is not available with them for livelihood investment and equally they have poor access to such resources due to assetlessness and allied factors, it is important to make required provision in the project intervention by which they can access financial resources at the time of need. Provision of credit through formal and/or informal institutional mechanism can help them in minimizing their external financial dependency, which at present is exploitative, and strengthen their financial base through productive resource investment.
6 Additional support and Untied Fund Provision:
The project may think up allocating additional financial and human resources in tribal pockets to serve to the specific needs of tribal. Such exclusive financial provisions could be of be in shape of “tied funds” or “untied funds” but it is advisable to have some “untied funds” provision placed with the promoted tribal groups for in-time utilization as “internal credit fund” for meeting emerging livelihood requirements.
7 Suitable Project Operational Mechanism / Operational Flexibility:
This may be considered as one of the essentiality by which tribal families can be benefited. There should be operational flexibility to certain expected and tolerable degree for smooth execution of the project in tribal pockets. A suitable project operational strategy may be devised looking at their overall situation and capacity to cope with the demand of the project especially after their involvement in the project processes. To achieve expected results in a tribal pocket may take relatively more time in comparison to areas where people from other social strata reside.
8 Conflict Resolution:
An important issue raised in the social assessment for this project is the extent of social conflict between ST and SCs. Both groups tend to be among the poorest groups in the village, often living in exclusive habitation that border one another. Conflict are common over access to resources and government schemes and there is a broad tendency for the SCs to dominate over the STs. It is therefore important that the project creates mechanisms to ensure that ST (and SC) has the opportunity to access grievance redressal mechanisms and that representation of these two groups on representative fora is managed appropriately.
13 Conclusion:
Tribal development, in the context of the proposed project, requires a different kind of thinking apart from tradition mode of looking at tribal development. A paradigm shift in the approach seems more essential especially in the studied project districts i.e. from welfare approach to development approach. Social inclusion in a development paradigm would be the top priority in these districts with regard to tribal development on equity norms which will ultimately help in strengthening the overall process. So, socio-economic development of tribal under the scope of the project can be thought of suitably if plans are prepared accordingly making it a thrust intervention area. Initially, expected level of output may not be achieved in comparison to other social sections, still it seems wiser to make them a part of the process to achieve the overall tribal development objective in a longer run. Resource dovetailing and inter-departmental collaboration is another possibility where all concerns come to a common platform to address the tribal issues. As tribal population is relatively in a scattered mode in studied districts, suitable strategies need to be devised accordingly under the overall district development plan. So, a thoughtful action seems essential in the context for making the tribal development plan a success.
Section Three
Tribal Development Plan
[pic]
Tribal Development Plan
1 Objective
The objective of the Tribal Inclusion and Development Strategy under TRIPTI will be to empower the poor Tribal Communities and improve their livelihoods through:
(a) Developing and strengthening pro-poor local institutions/groups (including self-help groups);
(b) Ensuring representation and benefits flow from gram panchayat level federations
(c) Building skills and capacities of the Tribals; and
(d) Financing productive demand-driven sub-project investments through value chain based
support for key livelihood activities
(e) To develop good practices in social inclusion that will be adopted more widely.
Given the context of the STs, care would be taken to evolve and follow a project implementation process that fosters full respect for dignity, human rights and cultural uniqueness of the Tribal Communities; and that all be culturally and socially compatible.
The Tribal Development Plan has been developed in regard for the specific context of district of coastal Orissa and the blocks which have been selected by the GoO for implementation. Overall, these districts are among the lowest in terms of tribal population in the state, and tribal have received least support compared to other districts in Orissa. . Hence a three-pronged strategy has been developed, with different modalities for blocks depending on the population density.
2 Project Coverage
• 10 Districts
• 38 Blocks
• 1020 GPs
• 8,369 villages
• Total rural families : 12,54,607
• ST : 6.22 %
• SC : 20.19 %
• OBC : 52.90 %
• Others : 20.69%
Table No. 12: Percentage of Tribal by Project Districts
|Sl. |District |% of STs |No. of Blocks in ST Population Range |
|No. | | |0-10% |11-30% |>30% |
|1 |Angul |16 |2 |1 |1 |
|2 |Balasore |9 |2 |2 |0 |
|3 |Bhadrak |2 |4 |0 |0 |
|4 |Cuttack |5 |2 |0 |0 |
|5 |Jagatsinghpur |1 |4 |0 |0 |
|6 |Jajpur |15 |2 |1 |1 |
|7 |Kendrapara |0.5 |4 |0 |0 |
|8 |Khurda |4.5 |3 |1 |0 |
|9 |Nayagarh |8.3 |2 |2 |0 |
|10 |Puri |0.3 |4 |0 |0 |
| |TOTAL |5.2 |29 |7 |2 |
3 Principles
The major project principles will also be applicable in the TDP implementation that includes:
• Focus on the rural poor
• Specific components to target the most vulnerable and poorest social groups
• Women will be in positions of decision-making
• Transparency and accountability
• Community driven development
4 Plan Components
The project has five major components
(a) Institution and Strengthening and Development
(b) Community Investment Fund
(c) Livelihoods Fund
(d) Project Management,
(e) Knowledge and Monitoring
Table No.13: Project Objective and Component Linkage
|Sl. |Objectives |No. |Components and Subcomponents |
|1 |Institution Strengthening and Development|A1 |Community Level Institution Building |
| | |A2 |Developing Capacity of Project Staff |
|2 |Community Investment Fund |B1 |Financing Micro Investment Plans |
| | |B2 |Pro-poor Inclusion Fund |
|3. |Livelihood Fund |C1 |Value chain proposal |
| | |C2 |Skill Building for Rural Youth |
| | |C3 |Innovations on livelihoods enhancement and promotion |
|4. |Project Management, Knowledge Management |D1 |Project Management : Staff Salary |
| |and Replication | | |
| | |D2 |Monitoring and Evaluation |
| | |D3 |Learning : Thematic Studies and Pilots |
5 Overall Project Design
Component A: Institution Strengthening and Development Community level institutional building will focus on needs assessment and capacity building for SHGs and Gram Panchayat Federation in order to reach quality and inclusiveness criteria for release of funds. A specific sub-component of this project has been developed to focus on the inclusion of the poor and vulnerable section of the community and to enhance access to, and quality of, key public services at the village level.
Component B: Community Investment Fund: The Project will transfer financial resources to Panchayat-level and Block-level federations of Self Help Groups in the form of the Community Investment Fund.. These resources will be transferred as grants and used as a revolving fund towards investments at the household level through SHGs. CIF will be released in two tranches to the SHG federations on the basis of their achieving clear and transparent readiness indicators. A process of Micro Investment Planning (MIPs) at the household-level, and the aggregation and prioritization of these plans at the SHG and SHG federation levels will be a key readiness indicator. Other readiness indicators will include extent of outreach achieved among the poor, the quality of functioning of the constituent entities of the federation, and the maturity and quality of functioning of the federation itself. A portion of the CIF (X%) will form the ‘pro-poor inclusion fund, offering targeting grant based assistance, channeled through GPLF and SHG, of up to Rps 5000 to the extreme poor and vulnerable individuals to allow them to participate on a par with other SHG members. Pro-poor inclusion fund will also finance innovative capacity enhancing activities for the extreme poor and vulnerable groups, including aids to disabled persons and crèche facilities for working mothers.
Component C: Livelihood Development Fund: The livelihood promotion fund will increase the share of SHG households in the value chain of key commodities or products and promote skill training for rural youth and the poor. Livelihoods enhancement will include enhanced production, productivity and profitability across key supply chains like dairy, vegetable production, and handlooms, key rural livelihoods in the coastal districts. This would be achieved through improvements in production technologies and management practices, better market linkages, more efficient and effective delivery of key support services, and augmentation of community-level productive capacities as well as infrastructure. This component will also support skill upgradation for rural youth and an innovation fund livelihoods activities.
Component D: Project Management, Knowledge Management and Replication:
The first sub-component will ensure the smooth implementation of project activities, monitoring of project implementation progress and outputs/outcomes achieved, staff recruitment and training. The second component will include base-line and evaluation survey, as well on-going MIS and participatory monitoring activities. In addition, thematic studies on issues including participatory and community process, institutional sustainability and empowerment will be carried out in order to feed learning’s across the project. This component will also support learning across other departments and districts in Orissa. This will ensure sustainable monitoring & evaluation even after the End of Project.
6 Management & Implementation Structure
7 Key Elements of the Tribal Inclusion and Development Strategy
The TRIPTI project is a targeted approach to improve livelihoods of the rural poor in Orissa through mobilizing women’s self-help groups, improving access to credit for productive activities and specific livelihood support. In addition, additional support for the poorest and most vulnerable section of society are part of the project design, operationalized though a social inclusion fund that will provide seed capital to widows, destitutes, disabled persons and other individuals that the community identifies as being among the poorest of the poor. As such, issues of tribal development – focusing on the poorest and socially excluded sections among the tribal population – are integral to the project design. However, the strategy set out below will ensure that tribals are not left out of the community driven process.
Given the wide variation in the tribal social and economic scenario across the selected project districts in coastal Orissa – with block level populations ranging from 0.3% to more than 50% in a few cases - TDP has been designed in three modes to reflect the differing needs for tribal integration in project process.
8 Implementation Strategies for Tribal Development – Key safeguard measures as part of Project Cycle
Table No. 14: Implementation Strategy as per Tribal Population Range
| |GP level tribal population |
|Activity |0-10% |11-30% |30%+ |
|Start up activity |Tribal leaders included in initial meeting Tribal |Tribal Situation Analysis |
| |Inclusion Analysis as part of Situation Analysis | |
|IEC campaign |Specific tribal IEC campaign to be developed |
|Institution formation |At least one CC received training in tribal development |At least one CC from tribal community |
|Mobilization |(Left out poor criteria applied to tribals) |
| |At least 40% of BPL households including tribals are in SHGs and are part of GPLF before release of CIF I |
| |At least 60% of poorest households including tribals who are members of SHGs are financed by first tranche of CIF |
| |before release of CIF2 |
|Representation |Priority tribals as part |Sub-committee of tribal as part|Tribal hold at least 4 posts on 11 member executive |
| |of Social inclusion fund |of GPLF | |
| |Provision for informal habitation level groups to support minority/weaker section inclusion |
| |At least one tribal member on participatory monitoring |`At least one tribal member of each five member GPLF |
| |committee |sub-committee (participatory monitoring, procurement, |
| | |asset monitoring, CIF etc) |
|GPLF strengthening |Appraisal of disbursement to tribal groups |
|MIP and consolidation |District level workshops on tribal economic activities |
| |Appraisal of tribal MIPs |
|Livelihood Fund |Inclusion plan for tribal development as part of |At least one sub-project aimed at tribal livelihoods |
|(Block level) |livelihood assessment |Where population 30% |
|Skill training for rural |8% of job for rural tribal youth |
|youth |(15% for SC) |
|Innovation Fund |At least 10% of fund to be used for activities that support tribal livelihoods |
|Institutional |Project objectives to be applied to tribal groups |
|Sustainability |Project aim to promote 75% inclusion of the poorest (BPL) groups in sustainable federations. |
9 Description of the Tribal Development Strategy – according to project components
1 Institutional Strengthening & Development
Principles
a) Engagement of tribal groups in project entry activities
b) Ensuring mobilization strategies (IEC, training etc) are developed in culturally sensitive manner
c) Mobilizing SHG formation among tribals
d) Ensuring representation on the GP level federation
e) Developing accessible grievance redressal mechanism for tribal groups
Strategy
The project will support and develop inclusive, self-reliant, self-managed and sustainable, SHGs and their GP level Federations (GPLF) for livelihoods improvement.
a) SHGs: As part of the mobilization process, Tribal communities will be provided information, rules, and non-negotiables, through appropriate channels/medium about the program. Further, Tribal communities will be encouraged to be part of the SHGs and will receive additional training on key issues including: concept of saving, book keeping, and meeting. In areas where there are concentrated tribal populations, SHGs of tribal communities will be promoted and nurtured. In areas of mixed populations, efforts will be made to mobilize tribal communities along with the other left out poor in the village into SHGs. The Cluster Coordinators and Community Resource Persons facilitating this process will have and or will be capacitated with the requisite skills and expertise to work with Tribal communities.
b) GPLF: In the formation of federations, three different modalities for tribal representation will be employed. In all cases, 50% of tribals are to be mobilized into SHG as a condition for the release of the CIF II.
• In GP where tribal population less that 10%
Tribal groups to be included as part of the Social Inclusion Fund, and will be prioritized for receiving ‘seed grants’. As per the guidelines for social inclusion component, beneficiaries will be integrated into the GPLF as a condition for the release of CIF II.
• In GPs where tribal population 10-30%
Tribal sub-committee to be formed as part of the GPLF
• In GPs where tribal population 30%+
At least 4 posts in the 11 member executive committee should be allotted to tribals.
2 Pro-poor inclusion
Principles
a) Ensuring that the poorest and most vulnerable section of the tribal population receives addition project support to pull them out of poverty
b) Institutionalizing planning for the inclusion of the needs of vulnerable groups by federation members.
Strategy
This grant fund will be used to provide seed money to the poorest and most vulnerable groups (disabled, destitutes, and extreme poor) at GP level. Training and intensive action research pilots will be carried out in blocks with both high and low tribal concentration to formulate guidelines and methods for including the most poor and vulnerable groups based on their needs.
3 Community Investment Funds
Principles
a) Enhancing the sources of credit for private asset creation and livelihood activities among tribals
b) Ensuring inclusion of tribal through collective planning by the GPLF
Strategy
➢ These funds will be released to federations following the achievement of a number of key eligibility criteria, in two tranches. Social inclusion is an important requirement for CIF release. For the first tranches, GPFL need to plan that at least 40% of BPL households are in SHGs and are part of GPLF and 60% of poorest households who are members of SHGs have plans to be financed by CIF.
➢ For the second tranch, at least 60% of poorest households who are members of SHGs are financed by CIF II.
For the first release of the first tranche of the CIF will be dependent on the GPLF giving an inclusion plan, setting out how the needs of the poorest of the poor and the tribal groups will be prioritized. After release of first tranche of CIF, GPLF Strengthening & Sustainability Plan would focus on inclusion of extreme poor groups including tribal groups in the GPLF and empowering them to access social and development programmes. The release of the second CIF will be dependent on the performance of the GPLF in reaching these goals.
4 Livelihood Development Fund
Priorities:
a) Screening Process on MIP and livelihood activites to ensure that no sub-prpojects adversely affect tribal livelihoods
b) Upgradation and development of indigenous knowledge and skills for tribals through innovations and support
c) Augmentation of community level productive capacities as well as infrastructure
d) Building community level institution for establishment of sustainable and self-managed livelihood promotion
e) Fostering linkages between community level institutions with various public and private institutions
f) Better input and output linkages.
Strategy: Tribal communities are primarily forest or natural resources-based. Natural resources form an integral part of their lives, skills and livelihoods. Villages inhabited by these communities are the poorest and devoid of the infrastructure and livelihood supporting mechanisms conducive to their lifestyle. A majority of these communities depend on collection of forest produce seasonally as their only source of livelihood. During other times, they are wage-gatherers - a significant population is marginal or landless. One of the critical roles of the project in the tribal area would be to ensure an environment to help grow a symbiotic relationship between tribal people and the natural resources. Therefore, one of the important tasks of the agencies involved in the project should be to closely work with the tribal communities in the protection, conservation, regeneration and sustainable development of the natural resources. This will mutually benefit developing natural resources-based livelihood enterprises and options.
This requires the project, take both a regulative and proactive approach. All MIP and livelihood activities will be screened for adverse effects on tribal livelihoods. The principle mechanism for this will be the appraisal process at the Gram Sabha and by the federation executive.
Considering the immense importance of Non Timber Forest Produce (NTFP) in the lives of the tribals, especially the landless tribals, and the policy issues involved in ensuring the rights of the tribals over the resource, the various issues involved in NTFP development need to be addressed. For example:
• The issue of NTFP Conservation & Augmentation,
• Sustainable Harvesting mechanisms,
• Value addition, Marketing and Enterprise Development
In each of the tribal areas, NTFP groups/associations – including VSS committees – will be linked to the GPLF, or formed where needed. They would also be trained as the key unit for other diversification and development initiatives to take off. Close cooperation and joint project initiatives need to be put in place between the Orissa Forest Department and this project will have to be given a priority for addressing issues of NTFP trade, control and value addition. Where present, forest management committees will be inducted into the project’s natural resource management framework. It is imperative therefore; that the present project revisits these marginalized communities through: a) Holistic Natural Resource Based Livelihood Approach and b) An Institutional Development & Local Governance perspective which builds from existing traditional cultural practices and has the ability to converge with project initiatives
The second aspect of the tribal livelihoods plan will ensure that tribal livelihoods to be supported through value chain analysis and asset creation for producer companies, through the prioritization of tribal livelihood activities (for example non-timber forest produce) in blocks where population is higher than 30%. In other areas, value chain analysis will prioritize the inclusion of tribals in value chain activities. In addition, innovative approaches ensuring gainful involvement of the communities will be achieved through the skill training component of the project (7% of jobs created by the project will be for tribals) and the innovation fund (10% to focus on tribal livelihood activities).
5 Project Management
Principles
a) Ensuring project staff is trained in tribal development issues
b) Front line staff is chosen to ensure engagement with tribal groups
c) Ensuring linkages to tribal development agencies for convergence at the state level
Strategy
All Project functionaries working in the tribal areas, especially the CC, CRPs and nodal members and the staff at the State, Block and District Project Units would be sensitized and oriented towards tribal culture and development issues to enable them to appreciate the importance of “tribal way of life” (culture) while working among the tribals. With this participatory strategy in place, the possibility of any potential adverse impacts on the tribals, as they are completely involved in each and every stage of the intervention process would be remote.
In blocks where tribal population is higher than 30%, at least one CC will be from tribal community. This may require the education level recruitment criteria for CCs to be reduced in the case of tribals.
In GPs where tribal population is higher than 10%, at least one CC will receive training in tribal development issues.
6 Monitoring and Learning
Principles
a) Ensuring that tribal issues, and project learning’s are developed and replicated in the project
b) Developing robust methods to track tribal development objectives of the project
c) Specialist Support from a partner agency to development specific components of the TDP, including legal entitlements and awareness inputs.
Strategy
Thematic studies on tribal development carried out throughout project cycle.
Tribal Development indicators are being developed and are to be included in PME, MIS and evaluation process.
10 Additional Provision as Part of the TDP
The critical processes related to the prior arrangements and mechanisms that need to be set in place, for implementation of the TDP, are described below.
i) Project level : The major project level arrangements for the implementation of the TDP include selection of team for carrying out this project, training to team members on Tribal issues, selection of tribal villages, organizing stakeholder workshops to analyze data and observations and make changes to the project implementation plan, field investigation on existing activities – group under traditional, project/Government intervention – what works, why and what does not and why, and mapping of resources and mapping of skills in different geographical zones with links to markets, trader chains….
ii) Policy Level: A study has been proposed to be carried out after inception of the project to explore the potential links of tribals to other line departments and based on the findings of the study a convergence strategy for the project will be developed. This will help to ensure participation of the tribals in the social and economic development programmes.
iii) Information: A major aspect of the limited success with programs and the participation of Tribals, especially the poorer sections, are related to the inadequate availability of information regarding different programs and schemes. Information dissemination of project aspects like project components, basic principles, non-negotiables, roles and responsibilities of different stakeholders, are critical to elicit interest and participation of the Tribal communities. The IEC strategy of the project has taken into account the specificities of the Tribal areas and is putting together a special strategy to reach out to Tribals. Some of the methods being looked at are folk art, street theatre, films and simple pamphlets. The emphasis will be on creating resource persons from within the Tribal community to provide information and local insight.
iv) Gender: The participation of women would be the key factor in implementing the TDP. Tribal men and women would be sensitized for enhancing the women’s participation in community affairs. The strategy would be to promote women’s active involvement in the process of development and their effective participation in decision making. All project functionaries would be sensitized on gender issues.
v) Grievance Redressal: In the process of strengthening the SHGs and GPLFs, besides CB on Credit flow and management, stress will be made to cover social and convergence issues. Conflict resolution and grievance redressal procedures will be built in to enable the community not only to resolve the issues related to credit management and social issues, but also to grievances related to various schemes and entitlements. A participatory monitoring Sub-committee will be formed in the GPLF for complaints handling at Panchayat level. Apart from this, contact numbers and official addresses will be displayed and made public for faster redressal of complaints. A HOTLINE number and postal address will also be provided so that the community can lodge complaints immediately.
vi) Social outcomes: the TRIPTI project aims to leverage the potential of improved organization and voice of the poor to enhance development outcomes more generally. Specific focus is given to improving the quality of mid-day meal provision and the public distribution system. As such, this objective will be part of the tribal inclusion and development strategy, focusing on the specific issues facing tribal groups in accessing these institutions. In addition, given the poor health and education indicators of tribal groups in Orissa, a special action research study of these issues will be carried out as part of the institutional inclusion component of this project
11 Legal Entitlement:
Given the centrality of legal provision, and the enforcement of the same, to tribal development in Orissa, issues of tribal legal empowerment will be incorporated into the project plan for tribal districts, as part of the first year activities under the project. This component will draw on lessons and learning from existing projects, studies and reports available in the state. If needed, a specialist agency will be recruited to develop this component. The scope of the component will include examination and synthesis of provision for tribal empowerment and production of inputs on capacity building and institutional arrangements in the following areas:
• Land alienation and Restoration
• Transparency and Access to Land Records
• Tenancy Reform
• Access to Common Property Resources
• Panchayats (Extension to Scheduled Areas) Act, 1996
• Regularisation of Habitations in Forest Areas
• Rights of the tribal communities vis-à-vis forest areas
• Access and Support for Legal Assistance for land claims.
• Other Empowerment Issues:
• Implementation of Orissa Moneylenders Act
• Implementation of Bonded Labour System (Abolition) Act
• Access of tribals to other government schemes and programmes.
• Legal Assistance for the above.
This component will be managed by the State and District Management Units, who will be responsible for producing an operational manual for and natural resource implementation and sub-project screening, IEC material on legal provisions, and capacity building training for different actors for addressing tribal development issues. These materials and training packages will draw on lessons form other tribal livelihood projects in the state, notably Orissa Tribal Empowerment and Livelihoods Program (OTELP), Western Orissa Rural Livelihoods Project (WORLP) and the World Bank funded non-lending technical assistance on Social Development in Orissa.
No land acquisition or displacement of tribal or other groups is envisaged under the project, however, if deemed necessary due to land dispute or entitlement claims, an action plan for legal recognition of land ownership, occupation or usage – to be integrated into the project process.
12 Convergence
The Tribal Inclusion and Development Plan is a part of the TRPTI which is being implemented as part of the Orissa Rural Poverty Mission. For effective implementation, the TDP envisages convergence with the Tribal Welfare Department and Forest Department whose involvement is critical to the TDP in order to promote the implementation of legal provisions pertaining to tribal land and resource entitlements. Convergence arrangement will be different in areas of high tribal density (where special agencies are present) and in areas where tribal population are sparse. Accordingly, a diversified strategy will be developed.
Convergence arrangement will also be examine with respect to tribal heath and education. Linkages are also envisaged with other externally funded poverty eradication projects.
Given the important of this component, the project director has agreed to commission a study of convergence potential that is to be implemented in the first months following initiation of the project.
The TOR for the convergence study will to:
• Assess major rural development schemes that provide potential linkages to the TRIPTI project
• Draw on findings of ISEA and assess another further areas of convergence that the project needs to address (i.e. forestry, employment, etc)
• Analyze implementation process
• Undertake a rapid participatory assess of implementation – leading to a SWOT type analysis
• Organizing a meeting with implementation department to assess convergence options
This convergence study should aim towards Memorandum of Understanding (MoUs) – Several MoUs will be put in place for better implementation – Forest Department and Tribal Welfare Department. In principle, the MoU should contain that a Project Steering Committee established at the State and the village level to continuously monitor the progress of the project, difficulties, challenges and what needs to be done. This Steering Committee should sit 3 times in a year. Decisions taken at the Steering Committee are shared through newsletters, media campaigns and other approaches that are understood by tribals
13 Operational Arrangements
Staffing: For implementing the Tribal Development Plan, the project will have a Tribal and Vulnerability Co-ordinator anchoring this aspect under the project at the SPMU.
All BPMU members working in areas where tribal population exceeds 10% will be sensitized on tribal issues and the BPMU members working in Tribal areas will undergo a comprehensive training to implement the TDP. In blocks like Pallahara in Angul and Sukinda in Jajpur, which have ST populations higher than 30%, the Project Coordinator (Institution Building and Tribal Issues) will have experience in working with tribal development.
Since the scheduled tribes inhabiting the different project districts exhibit striking diversity in ethnic origins, cultural heritage, social institutions, religious traditions, dialects, festivals and economic pursuits, an in depth understanding of the socio-cultural, economic, political and religious life of the tribals will be imparted to all the project functionaries, right from the district level to the village level, including the NGOs involved in TDP at the time of their entry into project. This would run concurrently with the rest of the Project.
Table 15 : Implémentation arrangements, Organisation and Management
|Level |Nodal Agent for Tribal Development |Functions |
|Project Level |State level Executive Committee with |Providing necessary guidance and support to the Project in tribal |
| |Director, Tribal Welfare Department, |areas. |
| |ITDA, SC corporation | |
|State level |Tribal Development and Vulnerability |Coordination with DPMUs and other line depts. activities. |
| |Coordinator |Support DPMUs and BPMU in social mobilization and capacity |
| | |building of tribals and their institutions |
| | |Support DPMUs and BPMUs in generating and grounding community |
| | |sub-projects |
|District Level |District Program Manager |Coordination with BPMUs and GPLFs and other line depts. Staff. |
| | |Support BPMU in social mobilization and capacity building of |
| | |tribals and their institutions |
| | |Support GPLF in generating and grounding community sub-projects |
|Block Level |Project Executive |Coordinate CCs and GPLF with tribal inclusion and livelihood |
|Management Unit |(Institution Building and Tribal |activities |
| |Development) |Grievance Redressal |
|Cluster Level |Cluster Coordinators |Facilitating communities identify the poor and poorest of the poor|
| | |through PRA tools. |
| | |Mobilization of women/men to form into SHGs, |
| | |Formation of EC and GPLF |
| | |Assist in the preparation of MIPs and demand driven sub-projects |
| | |Facilitate implementation of the plans. |
| | |Registering Grievances |
|Village level |Community Resource Persons |Mobilization and Facilitation. |
| | |Coordination with other activities. |
| | |Monitoring and reporting. |
| | |Registering Grievances |
14 Monitoring and Evaluation Framework
The Monitoring and Evaluation (M and E) of the Tribal Development Plan is similar to the process and specific activities for the project as a whole and are integrated into the M and E framework designed for the project. The overall project M&L System will ensure a) input and output monitoring b) process monitoring and c) impact evaluation would ensure effective implementation of Tribal Development Plan.
For the purpose of monitoring and evaluation of Tribal Development Plan, basic data relating to village wise information on tribal population, infrastructure facilities, land utilization, cropping pattern, livelihoods etc. would be recorded in the village registers that will be kept with the GPLF. The project interventions planned in the village as part of the Annual Plan and the project interventions actually implemented will also be captured in the MIS. The data collection would be the responsibility of the BLMU in association with the CC and CRPs of each village in her/his jurisdiction. The BLMU in turn would report the progress to the DLMU and SPMU for taking up remedial measures, if any.
The community would be involved in process monitoring through Focus Group Discussions (FGD) and Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) techniques, wherever required in order to know the quality of project implementation and inputs provided under the project. The villagers will monitor the performance of all project functionaries, starting with the Community activists, Community Para professionals and the BPMU.
Monthly progress reports on the progress of various sub components of the project in Tribal areas would be submitted by the DLBSU to the SPMU.
Table 16 : Key issues for Monitoring and Evaluation of TDP
| |Indicators |
|Start up activity |Habitation and Village baseline data |
| |Present status (group inclusion, links to federation etc) |
| |Number of Tribal Situation Assessments conducted |
|IEC campaign |Development of Tribal focused materials |
| |Coverage of IEC campaign |
| |Awareness levels among tribal groups |
|Institution formation |Training for CCs |
| |Number of tribal CCs and CPRs recruited |
|Mobilization and GPLF strengthening |Number of Tribals in SHGs before release of CIF 1 |
| |Number of Tribals in SHGs before release of CIF 2 |
| |Number of Tribals member of federation |
| |Number of Tribal MIPs financed by CIF |
| |Number of Tribals supported by Pro-poor inclusion fund |
|Representation |Number of Tribal Sub-committees as part of GPLF |
| |Number of Tribals on GPLF EC |
| |Tribal membership in sub-committees |
|MIP and consolidation |District level workshops held on tribal economic activities held |
| |Number of MIPs approved |
|Livelihood Fund |Inclusion plan for tribal development – submitted |
|(Block level) |Funding flows to livelihood activities |
| |Number of sub-projects directed at tribal groups financed |
|Skill training for rural youth |Number of tribal benefiting from job training |
|Innovation Fund |Percent of innovation funds directed to tribal development |
|Grievance Redressal |Number of grievance from tribal submitted, time take to resolve |
|Monitoring and Learning |Number of thematic studies on tribal issues completed |
| |Partnerships with tribal development agencies and EAPs established and workshops |
| |held |
Monitoring will be ongoing and periodic, done internally by the Monitoring, Learning and Evaluation Unit at the SMPU level and supported by District Level and Block Level Financial Management and MIS Officers.
The M and E system will comprise of the following components
o Baseline and Impact Assessments (external agency)
o Regular MIS system
o Participatory Monitoring – at the GP level
o Thematic studies and learning activities
1 Dissemination Plan
| |Community Level Consultations |
|Pre-appraisal |State Level Consultation |
|Consultation |District Level Consultation (planned by end Jan 2008 – Angul |
| |District) |
| |Copy of TDP to be send to all DCs and ZPs in districts with tribal |
|Pre-appraisal |population above 10% |
|Disclosure |Translated Summary Posted Publically in all project districts |
| |Forging Linkages to NGOs and CSO working in tribal districts |
| |State level co-ordination with the tribal development agencies, and|
|Project Activities |donor funded projects for joint learning and dissemination |
2 Costing for the Tribal Development Plan
Since the Tribal Development Plan forms an integral part of TRITPI, the budgets for the above interventions are not shown separately. The required budgets will form part of the Annual Plans and Budgets of the SPMU, based on the village livelihoods, institutional strengthening and capacity building interventions planned and the sub-projects prepared by the village level organizations and other project interventions. The scheduled tribes constitute 6.22% of the population in the project area. However, considering their low levels of development, the target tribal population to be covered under TRIPTI is expected to be much higher than 6.22%, since the poverty ratio in the tribal population is quite high. It is difficult to state the exact ratio at this time. This ratio will differ from district to district. Since the project is aimed to cover, the poorest of the poor, all poor tribal families will be covered under the project. Accordingly, a significant percentage of the project outlay with regard to cost estimates of all project components will be earmarked for tribal development.
Table No. 17: Tribal Development Plan – Components Summary
|Strategy | Likely activities under TDP |Project Component |Primary |Support |
| | | |Responsibility |Institutions |
|Objective 1: Institutional Developing and Strengthening |
|Start Up Activities |Project Orientation workshop for community at GP level |IB fund |BPMU |DPMU |
| |Discussion with tribal option leaders | |CC | |
|Orientation meeting |Initial needs identification |IB fund |BPMU |DPMU |
|at the village level|Federation assessment | |CC | |
|for SHGs | | | | |
|Communication |Development of specific communication products for |IB fund |DPMU |SPMU |
|campaign |tribal localities | | | |
|Formation of tribal |Identification of key tribal spokespersons and opinion |IB fund |BPMU |DPMU |
|sub-committees |leaders | |CC | |
| |Training and orientation of roles | | | |
|Training and |Training for CCs and CRPs on the importance of women’s |IB fund |BPMU |DPMU and SPMU |
|sensitization on |participation in developmental activities to the field | |Resource Agency for | |
|tribal development |functionaries and the tribal community. | |Tribals | |
| |Orientation to other departmental staff | | | |
|Mobilization of |Separate SHG for tribal group (homogenous groups) in |IB fund |GPLF |DPMU |
|Tribal women into |villages/habitations exclusively inhabited by tribal | |BPMU | |
|SHGs |groups. | |CC | |
| |Separate SHGs for Tribals and non-Tribals in mixed | | | |
| |villages. | | | |
| |Representation of tribal groups in federations | | | |
|Inclusion of the |Identification of destitute, vulnerable, disabled, |IB fund |BPMU |DPMU |
|poorest and most |widows etc through community process | |CC | |
|vulnerable HH |Prioritization for tribal groups in Inclusion fund | |(support agency) | |
|GPLF strengthening |Assessment of GPLF training needs |IB fund |BPMU |DPMU |
|plan |Separate tribal plan for villages where population | |CC | |
| |greater then 30% | | | |
|Training and |Exposure visits and training workshops for tribal SHG, |IB fund |BPMU |SPMU |
|capacity building |sub-committee and EC members | |DPMU | |
| | | | | |
| | | | | |
| | | | | |
| | | | | |
| | | | | |
| |
|Objective 2: Community Investment Fund |
|Formation and |Screening MIPs for adverse effects on tribals |IB fund |GPLF |DPMUU and SPMU |
|appraisal of MIP |Workshop/training on tribal livelihoods, asset | |BPMU | |
| |management, investment planning. | | | |
|Capacity support in |Training and facilitation support for SHG and GPFL to |IB fund |BPMU |SPMU |
|assessment and |support pro-poor investment planning | |DPMU | |
|prioritization of | | | | |
|the poor | | | | |
| |
|Component 3: Livelihood promotion fund |
|Identification and |Screening of sub-projects to ensure no adverse impact on|Livelihoods promotion |Livelihoods resource|DPMU and SPMU |
|proposal of value |tribal land rights and livelihoods |fund |agency | |
| |Assessment of sustainable tribal livelihoods and | |BPMU | |
| |priorities | | | |
| |Planning and vision programs | | | |
|Training and |Providing training to producers |Livelihoods Promotion |Livelihoods resource|DPMU and SPMU |
|capacity building |Formation of Natural Resource Protection Committees |Fund |agency | |
| |Identification of market linkages. | |BPMU | |
|Promotion of |Demand survey for tribal products |Livelihoods promotion |Livelihoods resource|DPMU and SPMU |
|marketing |Training on latest techniques of production. |fund |agency | |
| |Assistance to purchase locally available material. | |BPMU | |
| |Provision of market linkages. | | | |
|Skill development |Identification of rural youth |Livelihood promotion |Skill Development |DPMU and |
| |Provision of training |fund |Resource Agency |SPMU |
| |Support in securing employment | |BPMU | |
|Innovation Fund |Support for innovations that contribute to tribal |Livelihood promotion |SPMU | |
| |livelihoods |fund | | |
| |
|Monitoring and Learning |
|Mand E |Periodic reporting on the implementation status of the |Mand E |SPMU |DPMU |
| |TDP | | | |
|Learning and best |Tribal Development Legal Support Partner |M and E |SPMU | |
|practice promotion |Thematic studies on tribal development to be conducted | | | |
| |Periodic workshops, training events, with government | | | |
| |departments, NGO and other actors on tribal development | | | |
| |issues | | | |
| | | | | |
Annexure 1
[pic]
|Scheduled Areas in Orissa |
|Fully Scheduled District |Partially Scheduled District |
| |
|Mayurbhanj |Kuchinda Tahasil – Sambalpur District |
|Sundergarh |Keonjhar and Telkoi Tahsils of Keonjhar sub-division, and Champua and Barbil Tahsils of|
| |Champua sub-division in Keonjhar district |
|Koraput |R. Udayagiri Tahsil, and Guma and Rayagada blocks of Parlakhemundi Tahsil of |
| |Parlakhemundi sub-division,in Gajapati district |
|Malkangiri |Surada Tahsil, excluding Gazalbadi and Gocha Gram Panchayats of Ghumsur sub-division, in|
| |Ganjam district |
|Rayagada |Thuamul Rampur Block of Kalahandi Tahsil, and Lanjigarh Block, falling in Lanjigarh and |
| |Kalahandi Tahsils, in Bhawanipatna sub-division in Kalahandi district. |
|Nabarangpur |Nilgiri Community Development Block of Nilgiri Tahsil in Nilgiri sub-division in |
| |Balasore district. |
|Kandhamal | |
| |
Annexure 2
[pic]
List of Scheduled Tribes of Orissa
|Sl No |List of Scheduled Tribes notified [after addition/deletion]as per the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes Order, |
| |1950 as amended by Modification Order, 1956, Amendment Act, 1976 and The Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes Order |
| |[Amendment] Act 2002 No. 10 dated 8.1.2003 of Ministry of Law & Justice republished by the Notification No. 7799/ L |
| |dated 7.6.2003 of Law Deptt, Govt. of Orissa |
|1 |Bagata, Bhakta |
|2 |Baiga |
|3. |Banjara, Banjari |
|4. |Bathudi, Bathuri |
|5. |Bhottada, Dhotada, Bhotra, Bhatra, Bhattara, Bhotora, Bhatara |
|6. |Bhuiya, Bhuyan |
|7. |Bhumia |
|8. |Bhumij, Teli Bhumij, Haladipokhria Bhumij, Haladi Pokharia Bhumija, Desi Bhumij, Desia Bhumij, Tamaria Bhumij |
|9. |Bhunjia |
|10. |Binjhal, Binjhwar |
|11. |Binjhia, Binjhoa |
|12. |Birhor |
|13. |Bondo Poraja, Bonda Paroja, Banda Paroja |
|14. |Chenchu |
|15. |Dal |
|16. |Desua Bhumij |
|17. |Dharua, Dhuruba, Dhurva |
|18. |Didayi, Didai Paroja, Didai |
|19. |Gadaba, Bodo Gadaba, Gutob Gadaba, Kapu Gadaba, Ollara Gadaba, Parenga Gadaba, Sano Gadaba |
|20. |Gandia |
|21. |Ghara |
|22. |Gond, Gondo, Rajgond, Maria Gond, Dhur Gond |
|23. |Ho |
|24. |Holva |
|25. |Jatapu |
|26. |Juang |
|27. |Kandha Gauda |
|28. |Kawar, Kanwar |
|29. |Kharia, Kharian, Berga Kharia, Dhelki Kharia, Dudh Kharia, Erenga Kharia, Munda Kharia, Oraon Kharia, Khadia, Pahari |
| |Kharia |
|30. |Kharwar |
|31. |Khond, Kond, Kandha, Nanguli Kandha, Sitha Kandha, Kondh, Kui, Buda Kondh, Bura Kandha, Desia Kandha, Dungaria Kondh, |
| |Kutia Kandha, Kandha Gauda, Muli Kondh, Malua Kondh, Pengo Kandha, Raja Kondh, Raj Khond |
|32. |Kissan, Nagesar, Nagesia |
|33. |Kol |
|34. |Kolah, Loharas, Kol Loharas |
|35. |Kolha |
|36. |Koli Malhar |
|37. |Kondadora |
|38. |Kora, Khaira, Khayara |
|39. |Korua |
|40. |Kotia |
|41. |Koya, Gumba Koya, Koitur Koya, Kamar Koya, Musara Koya |
|42. |Kulis |
|43. |Lodha, Nodh, Nodha, Lodh |
|44. |Madia |
|45. |Mahali |
|46. |Mankidi |
|47. |Mankirdia, Mankria, Mankidi |
|48. |Matya, Matia |
|49. |Mirdhas, Kuda, Koda |
|50. |Munda, Munda Lohara, Munda Mahalis, Nagabanshi Munda, Oriya Munda |
|51. |Mundari |
|52. |Omanatya, Omanatyo, Amanatya |
|53. |Oraon, Dhangar, Uran |
|54. |Parenga |
|55. |Paroja, Parja, Bodo paroja, Barong Jhodia Paroja, Chhelia Paroja, Jhodia Paroja, Konda Paroja, Paraja, Ponga Paroja, |
| |Sodia Paroja, Sano Paroja, Solia Paroja |
|56. |Pentia |
|57. |Rajuar |
|58. |Santal |
|59. |Saora, Savar, Saura, Sahara, Arsi Saora, Based Saora, Bhima Saora, Bhimma Saora, Chumura Saora, Jara Savar, Jadu |
| |Saora, Jati Saora, Juari Saora, Kampu Saora, Kampa Soura, Kapo Saora, Kindal Saora, Kumbi Kancher Saora, Kalapithia |
| |Saora, Kirat Saora, Lanjia Saora, Lamba Lanjia Saora, Luara Saora, Luar Saora, Laria Savar, Malia Saora, Malla Saora, |
| |Uriya Saora, Raika Saora, Sudda Saora, Sarda Saora, Tankala Saora, Patro Saora, Vesu Saora |
|60. |Shabar Lodha |
|61. |Sounti |
|62. |Tharua, Tharua Bindhani |
Annexure 3
[pic]
Tribal Population in Studied Districts
|Sn |
| |Anugul |1140003 |3.10 |132994 |11.67 |196109 |17.20 |
| |Balasore |2024508 |5.51 |228454 |11.28 |381422 |18.84 |
| |Bhadrak |1333749 |3.63 |25141 |1.88 |286723 |21.50 |
| |Cuttack |2341094 |6.38 |83591 |3.57 |446789 |19.08 |
| |Jagatsingpur |1057629 |2.88 |8640 |0.82 |222634 |21.05 |
| |Jajpur |1624341 |4.42 |125989 |7.76 |373513 |22.99 |
| |Kendrapara |1302005 |3.55 |6822 |0.52 |267186 |20.52 |
| |Khurda |1877395 |5.11 |97186 |5.18 |254251 |13.54 |
| |Nayagarh |864516 |2.35 |50836 |5.88 |121409 |14.04 |
| |Puri |1502682 |4.08 |4482 |0.30 |273917 |18.23 |
|Orissa |36804660 |100 |8145081 |22.13 |6082063 |16.53 |
| |
|Source – Census 2001 |
Annexure 4
[pic]
Category of Scheduled Tribes in Study districts
|Sn |
|1 |Anugul |Gond |23747 |Pan Pano |87494 |
| | |Khond |23451 |Haddi |22294 |
| | |Kisan |15949 |Dhoba |21103 |
| |
|2 |Balasore |Santal |84713 |Kandra |79037 |
| | |Bhumija |59281 |Pan Pano |59984 |
| | |Kolha |40194 |Gokha |58300 |
| |
|3 |Bhadrak |Kolha |8029 |Pan Pano |105431 |
| | |Munda |5900 |Gokha |72793 |
| | |Santal |3202 |Dhoba |35172 |
| |
|4 |Cuttack |Shabar |26976 |Bauri |100215 |
| | |Munda |15961 |Dewar |85162 |
| | |Saora |13246 |Pan Pano |76509 |
| |
|5 |Jagatsingpur |Santal |2560 |Bauri |73218 |
| | |Munda |1907 |Kandra |46159 |
| | |Kolha |1145 |Dewar |40218 |
| |
|6 |Jajpur |Munda |35685 |Pan Pano |180145 |
| | |Shabar |31840 |Kandra |62850 |
| | |Kolha |18569 |Dhoba |29245 |
| |
|7 |Kendrapara |Santal |1901 |Kandra |114660 |
| | |Shabar |1258 |Dewar |34847 |
| | |Munda |762 |Dhoba |31353 |
| |
|8 |Khurda |Saora |27871 |Dewar |62037 |
| | |Shabar |27684 |Bauri |56367 |
| | |Santal |10072 |Dhoba |27059 |
| |
|9 |Nayagarh |Khond |39103 |Pan Pano |47742 |
| | |Saora |4099 |Dewar |19237 |
| | |Shabar |3952 |Dhoba |14901 |
| |
|10 |Puri |Kondadora |924 |Bauri |85456 |
| | |Shabar |924 |Bhoi |49865 |
| | |Saora |436 |Dewar |41542 |
| |
|Source – Census, 2001 |
Annexure 5
[pic]
A profile of the population of the community development blocks of Orissa:: Census 2001
|District |Name of|
| |the |
| |Block |
|District |Name of the Block |Inhabite|No. of |Total Population |Sex |S.C |% of |S.T |% of |
| | |d |House-holds| |Ratio | |SCs | |STs |
| | |Villages| | | | | | | |
|BALASORE |1 |Bahanaga|159 |23712 |120846 |62061 |58785 |947 |35871 |
|BHADRAK |1 |Basudebp|172 |36433 |195674 |98915 |96759 |978 |44954 |
| | |ur | | | | | | | |
|JAGATSINGHPUR |1 |Balikuda|224 |32103 |151279 |75702 |75577 |998 |29646 |
|NAYAGARH |1 |Bhapur |111 |19756 |93921 |47973 |45948 |958 |9827 |
|PURI |1 |Astarang|96 |16514 |78069 |39761 |38308 |963 |20402 |
| | |a | | | | | | | |
|CUTTACK |1 |Athagarh|185 |25776 |127407 |65029 |62378 |959 |18588 |
|KHURDA |1 |Balianta|92 |19537 |100557 |51440 |49117 |955 |27768 |
|KENDRAPADA |1 |Aul |123 |27274 |136297 |65116 |71181 |1093 |30272 |
|JAJPUR |
|Sl. No. |District Name |No. of Blocks according to % of ST populstion |Total |
| |
|NB: > Greater than; ................
................
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