Dayton Regional Stem Center – Science, Technology ...



-116731-31559500Printable ResourcesSaving Runaway GrampsAppendix A:Pre/Post-TestAppendix B:Pre/Post-Test Answer KeyAppendix C: Learning Through Failure–BrainstormAppendix D:Engineering Design ChallengeAppendix E:Engineering Design Challenge Rubric Appendix F:Engineering Team Career Roles Appendix G:Potential and Kinetic Energy ReviewAppendix H: Potential and Kinetic Energy Review ANSWER KEY and Additional Teacher InformationAppendix I: Team Speed CalculationsAppendix J: Team Speed Calculation ANSWER KEYAppendix K: Team Marble Speed TrailsAppendix L: Speed and Energy AssessmentAppendix M: Speed and Energy Assessment ANSWER KEYAppendix N: Engineering Design ProcessAppendix O: Engineering LogbookAppendix P: Exit TicketAppendix Q: Rock On and Slow DownAppendix R: Hard as a Rock (relatively)Appendix S: Rolling! Rolling! Rolling!Appendix T: Suggested Ramp DesignAppendix U: Friction no Collision ChallengeAppendix V: Permit Application ProcessAppendix W: Permit Application Checklist and RubricAppendix X: Build Site ImageAppendix A: Pre/Post-TestName __________________________________ Date __________ Period ____What is the difference between potential and kinetic energy?Potential energy is the energy stored after an applied force, while kinetic energy is the energy used from the applied force.Potential energy is the energy of an object due to an applied force, while kinetic energy is energy stored after the applied force.Potential energy is the energy of an object due to its motion, while kinetic energy is energy due to its position.Potential energy is the energy of an object due to its position, while kinetic energy is energy due to its motion.Both potential and kinetic energy can be observed at a skate park. Tyler and Kevin are practicing skateboarding skills at the skate park. While Tyler is rolling down the ramp Kevin is at the top adjusting his helmet.Which skater is displaying the most gravitational potential energy? Explain how you know._________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Which skater is displaying the most kinetic energy? Explain how you know._________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Madison wanted to know how fast she runs at different distances. She uses a stopwatch to measure the time it takes her to complete a 50-meter, 100-meter, and 200-meter race. How can she calculate her speed for each race?Add the distances and the timesDivide the distances by the timesMultiply the distances by the timesSubtract the distances from the timesDuring physical education class, eight students ran a 180-meter (m) course. The time it took for each student to complete the course is recorded on the table below.180m Course Completion Times by StudentStudentTimeseconds (s)A30B32C33D35E37F38G40H45How much faster is the average speed for Student A than the average speed for Student H?2 m/s4 m/s6m/s15m/sIn the box below, identify which of the graphs below shows that one of the runners started 10 meters farther ahead of the other? Explain your answer.A team of students used a toy car and an inclined plane to practice measuring speed. They recorded their results in the data table below. Use the data to calculate and record the speed for each trial in the appropriate column below.TrialDistanceTimeSpeed190 cm4.5 sec____________290 cm4.0 sec____________390 cm5.0 sec____________Graph the results of each trial below. Be sure to include labels.3451225105572Trial 2Y: ___________________X: _____________________Trial 2Y: ___________________X: _____________________-55245111287Trial 1Y: ___________________X: _____________________Trial 1Y: ___________________X: _____________________264731595088Trial 3Y: ___________________X: _____________________00Trial 3Y: ___________________X: _____________________center000Refer to the ruler above to help you choose one mineral that could be used for paving a road. Explain the reason for your choice.Explain ways in which rocks and minerals differ.Are rocks and minerals renewable or non-renewable resources? Do you think rocks and minerals should be used for building materials? Provide reasoning to support your answer, including possible effects on the environment The scale used to test hardness of minerals for identification is:The Mercalli ScaleThe Moh’s ScaleThe Richter ScaleJosie and her friends went on a canoe trip. They paddled for 4 hours and traveled 15 miles. How many miles did they cover per hour? Show your work.Drew dropped a watermelon from the top of a 30-meter-tall building. It took 7 seconds to hit the ground. What was the speed of the watermelon falling? Show your work. Brenna is traveled 401 km from Cincinnati to Cleveland by train. The trip took 3 hours. How many kilometers did she travel per hour? Show your work.A construction project needs someone to decide if it is possible to build a design within a certain budget. Which professional would be best to hire?an architecta civil engineera city inspectora geologistAn engineering team built and tested a design that failed. What should be the next step in the design process?test againbuild againstart a different projectredesignAppendix B: Pre/Post-Test ANSWER KEYName __________________________________ Date __________ Period ____What is the difference between potential and kinetic energy?Potential energy is the energy stored after an applied force, while kinetic energy is the energy used from the applied force.Potential energy is the energy of an object due to an applied force, while kinetic energy is energy stored after the applied force.Potential energy is the energy of an object due to its motion, while kinetic energy is energy due to its position.Potential energy is the energy of an object due to its position, while kinetic energy is energy due to its motion.Both potential and kinetic energy can be observed at a skate park. Tyler and Kevin are practicing skateboarding skills at the skate park. While Tyler is rolling down the ramp Kevin is at the top adjusting his helmet.Which skater is displaying the most gravitational potential energy? Explain how you know.Kevin is displaying gravitational potential energy because he is at the top of the ramp. When Kevin went up the tramp and was raised above the surface of the Earth he gained energy-work was done against the downward pull of gravity. This work was then stored as gravitational potential energy.Which skater is displaying the most kinetic energy? Explain how you know.Tyler is displaying kinetic energy, when he released his skateboard and it began to fall toward the Earth, the potential is converted into kinetic energy, or movement.Madison wanted to know how fast she runs at different distances. She uses a stopwatch to measure the time it takes her to complete a 50-meter, 100-meter, and 200-meter race. How can she calculate her speed for each race?Add the distances and the timesDivide the distances by the timesMultiply the distances by the timesSubtract the distances from the timesDuring physical education class, eight students ran a 180-meter (m) course. The time it took for each student to complete the course is recorded on the table below.180m Course Completion Times by StudentStudentTimeseconds (s)A30B32C33D35E37F38G40H45How much faster is the average speed for Student A than the average speed for Student H?2 m/s4 m/s6m/s15m/sIn the box below, identify which of the graphs below shows that one of the runners started 10 meters farther ahead of the other? Explain your answer.Graph A shows that one runner went from 10 meters to 20 meters in 4 seconds and that the other runner went from 0 meters to 20 meters in 4 seconds. The second runner traveled 10 meters further than the first.A team of students used a toy car and an inclined plane to practice measuring speed. They recorded their results in the data table below. Use the data to calculate and record the speed for each trial in the appropriate column below.TrialDistanceTimeSpeed190 cm4.5 sec20cm/s290 cm4.0 sec22.5 cm/s390 cm5.0 sec18 cm/sGraph the results of each trial below. Be sure to include labels.32175459889800-200660162398015144756239200center000Refer to the ruler above to help you choose one mineral that could be used for paving a road. Explain the reason for your choice.Students should choose a mineral from the mineral of the scale and explain that the road needs to be hard enough to withstand the weight of cars and trucks without breaking apart but soft enough to be able to cut into paving stones or block.Explain ways in which rocks and minerals differ.Rocks are made up of minerals. Rocks change from one type to another in the rock cycle. They are classified as igneous, sedimentary or metamorphic. A Mineral is a solid natural substance. Its chemical composition is considerably characteristic while its atomic structure is highly ordered. Minerals have a crystalline structure and are completely solid.Are rocks and minerals renewable or non-renewable resources? Do you think rocks and minerals should be used for building materials? Provide reasoning to support your answer, including possible effects on the environment Rocks and minerals are considered nonrenewable resources because they are used by humans at a faster rate than nature can renew them. For: Answer should include some of the following-fossil fuels are not used to produce rocks and minerals, rocks and minerals are abundant and inexpensive, rocks and minerals can be re-cycled when buildings are demolished and used for other purposes.Against: Rocks and minerals are not renewable so using them for building could change the landscape and hurt the environment, other building materials are more lightweight and easier to work with, etc.The scale used to test hardness of minerals for identification is:The Mercalli ScaleThe Moh’s ScaleThe Richter ScaleJosie and her friends went on a canoe trip. They paddled for 4 hours and traveled 15 miles. How many miles did they cover per hour? Show your work.They covered an average of 3.75 miles per hour.Drew dropped a watermelon from the top of a 30-meter-tall building. It took 7 seconds to hit the ground. What was the speed of the watermelon falling? Show your work. 4.28 m/sBrenna is traveled 401 km from Cincinnati to Cleveland by train. The trip took 3 hours. How many kilometers did she travel per hour? Show your work.An average of 133.66 km/hA construction project needs someone to decide if it is possible to build a design within a certain budget. Which professional would be best to hire?an architecta civil engineera city inspectora geologistAn engineering team built and tested a design that failed. What should be the next step in the design process?test againbuild againstart a different projectredesignAppendix C: Learning Through Failure–BrainstormName __________________________________ Date __________ Period ____Describe the situation in each video.Explain when you think things started going wrong.Describe ways in which engineers could help the situation:Appendix D: Engineering Design ChallengeName __________________________________ Date __________ Period ____For 49 years a grandpa that is an Eagle Scout has hosted an Annual Family Reunion and Pinewood Derby on the Fourth of July. In the past, the Pinewood Derby challenged family members to develop the fastest pinewood car. The Derby champion takes home a bronze mold of Grandpa's teeth to proudly display for one year. However, this year with grandpa's weakening state, it's necessary to adapt his wheelchair ramp so that he can use it more safely. Because grandpa is unable slow his wheelchair manually, the family members have been challenged to find a way to help him slow his wheelchair down. Grandpa’s house is in a historic neighborhood with strict local building codes regarding front porches of houses. The neighborhood association is currently accepting proposals for handicap accessible ramps that will fit within their strict aesthetic guidelines. Although grandpa’s ramp does not comply with ADA (American with Disabilities Act) guidelines for handicap accessible ramps because it is located within a private residence, it is possible to modify the ramp provided that a wheelchair will not reach an unsafe speed while traveling down the ramp. Your team must use natural rock and mineral materials for modifying grandpa’s ramp. Also, you may not intervene with the wheelchair in any way to create a braking effect on the wheelchair when demonstrating your team’s design.Will your team be able to hold grandpa up without letting him down? May the force of resistance be with you!Appendix E: Engineering Design Challenge RubricName __________________________________ Date __________ Period ____4321Engineering Design ProcessClear evidence of planning, testing, improving and retesting with multiple iterationsClear evidence of planning, testing, improving and retestingEvidence of planning, testing and retesting, but lacking clear documentation / explanation of improvements madeEvidence of testing and retesting, but lacking clear documentation / explanation of planning and improvements madeSuccessfulStopping DistanceMakes it to the bottom, without going 6 inches beyond, the rampMakes it to the bottom, without going 12 inches beyond, the rampMakes it to the bottom, without going 18 inches beyond, the rampDoes not make it to the bottom or moves beyond 18 inches of the rampMaterialsUses a diverse combination of rocks and minerals, provides researched evidence along with stating reasons for using each and creates a visually appealing pattern Uses a diverse combination of rocks and minerals, states reasons for using each, and creates a visually appealing patternUses only one type of rock or mineral states reasons for using each, and creates a visually appealing patternUses only one type of rock or mineral and creates a visually appealing patternEngineering Design Process (EDP) Log4321DiagramsDiagrams are detailed, fully labeled, include materials needed and are evident for each part of the EDPDiagrams are fully labeled, include materials needed and are evident for each part of the EDPDiagrams are partially labeled, include materials needed and are evident for each part of the EDPDiagrams are incorrectly labeled, include most materials needed and are evident for some parts of the EDPReflectionEvidence of and detailed explanations for:-multiple iterations-successes of the attempt -changes made-successes of changesEvidence of and explanations for:-multiple iterations-successes of the attempt -changes madesuccesses of changesEvidence of and attempted explanations for:-multiple iterations-successes of the attempt changes madesuccesses of changesEvidence of:-multiple iterations-successes of the attempt changes madesuccesses of changesTesting and DataSpeed test data collected and recorded and:displayed accuratelyaveraged correctlyused as evidence to fully support reasons for and explanations of changes madeSpeed test data collected and recorded and:displayed accuratelyaveraged correctlyused as evidence to support explanations of changes madeSpeed test data collected and recorded and:displayed accuratelyaveraged correctlySpeed test data collected and recorded but:displayed inaccuratelyaveraged with multiple errorsAppendix F: Engineering Design Team Career RolesName __________________________________ Date __________ Period ____Assign a career role to each team member based on his or her strengths and interests. All team members are responsible for carrying out the assigned career role duties throughout the entire engineering design challenge.ArchitecturalEngineerName: ________________________Daily organization and planningAssistance in building, problem solving, and clean up Communication with the teacherCity/UrbanPlannerName: ________________________Management of materials and proper storage of prototypeAssistance in building, problem solving, and clean upAmericans with Disabilities Act (ADA)CoordinatorName: ________________________Maintenance of measurement records during construction processAssistance in building, problem solving, and clean up CivilEngineerName: ________________________Maintenance of records during the design processAssistance in building, problem solving, and clean up* Teams of 3: combine Architecture Engineer and Civil Engineer as one career role.Appendix G: Potential and Kinetic Energy ReviewName _____________________________________ Date __________ Period ______Career Role: ___________________________________________________________After watching the Wile E. Coyote and Roadrunner video clip, discuss potential and kinetic energy with your team. Recall examples of each from the video and list original examples that you may have observed in your daily life.Potential EnergyKinetic EnergyVideo examples:Video examples:Original examples:Original examples:After sharing examples and a having a whole team discussion, collaborate with your team to write an original definition for Potential and Kinetic Energy. Revise your definition, if needed, after class discussion.Potential Energy: ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Kinetic Energy: ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________**As you review speed and complete a marble activity, continue to consider potential and kinetic energy. Make observations so that you are able to identify the potential and kinetic energy of the marble.Appendix H: Potential and Kinetic Energy Review ANSWER KEY and Additional Teacher InformationName _____________________________________ Date __________ Period ______Career Role: ___________________________________________________________After watching the Wile E. Coyote and Roadrunner video clip, discuss potential and kinetic energy with your team. Recall examples of each from the video and list original examples that you may have observed in your daily life.Answers will vary. Possible answers included below.Potential EnergyKinetic EnergyVideo examples:Elastic/spring on mousetrap when setElastic/spring compressionGravitational/ coyote and rock at top of cliffVideo examples:Motion when trap snaps or closesMotion of coyote as spring is releasedCoyote falling off cliffRock dropping off cliff on coyoteOriginal examples:Rock pulled back in sling shotBike at top of hillSwing pulled back on playgroundOriginal examples:Motion of rock when released from sling shotBike rolling down hillSwing in motion after it is releasedOhio’s New Learning Standards Physical Science: Matter and MotionThere are two categories of energy: kinetic and potential.Objects and substances in motion have kinetic energy. Objects and substances can have energy as a result of their position (potential energy).Grade 6 ConceptsKinetic energy is associated with the motion of an object. The kinetic energy of an object changes when its speed changes. Potential energy is the energy of position between two interacting objects. Gravitational potential energy is associated with the height of an object above a reference position. The gravitational potential energy of an object changes as its height above the reference changes.Note: Using the word “stored” to define potential energy is misleading. The word “stored” implies that the energy is kept by the object and not given away to another object. Therefore, kinetic energy also can be classified as “stored” energy. A rocket moving at constant speed through empty space has kinetic energy and is not transferring any of this energy to another object. Appendix I: Team Speed CalculationsTeam Members: ________________________________________________________Nick drove 216 miles in 4 hours before he stopped for coffee. How fast was he driving?A train traveled 546 km in 3 hours. At what speed was it was traveling?An elevator at a skyscraper moves up 25 floors in 45 seconds. Each floor is 18 feet. How fast does the elevator move from the ground floor to the top floor?Rachel threw the softball 30 yards in 6.4 seconds. How fast did the ball travel?State an example of potential or kinetic energy in each of the problems above.Graph the results of the following trials for a Stomp Rocket.Trial 1- 11 meters4 secondsTrial 2 - 8 meters3 secondsTrial 3- 17 meters6 secondsTrial 4- 12 meters5 seconds-17716585394X label: ______________________________________________Title: _________________________________________________Y label: ________________________________00X label: ______________________________________________Title: _________________________________________________Y label: ________________________________When does the rocket have potential energy? Kinetic energy?Appendix J: Team Speed Calculation ANSWER KEYTeam Members: ________________________________________________________Nick drove 216 miles in 4 hours before he stopped for coffee. How fast was he driving?Nick drove 54 mile/hr.Potential-car at restKinetic-car in motionA train traveled 546 km in 3 hours. What is was the speed it was traveling?The train was traveling 182 km/hr.Potential-train at restKinetic-train in motionAn elevator at a skyscraper moves up 25 floors in 45 seconds. Each floor is 18 feet. How fast does the elevator move from the ground floor to the top floor?The elevator moves 10 seconds per floor.Potential-elevator at restKinetic-elevator in motionRachel threw the softball 30 yards in 6.4 seconds. How fast did the ball travel?The ball travels 4.6875 yards/second.Potential-ball in Rachel’s handKinetic-ball in motionState an example of potential or kinetic energy in each of the problems above.Graph the results of the following trials for a Stomp Rocket.Trial 1- 11 meters4 secondsTrial 2 - 8 meters3 secondsTrial 3- 17 meters6 secondsTrial 4- 12 meters5 secondsWhen does the rocket have potential energy? Kinetic?The rocket has potential energy when it is set up to be stomped.The rocket has kinetic energy when it has been stomped and it moving through the air.Appendix K: Team Marble Speed TrailsTeam Member Names: _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________TrailDistanceTimeSpeed1234-22263795443X label: ______________________________________________Title: _________________________________________________Y label: ________________________________00X label: ______________________________________________Title: _________________________________________________Y label: ________________________________Appendix L: Speed and Energy AssessmentName _____________________________________ Date __________ Period ______Complete the following questions. Show your work when calculating speed.A skier made it down the longest run, 12,546 meters in 15 minutes. Calculate how fast was he moving down the hill?Identify when the skier demonstrates potential and kinetic energy. Cite evidence to explain your answer. Female penguins make a trek across the Arctic land to find food after they lay the eggs. They travel an average of 248 miles over the course of one week. How many miles do they travel each day?Stock car drivers push their cars to extreme limits. One driver set a goal to travel the entire course in 2 hours 18 minutes. The course is 2000km long. How fast does he need to drive to master his goal? Jason timed how long it took his Pinewood Derby car to travel 25-meters down a ramp. He completed 4 trails and recorded his results in the table below. Calculate the speed of each trial to complete the table. Then, graph the time and distance of each trial.Trail 1Trail 2Trail 3Trail 4Time (seconds)57774952Speed(seconds/meter)-20383574599X label: ______________________________________________Title: _________________________________________________Y label: ________________________________00X label: ______________________________________________Title: _________________________________________________Y label: ________________________________Appendix M: Speed and Energy Assessment ANSWER KEYName _____________________________________ Date __________ Period ______Complete the following questions. Show your work when calculating speed.A skier made it down the longest run, 12,546 meters in 15 minutes. Calculate how fast was he moving down the hill?The skier was moving 836.4 meters per minute.Identify when the skier demonstrates potential and kinetic energy. Cite evidence to explain your answer. When the skier is at the top of the hill she is demonstrating potential energy due to the position she is on top of the hill. As the skier begins to move down the hill, she demonstrates kinetic energy due to her being in motion.Female penguins make a trek across the Arctic land to find food after they lay their eggs. They travel an average of 248 miles over the course of one week. How many miles do they travel each day?The female penguins travel 35.44 miles per day.Stock car drivers push their cars to extreme limits. One driver set a goal to travel the entire course in 2 hours 18 minutes. The course is 2000km long. How fast does he need to drive to master his goal? The driver must travel 14.49 km/minute to meet his goal.Jason timed how long it took his Pinewood Derby car to travel 25-meters down a ramp. He completed 4 trails and recorded his results in the table below. Calculate the speed of each trial to complete the table. Then, graph the time and distance of each trial.Trail 1Trail 2Trail 3Trail 4Time (seconds)57774952Speed(meters/second)43325148Appendix N: Engineering Design Processcentercenter00Appendix O: Engineering LogbookName:__________________________Period:__________________________Team:__________________________Career:__________________________Your Team’s Engineering Design ChallengeFor 49 years a grandpa that is an Eagle Scout has hosted an Annual Family Reunion and Pinewood Derby on the Fourth of July. In the past, the Pinewood Derby challenged family members to develop the fastest pinewood car. The Derby champion takes home a bronze mold of Grandpa's teeth to proudly display for one year. However, this year with grandpa's weakening state, it's necessary to adapt his wheelchair ramp so that he can use it more safely. Because grandpa is unable slow his wheelchair manually, the family members have been challenged to find a way to help him slow his wheelchair down. Grandpa’s house is in a historic neighborhood with strict local building codes regarding front porches of houses. The neighborhood association is currently accepting proposals for handicap accessible ramps that will fit within their strict aesthetic guidelines. Although grandpa’s ramp does not comply with ADA (American with Disabilities Act) guidelines for handicap accessible ramps because it is located within a private residence, it is possible to modify the ramp provided that a wheelchair will not reach an unsafe speed while traveling down the ramp. Your team must use natural rock and mineral materials for modifying grandpa’s ramp. Also, you may not intervene with the wheelchair in any way to create a braking effect on the wheelchair when demonstrating your team’s design.Will your team be able to hold grandpa up without letting him down? May the force of resistance be with you!ThinkThink about how the materials listed on the chart below could be used to slow down each of the items.Directions:As you test each material, use the chart below to rate each item on a scale of 1- 5 based on how easily each item rolls on it.1 -= Extremely Easy to 5 = Extremely HardClean TrayFine SandSandpaperCourse SandGravelMarble1 2 3 4 51 2 3 4 51 2 3 4 51 2 3 4 51 2 3 4 5Toy Car1 2 3 4 51 2 3 4 51 2 3 4 51 2 3 4 51 2 3 4 5Golf Ball1 2 3 4 51 2 3 4 51 2 3 4 51 2 3 4 51 2 3 4 5Ping Pong Ball1 2 3 4 51 2 3 4 51 2 3 4 51 2 3 4 51 2 3 4 5Procedures:Roll each item across the clean tray, and then rate how easily it rolls. Put fine sand on the tray and roll each item through the sand. Rate how easily each item rolls through the sand. Clean the fine sand off the tray and lay sandpaper on the tray. Roll each item over the sandpaper and rate.Remove the sandpaper, pour the course sand onto the tray. Roll each item through the sand and rate.Clean the course sand off the tray. Pour Gravel onto the tray. Roll each item through the gravel and rate. Use your rating chart to help you reflect on your observations: Which items rolled across the clean tray the easiest?___________________________________________________________________Which material on the tray slowed down the items the most? ___________________________________________________________________Compare how the 4 items rolled through the fine sand:____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Compare how the 4 items rolled across the sandpaper:____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Compare how the 4 items rolled through the course sand:____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Compare how the 4 items rolled through the gravel:___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________How did the size of the item affect how easily it rolled through the materials?____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________How did the weight of the item affect how easily it rolled through the materials? ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________PlanWhat is your plan for solving the problem?Consider the constraints. Recall what you have learned about speed, energy, rocks and minerals. Brainstorm some ideas and choose the best one. What materials will you need?Write about your plan for solving the problem, including information about the design. Use PE to label potential energy and KE to label kinetic energy on your diagram below.Possible Design:(Labeled Diagram)Materials Needed:Write a step-by-step set of procedures for building your prototype ramp in order to decrease the speed of the rolling object/vehicle:-14351055245Reflect: What problems did you encounter while planning your design? How did you overcome those problems? ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________00Reflect: What problems did you encounter while planning your design? How did you overcome those problems? ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________TestFollow your plan for solving the problem. Build and test your solution. Use sticky notes to label your prototype design at points representing Potential and Kinetic Energy. Collect and record distance and time data for three trials. Calculate the average speed (distance divided by time) for each trial. Then, calculate the average distance, time and speed by adding the 3 trials together and dividing by 3. Use the Average Distance and Average Time from the three trials to construct a Position vs. Time graph on a the next page.TrialDistanceTimeAverage Speed123AverageAdd each trial, and divide by 30294309Reflect:What problems did you encounter while testing your initial design? What surprised you about your results? Did anything about your tests turn out as expected? What?__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________00Reflect:What problems did you encounter while testing your initial design? What surprised you about your results? Did anything about your tests turn out as expected? What?__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Position vs. Time Graph-234788203835X label: ______________________________________________Title: _________________________________________________Y label: ________________________________00X label: ______________________________________________Title: _________________________________________________Y label: ________________________________ImproveThink about design modifications. Create a plan for implementing modifications. Be ready to use data/evidence from you previous trial to defend changes.MODIFICATIONSWhat worked?What didn’t work?Redesign:(Labeled Diagram)Materials Needed:left331470Explain and defend the changes made. Hypothesize how the changes will improve your results.____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________00Explain and defend the changes made. Hypothesize how the changes will improve your results.____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________RetestFollow your new plan for solving the problem. Build and test your revised solution.TrialDistanceTimeAverage Speed123AverageAdd each trial, and divide by 3-265371112188X label: ______________________________________________Title: _________________________________________________Y label: ________________________________00X label: ______________________________________________Title: _________________________________________________Y label: ________________________________-1746250Reflect:What problems did you encounter while testing your improved design? What surprised you about your results? Did anything about your tests turn out as expected? ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Were the changes you implemented successful at slowing down your rolling object/vehicle? Explain by comparing the average speed of your initial design with the average speed of your redesigned tests.____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________00Reflect:What problems did you encounter while testing your improved design? What surprised you about your results? Did anything about your tests turn out as expected? ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Were the changes you implemented successful at slowing down your rolling object/vehicle? Explain by comparing the average speed of your initial design with the average speed of your redesigned tests.____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ImproveThink about design modifications. Create a plan for implementing modifications. Be ready to use data/evidence from you previous trial to defend changes.MODIFICATIONSWhat worked?What didn’t work?Redesign:(Labeled Diagram)Materials Needed:left331470Explain and defend the changes made. Hypothesize how the changes will improve your final results.____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________00Explain and defend the changes made. Hypothesize how the changes will improve your final results.____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________RetestFollow your new plan for solving the problem. Build and test your revised solution.TrialDistanceTimeAverage Speed123AverageAdd each trial, and divide by 3-19140499213X label: ______________________________________________Title: _________________________________________________Y label: ________________________________00X label: ______________________________________________Title: _________________________________________________Y label: ________________________________RetestNow that final changes have been made, each team in your class will test their final revised designs and observe the designs and final tests of the other teams in the class. In the space below, devise a way (data table) to collect and record observations and details/data for the final tests of other teams in the class. Record your final test results in the data table below.DistanceTimeSpeedFinal Test284983340611Record speed results, details and observations from the final tests of other teams below:00Record speed results, details and observations from the final tests of other teams below:-46990380365Final Reflections:Which team was most successful at slowing down the rolling object/vehicle? Hypothesize reasons why this design was most successful. Be specific and cite evidence from collected data.__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Were the final changes you implemented successful at slowing down your rolling object/vehicle? Explain. Compare the average speeds of your initial design and redesigned tests with the speed of your final design tests. Be specific and refer to your collected data. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________After observing and recording data from the designs of other teams, which ideas do you think you could implement or use to modify your design to further slow the rolling object/vehicle? Explain and defend changes you might make to your design if you had the opportunity to modify/redesign and test your prototype. Cite specific evidence to support your claim. ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________00Final Reflections:Which team was most successful at slowing down the rolling object/vehicle? Hypothesize reasons why this design was most successful. Be specific and cite evidence from collected data.__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Were the final changes you implemented successful at slowing down your rolling object/vehicle? Explain. Compare the average speeds of your initial design and redesigned tests with the speed of your final design tests. Be specific and refer to your collected data. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________After observing and recording data from the designs of other teams, which ideas do you think you could implement or use to modify your design to further slow the rolling object/vehicle? Explain and defend changes you might make to your design if you had the opportunity to modify/redesign and test your prototype. Cite specific evidence to support your claim. ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Rain and Snow – Redesign and RetestRespond to a change of variable (surface conditions) due to changing weather conditions. Discuss with your team and record observations from the random test when mist and ice where added to ramp designs.Record details and observations from the random test when mist and ice were added to ramp:____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Redesign:(Labeled Diagram)Materials Needed:Final Test and ReflectionNow that change of conditions modifications have been made, each team in your class will test their modified designs and observe the modified designs and final tests of the other teams in the class. In the space below, collect and record observations and details/data for the final tests of other teams in the class. Record your final test results in the data table below.DistanceTimeSpeedFinal Test-86995427990Record speed results, details and observations from the final tests of other teams below:00Record speed results, details and observations from the final tests of other teams below:-80645340360Reflect: Construct a final Position vs. Time graph to display the data (distance and time) for each test of your ramp. Create a key and assign each test result a different color. After creating the graph, answer the following questions.Analyze your data: What conclusions can you draw from the results of your designs and collected data and graph? Do you see any patterns or relationships? Explain what you learned from your tests and modifications.____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________00Reflect: Construct a final Position vs. Time graph to display the data (distance and time) for each test of your ramp. Create a key and assign each test result a different color. After creating the graph, answer the following questions.Analyze your data: What conclusions can you draw from the results of your designs and collected data and graph? Do you see any patterns or relationships? Explain what you learned from your tests and modifications.____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Position vs. Time Graph-211928200660X label: ______________________________________________Title: _________________________________________________Y label: ________________________________00X label: ______________________________________________Title: _________________________________________________Y label: ________________________________Appendix P: Exit TicketName _____________________________________ Date __________ Period ______Which material would you use if you wanted to slow down, but not stop a golf ball?Explain your choice:Appendix P: Exit TicketName _____________________________________ Date __________ Period ______Which material would you use if you wanted to slow down, but not stop a golf ball?Explain your choice:Appendix Q: Rock On and Slow DownName _____________________________________ Date __________ Period ______Minerals are unique substances found in the earth. Each mineral is made of the combination of elements that are solid, have unique properties, have a crystalline structure and are naturally occurring. Rocks are made of minerals.Challenge:Increase friction by applying rocks/minerals to slow a vehicle traveling down a slope.Standard: Rocks and minerals have common practical uses.Essential Questions:Which properties of a rock/minerals would work best to slow a vehicle moving down a slope?What earthen materials would best serve to increase friction to slow a vehicle moving down a slope?Mineral Test TableName _____________________________________ Date __________ Period ______Research 3 minerals to determine their properties and practical uses in the industrial world. Complete the table using the website: 1-10Texture:Gritty, Smooth or GreasyCommon:Yes or NoIndustrial ApplicationsHaliteQuartzGypsum orTalcMineral Test Table ANSWER KEYMineral:Hardness:Mohs 1-10Texture:Gritty, Smooth or GreasyCommon:Yes or NoIndustrial ApplicationsHaliteMohs=2.5GrittyYesFood processingWinter Road TreatmentQuartzMohs=7GrittyYesGlass makingAbrasivesGypsum orTalcMohs=2SmoothYesDrywall manufacturingAgricultural soil treatmentAppendix R: Hard as a Rock (relatively)Name _____________________________________ Date __________ Period ______Hardness:Diamonds are the hardest substance rated a 10 on Mohs hardness scale. Talc is a soft mineral rated a 1 on Mohs hardness scale. Essential Question:Which of the following minerals would be hard enough to increase friction, abundant enough to be used widely and durable enough to resist seasonal changed? Halite?Quartz?Gypsum or Talc?Materials:Box A (Halite)Box B (Quartz)Box C (Gypsum or talc)Large piece of paperWaterDropperPaper towelsGlass platesCopper stripsAluminum pie platesProcedures:Working over piece of paper, test Halite for hardness by scratching it on the glass, copper and aluminum. Add 5 drops of water and a ? ml of mineral in the palm of your hand. Roll wet mineral around palm.Make observationsUsing piece of paper, carefully fold paper and return dry minerals to each box.Repeat procedure for Quartz and Gypsum or TalcResults of experimentHalite (Salt)Quartz (Sand)Gypsum or TalcUse the following website above to find out if the 3 minerals are among the most common in the earth’s crust. which mineral would best stand up to the seasonal changes (example: rain or snow? Provide evidence from you research to support your answer. Based on your research, explain what mineral would best answer the Essential Questions. What factors helped determine your conclusion? Explain why the other minerals were not chosen.Illustrate how you would apply minerals to slow down a vehicle moving down a slope. Answer KeyHalite (Salt)Quartz (Sand)Gypsum or TalcHarder Than: Not harder thanGlass, Copper, AluminumTexture: Gritty, Smooth, OtherCommon:Common, Uncommon, RareChange adding water?Explain:Dissolves in WaterHarder Than:Glass, Copper, AluminumTexture: Gritty, Smooth, OtherCommon:Common, Uncommon, RareChange adding water?Explain:No changeHarder Than: Not harder thanGlass, Copper, AluminumTexture: Gritty, Smooth, OtherCommon:Common, Uncommon, RareChange adding water?Explain:Becomes gummy/stickyAppendix S: Rolling! Rolling! Rolling!Name _____________________________________ Date __________ Period ______Test your conclusions. Test Boxes: Box 1MarbleRulerHalite (Salt)Box 2MarbleRulerGypsum or TalcBox 3MarbleRulerQuartz (sand)Test 1 timeTest 2 timeTest 3 timeAverage timeFriction +/-Use minerals to test their ability to increase friction on a slope.Procedure:Place one side of ruler on top of shoe box.Place mineral on ruler.Start timer once marble begins to rolling down ruler.Stop timer once marble hits side of shoe box.Record time on chart. Calculate.Reflection:Which mineral slowed the marble the most? Least? Did your original conclusion change? Read mineral property chart below, choose the properties that would best serve to increase friction on a moving object down a slope.Properties of MineralsHardnessMohs Scale 1-10MagnetismExample: magnetiteLusterlight reflecting from surfaceShape example: CubesSmellexample “rotten egg”Streakcolor of mineral’s powderTexturehow it feels- gritty, smooth, greasyWhich properties would you recommend to best increase friction and slow down moving vehicle on a slope?Test your conclusions. Test Boxes: Box 1MarbleRulerHalite (Salt)Box 2MarbleRulerGypsum or TalcBox 3MarbleRulerQuartz (sand)Test 1 timeTest 2 timeTest 3 timeAverage timeFriction +/-Use minerals to test their ability to increase friction on a slope.Procedure:Place one side of ruler on top of shoe box.Place mineral on ruler.Start timer once marble begins rolling down ruler.Stop timer once marble hits side of shoe box.Record time on chart. Calculate.Reflection:Which mineral slowed the marble the most? The least? Did your original conclusion change? Explain.Appendix T: Suggested Ramp DesignAppendix U: Friction no Collision ChallengeName _____________________________________ Date __________ Period ______First: Wheelchair Ramp Safety!One of the most important considerations in wheelchair ramp use is safety. Ramps are essential to accessibility for mobility chair and scooter users. However, when these ramps are not designed and constructed properly, they can be difficult to use, and may even be dangerous. The following are a few safety tips to ensure a building provides the safest wheelchair ramps for the patrons who need them.Degree of InclineSteep ramps are dangerous, not only because they are difficult to climb, but also because there is the risk of tipping backwards. Therefore, the lower the ramp, the safer and easier the ramp is to use.The Department of Justice published revised regulations for Titles II and III of the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 in the Federal Register on September 15, 2010. The Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) requires a 1:12 slope for wheelchairs and scooters for business and public use. This translates to 1 foot of ramp for every inch of rise. For example, a 10 inch rise would require a 10 foot ramp. Ramps can be as long as needed, however, the ADA limits the longest single run of ramp to 30 feet.Level Landings Landings at the top and bottom of the ramp are also important. ?Landings should be flat and level and should also provide a rail or wall at the top so the user does not go off the side. Don’t forget to provide handrails along the entire length of the ramp which are between 34″ and 38″ in height on both sides of the wheelchair ramp.Landings can be constructed as part of the ramp, or they can be an existing surface such as a sidewalk. Be certain the landing is the same width as the ramp itself. ADA Standards require a minimum 5′ x 5′ flat area at the top and bottom of the ramp.In addition, provide a gradual transition between the ramp and its landing for optimal safety. Normally, the weight of a wheelchair is on its rear wheels. Yet, the weight transitions to the front wheels when the wheelchair is on a ramp. This means that when a wheelchair’s front wheels hit the landing, it can come to a sudden stop.Weather Conditions Be sure to note the conditions where the ramp will be used. Outside ramps in areas that get a lot of rain or snow should provide good traction. They should also be weather resistant. ?No matter where the ramp is located, it should have a non-skid surface to keep users safe during any type of weather. Accumulation of water on ramps and landings should also be kept in mind when the ramp is designed and constructed.’s ChallengeGrandpa has spent his career working on innovations for those with disability. He needs your help now. Grandpa’s health has forced him to use a wheelchair whenever he leaves his home. Help him have more freedom in all weather conditions. Grandpa’s challenge for you is to use rocks and/or minerals to help slow down his wheelchair down the ramp in the rain or snow. You will need to find a way to prevent a collision due to lack of friction.Goal: Stop Grandpa from entering the street, preventing a collision with passing vehicles.Bonus Goal: Be the team to slow him down closest to the ramp in rain then snow. Conditions:A mist of water will simulate rain as your vehicle rolls down slope.Shaved ice will simulate snow as your vehicle rolls down slope.Appendix V: Permit Application ProcessBelow are guidelines for your application to make changes to a historic structure.Prepare and applyBuilding changes that will be checked by the STEM Engineering Design Team:Building construction or demolitionDecorative element construction or removalRemoval, construction, or changes to windows and doorsAll major repairs to outside of buildingFile an applicationBefore you may apply-you must have create a birds-eye-view drawingReview by the STEM Engineering Design TeamThe application is scheduled to be presented at the end of the unit.To continue the process – begin the application below:Name of Applicant: _______________________________________________Address and Phone#: _______________________________________________Property Address: _______________________________________________Use of Property:Single Family DwellingMulti-family dwellingGarageCommercial StructureIndustrial StructureTwo- family DwellingType of Structure: _______________________________________________The following attachments are required:Birds-eye-view of building site-include current house and proposed ramp additionList of materials usedWritten Description:Must include four design elements:Argue your case on the following page:Claim:State why you are building your wheelchair ramp outside required specifications.Reasons and Evidence:Write three reasons why you will be able to make a safe ramp. Make sure to site evidence to support your claim.Appendix W: Permit Application Checklist and RubricApplication should include all of the following: Name written: yes___ no___ Address written: yes___ no___ Use of building selected: yes___ no___ Type of building selected: yes___ no___ Overhead view drawing: yes___ no___ Materials with specified amounts:yes___ no___ Four design elements: One___ Two ___ Three___ Four___ Build reasons and evidence paragraphs should be graded with rubric below: The purpose of the Permit Application writing activity is to provide students with an opportunity to practice using ELA Argument Writing skills in a real world situation related to the Engineering Design Challenge. After reviewing structural guidelines and the actual permit application, students will write an organized paragraph stating a claim and supporting it with reasons and evidence as part of the permit application in order to defend the ramp being outside the required specifications. The paragraph should begin with an introduction (several sentences) stating the claim and summarizing the issue. The claim should be what the student thinks about the topic or issue. In this case, the issue needs to reference the Design Challenge Scenario and describe the situation that causes Grandpa’s ramp to be built without meeting the requirements. The claim can also be thought of as the thesis, which is a clear, strong statement telling the reader what the paragraph is going to be about. The rest of the paragraph should support this thesis or claim. The body of the paragraph should provide supporting points or reasons why they believe what they believe (claim). Three reasons are appropriate for this paragraph, and it is a good idea to order supporting points or reasons from weakest to strongest because readers often remember the details that are presented last. Each of these three reasons needs to be supported with evidence. This evidence should be specific and related to data collected during the multiple attempts and tests of designed and redesigned ramp prototypes. A clear understanding of the Design Challenge and an analysis of the results should be demonstrated using these reasons and related pieces of evidence. The paragraph should end with a conclusion that briefly reminds the reader of main points and a strong final sentence restating the claim. Permit Application Rubric4321Organization of Written Paragraph*Consistently organizes ideas and information into logical and sophisticated sentences using: --Introduction or Thesis--Frequent transition words in Body--Conclusion*Appropriately addresses task, purpose and audience*Consistently organizes ideas and information into logical sentences using: --Introduction or Thesis --Transition words in Body --Conclusion*Attempts to address task, purpose and audience*Organizes ideas and information into sentences using: --Introduction or Thesis --Minimal transition words in Body --Conclusion*Fails to address one or more of the following: task, purpose or audience*Missing one or more of the following: --Introduction or Thesis --Transition words in Body --Conclusion*Fails to address task, purpose and audienceReasons/ Evidence in Paragraph*Consistently demonstrates a deeper understanding of the links between Reasons and Evidence*Cites three clear reasons to support claim*Provides evidence for each of the three reasons*All evidence: --is credible, specific, and accurate --clearly supports topic --demonstrates a thorough analysis of data/results*Consistently demonstrates an accurate understanding of the links between Reasons and Evidence*Cites three reasons to support claim*Provides evidence for each of the three reasons*Most or all evidence: --is credible, specific, and accurate --supports topic --demonstrates an accurate analysis of data/results*Demonstrates some understanding of the links between Reasons and Evidence*Attempts to site three reasons to support claim*Provides evidence for at least two of the three reasons*Some or most evidence:-is credible and generally accurate-supports topic --demonstrates a basic analysis of data/results*Demonstrates partial or no understanding of the links between Reasons and Evidence*Fails to site three reasons to support claim*Provides evidence for little or none of the reasons*Evidence: --is inaccurate --is off topic --lacks analysis of data/resultsWriting Conventions in Paragraph*Consistently uses complex and accurate: --punctuation --capitalization --spelling --grammar --word choice*Paragraph contains no significant errors*Consistently uses appropriate grade-level: --punctuation --capitalization --spelling --grammar --word choice*Paragraph contains few errors with none that impede understanding*Uses basic grade-level: --punctuation --capitalization --spelling --grammar --word choice*Paragraph contains multiple errors, but most do not impede understanding*Inconsistently uses appropriate grade-level: --punctuation --capitalization --spelling --grammar --word choice*Paragraph contains significant errors, and most impede understandingAppendix X: Build Site Image ................
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