LECTURE NOTES on PROBABILITY and STATISTICS Eusebius …
LECTURE NOTES on
PROBABILITY and STATISTICS
Eusebius Doedel
TABLE OF CONTENTS
SAMPLE SPACES
1
Events
5
The Algebra of Events
6
Axioms of Probability
9
Further Properties
10
Counting Outcomes
13
Permutations
14
Combinations
21
CONDITIONAL PROBABILITY
45
Independent Events
63
DISCRETE RANDOM VARIABLES
71
Joint distributions
82
Independent random variables
91
Conditional distributions
97
Expectation
101
Variance and Standard Deviation
108
Covariance
110
SPECIAL DISCRETE RANDOM VARIABLES
118
The Bernoulli Random Variable
118
The Binomial Random Variable
120
The Poisson Random Variable
130
CONTINUOUS RANDOM VARIABLES
142
Joint distributions
150
Marginal density functions
153
Independent continuous random variables
158
Conditional distributions
161
Expectation
163
Variance
169
Covariance
175
Markov's inequality
181
Chebyshev's inequality
184
SPECIAL CONTINUOUS RANDOM VARIABLES
187
The Uniform Random Variable
187
The Exponential Random Variable
191
The Standard Normal Random Variable
196
The General Normal Random Variable
201
The Chi-Square Random Variable
206
THE CENTRAL LIMIT THEOREM
211
SAMPLE STATISTICS
246
The Sample Mean
252
The Sample Variance
257
Estimating the Variance of a Normal Distribution
266
Samples from Finite Populations
274
The Sample Correlation Coefficient
282
Maximum Likelihood Estimators
288
Hypothesis Testing
305
LEAST SQUARES APPROXIMATION
335
Linear Least Squares
335
General Least Squares
343
RANDOM NUMBER GENERATION
362
The Logistic Equation
363
Generating Random Numbers
378
Generating Uniformly Distributed Random Numbers
379
Generating Random Numbers using the Inverse Method 392
SUMMARY TABLES AND FORMULAS
403
SAMPLE SPACES DEFINITION : The sample space is the set of all possible outcomes of an experiment.
EXAMPLE : When we flip a coin then sample space is
where and
S = {H, T }, H denotes that the coin lands "Heads up" T denotes that the coin lands "Tails up".
For a "fair coin " we expect H and T to have the same "chance " of occurring, i.e., if we flip the coin many times then about 50 % of the outcomes will be H.
We say that the probability of H to occur is 0.5 (or 50 %) .
The probability of T to occur is then also 0.5.
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