SUMMARY OF ACCOUNTING BASICS - Washburn University
SUMMARY OF ACCOUNTING BASICS
Classification of Accounts
|Account |Account |Normal |Financial |
|Title |Classification |Balance |Statement |
|Accounts Payable |Current liability |Credit |Balance sheet |
|Accounts Receivable |Current asset |Debit |Balance sheet |
|Accumulated Depreciation |Plant asset |Credit |Balance sheet |
|Accumulated Depletion |Plant asset |Credit |Balance sheet |
|Advertising Expense |Operating expense |Debit |Income statement |
|Allowance for Doubtful Accounts |Current asset |Credit |Balance sheet |
|Amortization Expense |Operating expense |Debit |Income statement |
|Appropriation for __________ |Stockholders’ equity |Credit |Retained earnings statement/ |
| | | |Balance sheet |
|Bonds Payable |Long-term liability |Credit |Balance sheet |
|Building |Plant asset |Debit |Balance sheet |
|Capital Stock |Stockholders’ equity |Credit |Balance sheet |
|Cash |Current asset |Debit |Balance sheet |
|Cash Dividends |Stockholders’ equity |Debit |Retained earnings statement |
|Cash Dividends payable |Current liability |Credit |Balance sheet |
|Common Stock |Stockholders’ equity |Credit |Balance sheet |
|Cost of Merchandise (Goods) |Cost of merchandise |Debit |Income statement |
|Sold |(goods sold) | | |
|Deferred Income Tax |Current liability/Long- |Credit |Balance sheet |
| |term liability | | |
|Depletion Expense |Operating expense |Debit |Income statement |
|Discount on Bonds Payable |Long-term liability |Debit |Balance sheet |
|Discounts Lost |Other expense |Debit |Income statement |
|Dividend Income |Other income |Credit |Income statement |
|Dividends |Stockholders’ equity |Debit |Retained earnings statement |
|Donated Capital |Stockholders’ equity |Credit |Balance sheet |
|Employees Federal Income Tax |Current liability |Credit |Balance sheet |
|Payable | | | |
|Equipment |Plant asset |Debit |Balance sheet |
|Exchange Gain |Other income |Credit |Income statement |
|Exchange Loss |Other expense |Debit |Income statement |
|Factory Overhead (Overapplied) |Deferred credit |Credit |Balance sheet (interim) |
|Factory Overhead (Underapplied) |Deferred debit |Debit |Balance sheet (interim |
|Federal Income Tax Payable |Current liability |Credit |Balance sheet |
|Federal Unemployment Tax |Current liability |Credit |Balance sheet |
|Payable | | | |
|FICA Tax Payable |Current liability |Credit |Balance sheet |
|Finished Goods |Current asset |Debit |Balance sheet |
|Gain on Disposal of Plant Assets |Other income |Credit |Income statement |
|Gain on Redemption of Bonds |Extraordinary item |Credit |Income statement |
|Gain on Sale of Investments |Other income |Credit |Income statement |
|Goodwill |Intangible asset |Debit |Balance sheet |
|Income Tax |Income tax |Debit |Income statement |
|Income Tax Payable |Current liability |Credit |Balance sheet |
|Insurance Expense |Operating expense |Debit |Income statement |
|Interest Expense |Other expense |Debit |Income statement |
|Interest Income |Other income |Credit |Income statement |
|Interest Receivable |Current asset |Debit |Balance sheet |
|Investment in Bonds |Investment |Debit |Balance sheet |
|Investment in Stocks |Investment |Debit |Balance sheet |
|Investment in Subsidiary |Investment |Debit |Balance sheet |
|Land |Plant asset |Debit |Balance sheet |
|Loss on Disposal of Plant Assets |Other expense |Debit |Income statement |
|Loss on Redemption Bonds |Extraordinary item |Debit |Income statement |
|Loss on Sale of Investments |Other expense |Debit |Income statement |
|Marketable Securities |Current asset |Debit |Balance sheet |
|Account |Account |Normal |Financial |
|Title |Classification |Balance |Statement |
|Materials |Current asset |Debit |Balance sheet |
|Merchandise Inventory |Current asset/Cost of |Debit |Balance sheet/Income |
| |merchandise sold | |statement |
|Notes Payable |Current liability/Long- |Credit |Balance sheet |
| |term liability | | |
|Notes Receivable |Current asset/Investment |Debit |Balance sheet |
|Organization Costs |Intangible asset |Debit |Balance sheet |
|Patents |Intangible asset |Debit |Balance sheet |
|Paid-in Capital from Sale of |Stockholders’ equity |Credit |Balance sheet |
|Treasury Stock | | | |
|Paid-in Capital in Excess of |Stockholders’ equity |Credit |Balance sheet |
|Par (Stated Value) | | | |
|Payroll Tax Expense |Operating expense |Debit |Income statement |
|Pension Expense |Operating expense |Debit |Income statement |
|Petty cash |Current asset |Debit |Balance sheet |
|Premium on Bonds Payable |Long-term liability |Credit |Balance sheet |
|Prepaid Insurance |Current asset |Debit |Balance sheet |
|Prepaid Rent |Current asset |Debit |Balance sheet |
|Preferred Stock |Stockholders’ equity |Credit |Balance sheet |
|Purchases |Cost of merchandise |Debit |Income statement |
| |sold | | |
|Purchases Discounts |Cost of merchandise |Credit |Income statement |
| |sold | | |
|Purchases Returns and |Cost of merchandise |Credit |Income statement |
|Allowances |sold | | |
|Rent Expense |Operating expense |Debit |Income statement |
|Rent Income |Other income |Credit |Income statement |
|Retained Earnings |Stockholders’ equity |Credit |Balance sheet/Retained |
| | | |earnings statement |
|Salaries Expense |Operating expense |Debit |Income statement |
|Salaries Payable |Current liability |Credit |Balance sheet |
|Sales |Revenue from sales |Credit |Income statement |
|Sales Discounts |Revenue from sales |Debit |Income statement |
|Sales Returns and Allowances |Revenue from sales |Debit |Income statement |
|Sales Tax Payable |Current liability |Credit |Balance sheet |
|Sinking Fund Cash |Investment |Debit |Balance sheet |
|Sinking Fund Investments |Investment |Debit |Balance sheet |
|State Unemployment Tax Payable |Current liability |Credit |Balance sheet |
|Stock Dividends |Stockholders’ equity |Debit |Retained earnings statement |
|Stock Dividends Distributable |Stockholders’ equity |Credit |Balance sheet |
|Supplies |Current asset |Debit |Balance sheet |
|Supplies Expense |Operating expense |Debit |Income statement |
|Transportation In |Cost of merchandise |Debit |Income statement |
| |sold | | |
|Treasury Stock |Stockholders’ equity |Debit |Balance sheet |
|Uncollectible Accounts Expense |Operating expense |Debit |Income statement |
|Unearned Rent |Current liability |Credit |Balance sheet |
|Utilities Expense |Operating expense |Debit |Income statement |
|Vacation Pay Expenses |Operating expense |Debit |Income statement |
|Vacation Pay Payable |Current liability/long- |Credit |Balance sheet |
| |term liability | | |
|Work In Process |Current asset |Debit |Balance sheet |
The Basics
1. Accounting Equation:
Assets = Liabilities + Owner’s Equity
2. T Account:
Account Title
|Left Side |Right Side |
|debit |credit |
3. Rules of Debit and Credit:
|Balance Sheet Accounts |
|ASSETS |LIABILITIES |
|Asset Accounts |Liability Accounts |
|Debit |Credit |Debit |Credit |
|for |for |for |for |
|increases |decreases |decreases |increases |
| | | |
| | |OWNER’S EQUITY |
| | |Owner’s Equity Accounts |
| | |Debit |Credit |
| | |for |for |
| | |decreases |increases |
| |
|Income Statement Accounts |
|Debit for |Credit for |
|decreases in owner’s equity |increases in owner’s equity |
| | |
|Expense Accounts |Revenue Accounts |
|Debit |Credit |Debit |Credit |
|for |for |for |for |
|increases |decreases |decreases |increases |
Normal Balance
4. To Analyze a Transaction:
1. Determine whether an asset, a liability, owner’s
equality, revenue, or expense account is affected by
the transaction.
2. For each account affected by the transaction,
determine whether the account increases or
decreases.
3. Determine whether each increase or decrease should
be recorded as a debit or a credit.
5. Financial Statements:
INCOME STATEMENT
A summary of the revenue and the expense of a business entity for a specific period of time, such as a month or a year.
RETAINED EARNINGS STATEMENT
A summary of the changes in the earnings retained in a business entity for a specific period of time, such as a month or a year.
BALANCE SHEET
A list of the assets, liabilities, and owner’s equity of a business entity as of a specific date, usually at the close of the last day of a month or a year.
STATEMENT OF CASH FLOWS
A summary of the cash receipts and cash payments of a business entity for a specific period of time, such as a month or a year.
6. Accounting Cycle:
1. Analyze and record transactions in journal.
2. Post transactions to ledger.
3. Prepare trial balance, assemble adjustment data, and
complete worksheet.
4. Prepare financial statements.
5. Journalize and post adjusting entries.
6. Journalize and post closing entries.
7. Prepare post-closing trial balance.
7. Types of Adjusting Entries:
1. Deferred expense (prepaid expense)
2. Deferred revenue (unearned revenue)
3. Accrued expense (accrued liability)
4. Accrued revenue (accrued asset)
5. Depreciation expense
Each entry will always affect both a balance sheet and an
income statement account.
8. Closing Entries:
1. Transfer revenue account balances to Income
Summary.
2. Transfer expense account balances to Income
Summary.
3. Transfer Income Summary balance to Retained
Earnings.
4. Transfer dividends account balance to Retained
Earnings.
9. Special Journals
Rendering of services
on account ( recorded in ( Revenue (sales) journal
Receipt of cash from
any source ( recorded in ( Cash receipts journal
Purchasing of items
on account ( recorded in ( Purchases journal
Payments of cash for
any purpose ( recorded in ( Cash payments journal
10. Shipping Terms
| |FOB Shipping Point |FOB Destination |
|Ownership (title) | | |
|passes to buyer when | | |
|merchandise is ……. |delivered to freight |delivered to |
| |carrier |buyer |
Transportation costs
are paid by: buyer seller
11. Format for Bank Reconciliation:
|Cash balance according to bank statement…. | |$xxx |
|Add: Additions by depositor not on bank | | |
|statement……………………… |$xx | |
| Bank errors………………………………... | xx | xx |
| | |$xxx |
|Deduct: Deductions by depositor not on | | |
|bank statement……………………. |$xx | |
| Bank errors………………………………. | xx | xx |
|Adjusted balance……………………………. | |$xxx |
| | | |
|Cash balance according to depositor’s records.. | |$xxx |
|Add: Additions by bank not recorded by | | |
|depositor………………………………………. |$xx | |
| Depositor errors…………………………….. | xx | xx |
| | |$xxx |
|Deduct: Deductions by bank not recorded | | |
|by depositor…………………………. |$xx | |
| Depositor errors…………………………….. | xx | xx |
|Adjusted balance……………………………… | |$xxx |
12. Inventory Costing Methods
1. First-in, First-out (fifo)
2. Last-in, First-out (lifo)
3. Average Cost
13. Interest Computations:
Interest = Face Amount (or Principal) x Rate x Time
14. Methods of Determining Annual Depreciation:
STRAIGHT-LINE: Cost-Estimated Residual Value
Estimated Life
DECLINING-BALANCE: Rate*xBook Value at
Beginning of Period
*Rate is commonly twice the straight-line
rate (1 ( Estimated Life).
15. Cash Provided by Operations on Statement of Cash
Flows (indirect method):
|Net income, per income statement……………. | | $xx |
|Add: Depreciation of plant assets…………….. | $xx | |
| Amortization of bond payable discount | | |
|and intangible assets…………………… |xx | |
| Decreases in current assets (receivables, | | |
|inventories, prepaid expenses)………… |xx | |
| Increases in current liabilities (accounts | | |
|and notes payable, accrued liabilities)… |xx | |
| Losses on disposal of assets and retirement | | |
|of debt………………………………….. |xx |xx |
|Deduct: Amortization of bond payable | | |
|premium…………………………… |$xx | |
| Increases in current assets (receivables,| | |
|inventories, prepaid expenses)……... |xx | |
| Decreases in current liabilities (accounts| | |
|and notes payable, accrued liabilities).. |xx | |
| Gains on disposal of assets and | | |
|retirement of debt…………………….. |xx |xx |
|Net cash flow from operating activities……….. | | $xx |
16. Contribution Margin Ratio = Sales-Variable Costs
Sales
17. Break-Even Sales (Units) = Fixed Costs_______
Unit Contribution Margin
18. Sales (Units) = Fixed Costs + Target Profit
Unit Contribution Margin
19. Margin of Safety = Sales-Sales at Break-Even Point
Sales
20. Operating Leverage = Contribution Margin
Operating Income
21. Variances
Direct Materials=Actual Price per Unit- x Actual Quantity
Price Variance Standard Price Used
Direct Materials=Actual Quantity Used- x Standard Price
Quantity Variance Standard Rate per unit
Direct Labor = Actual Rate Per Hour – x Actual Hours
Rate Variance Standard Rate Worked
Direct Labor = Actual Hours Worked- x Standard Rate
Time Variance Standard Hours per Hour
Variable Factory Actual Budged Variable
Overhead Controllable=Variable Factory - Factory
Variance Overhead Overhead for
Actual Amount
Produced
Fixed Factory 100% of Normal Std. Fixed
Overhead Volume = Capacity-Std. Capacity x Factory
Variance for Amount Produced Overhead
Rate
22. Rate of Return on = Controllable Operating Income
Investment (ROI) Invested Assets
Alternative ROI Computation:
ROI = Controllable Operating Income x Sales____
Sales Invested Assets
23. Capital Investment Analysis Methods:
1. Methods that Ignore Present Values:
A. Average Rate of Return Method
B. Cash Payback Method
2. Methods That Use Present Values:
A. Net Present Value Method
B. Internal Rate of Return Method
24. Average Rate = Estimated Average Annual Income
of Return Average Investment
25. Present Value Index =
Total Present Value of Net Cash Flow
Amount to be invested
26. Present Value Factor = Amount to Be Invested___
for an Annuity of $1 Equal Annual Net Cash Flows
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