Programmes in Environmental Sciences
CURRICULUM
OF
ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE
For
BS
MS
(Revised 2009)
HIGHER EDUCATION COMMISSION
ISLAMABAD
CURRICULUM DIVISION, HEC
Dr. Syed Sohail H. Naqvi Executive Director
Prof. Dr. Altaf Ali G. Shaikh Member (Academics)
Miss Ghayyur Fatima Director (Curri)
Mr. M. Tahir Ali Shah Deputy Director (Curri)
Mr. Shafiullah Deputy Director
CONTENTS
1. Introduction ……………………………………….. 6
2. Scheme of Studies for BS (4-YEAR) in
Environmental Science …………………………. 12
3. Details of Courses for BS (4-YEAR) in
Environmental Science …………………………. 14
4. Scheme of Studies for MS …………………….. 50
5. Detail of Courses for MS ………………………. 51
6. Details of Compulsory Courses
Annexures A, B, C, D & E………………………………… 58
PREFACE
Curriculum of a subject is said to be the throbbing pulse of a nation. By looking at the curriculum one can judge the state of intellectual development and the state of progress of the nation. The world has turned into a global village; new ideas and information are pouring in like a stream. It is, therefore, imperative to update our curricula regularly by introducing the recent developments in the relevant fields of knowledge.
In exercise of the powers conferred by sub-section (1) of section 3 of the Federal Supervision of Curricula Textbooks and Maintenance of Standards of Education Act 1976, the Federal Government vide notification No. D773/76-JEA (cur.), dated December 4th 1976, appointed the University Grants Commission as the competent authority to look after the curriculum revision work beyond class XII at the bachelor level and onwards to all degrees, certificates and diplomas awarded by degree colleges, universities and other institutions of higher education.
In pursuance of the above decisions and directives, the Higher Education Commission (HEC) is continually performing curriculum revision in collaboration with universities. According to the decision of the special meeting of Vice-Chancellor’s Committee, the curriculum of a subject must be reviewed after every 3 years.
A committee of experts comprising of conveners from the National Curriculum Revision of HEC in Basic, Applied Social Sciences and Engineering disciplines met in April 2007 and developed a unified template to standardize degree programs in the country to bring the national curriculum at par with international standards, and to fulfill the needs of the local industries. It also aimed to give a basic, broad based knowledge to the students to ensure the quality of education. The new Bachelor (BS) degree shall be of 4 years duration, and will require the completion of 130-136 credit hours. For those social sciences and basic sciences degrees, 63.50% of the curriculum will consist of discipline specific courses, and 36.50% will consist of compulsory courses and general courses offered through other departments.
For the purpose of curriculum revision various committees are constituted at the national level, comprising of senior teachers nominated by universities, degree awarding institutions, R&D organizations, respective accreditation councils and stake holders. The National Curriculum Revision Committee for Environmental Science in a meeting held on April 28-30, 2009 at the HEC Regional Center, Karachi in continuation of its earlier meeting held on November 16-17, 2007 at HEC Regional Center, Lahore, revised the curriculum in light of the unified template. The revised draft curriculum is being circulated for implementation in the concerned institutions.
PROF. DR.ALTAF ALI G. SHAIKH
Member Academics
August 2009
CURRICULUM DEVELOPMENT
[pic]
Introduction
The final meeting of the National Curriculum Revision Committee of Higher Education Commission in Environmental science was held at HEC Regional Centre, Karachi from 28-30, April 2009 to finalize the draft curriculum for under-graduate and graduate degree programs in the discipline. Following attended the meeting:-
1. Dr. Muhammad Irfan Khan Convener
Professor and Head
Department of Environmental sciences
International Islamic University
Islamabad
2. Dr. Sheikh Saeed Ahmad Member
Assistant Professor
Department of Environmental Science
Fatima Jinnah Women University
The Mall, Rawalpindi
3. Dr. Azeem Khalid Member
Associate Professor
Department of Environmental Sciences
PMAS Arid Agricultural University,
Rawalpindi
4. Dr. Syed Shahid Ali Member
Foreign Professor (HEC)
Department of Earth & Environmental Science
Bahria University
Islamaabad
5. Dr. Moazzam Jamil Member
Principal
University College of Agriculture & Environmental Sciences
The Islamia University of Bahawalpur
Bahawalpur
6. Dr. Anjum Zia Member
Assistant Professor
Department of Chemistry &Bio-chemistry
University of Agriculture
Faisalabad
7. Prof. Dr. Kauser Jamal Cheema Member
Dean, Faculty of Natural Sciences &
Head, Department of Environmental Science
Lahore College for Women University,
Lahore
8. Dr. Zahir Ahmed Zahir Member
Associate Professor
Institute of Soil & Environmental Sciences
University of Agriculture
Faisalabad
9. Ms. Arjumand Zaidi Member
Assistant Professor
Department of Environmental Sciences
COMSATS Institute of Information Technology
Abbotabad
10. Dr. Arifa Tahir Member
Assistant Professor
Department of Environmental Science
Lahore College for Women University
Lahore
11. Prof. Dr. Amir Haider Malik Member
Foreign Professor (HEC)
Department of Environmental Sciences
COMSATS Institute of Informational Technology
Abbotabad
12. Prof. Dr. Mozzam Ali Khan Member
Director
Institute of Environmental Sciences
University of Karachi
Karachi
13. Dr. Said Rahman Member
Manager SPAS
SUPARCO Head Quarters
Karachi.
14. Dr. Basir Ahmad Arain Member
Professor, Centre for Environmental Science
University of Sindh
Jamshoro
15. Prof. Dr. Mozzam Ali Khan Member
Director Institute of Environmental Science
University of Karachi,
Karachi
16. Prof. Dr. Khursheed Ahmed Member
Department of Environmental Management
National College of Business Administration & Economics
Lahore.
17. Dr. Sardar Khan Member
Associate Professor
Department of Environmental Science
University of Peshawar
Peshawar
18. Dr. Muhammad Ishaq Ghaznavi Member
Member Technical
Balochistan Environmental Protection Tribunal
Quetta
19. Mr. Javed Ali Khan Member
Director General (Environment)
Ministry of Environment
Islamabad
20. Dr. Khalid Farooq Akbar Secretary
Associate Professor
Department of Environmental Sciences
GC University, Faisalabad
Dr. Shafiq-ur-Rehman, Chairman, Department of Environmental Science could not attend the final meeting due to his pre-engagement. Dr. Muhammad Irfan Khan of International Islamic University Islamabad and Dr. Khalid Farooq Akbar of GC University Faisalabad acted as Convener and Secretary of the Committee respectively. Mr. Muhammad Tahir Ali Shah Assistant Director (curriculum) Higher Education Commission, Islamabad coordinated the meeting.
The meeting was opened by Mr. Muhammad Rafiq Rai, Director of HEC Regional Center, Karachi. He welcomed the participants and opened the meeting.
Mr. Muhammad Tahir Ali Shah, Deputy Director (Curriculum) of Higher Education Commission Islamabad circulated the copies of draft curriculum of Environmental Science and HEC framework template for the development of curriculum in basic and applied science. He briefed the members of the committee about the review and revision of the curricula regularly at specific intervals to bring the quality of higher education with international standards, compatible with national needs and useful for the industry and society.
The participants reviewed he current curriculum and proposed suggestions to revise the current curriculum.
1. At first, the committee reviewed the draft curriculum and discussed at length the proposed contents of revised courses.
2. The participants were divided into different groups according to their expertise to review the courses. These groups reviewed the existing courses and suggested appropriate changes in them.
3. These groups also proposed contents/reading materials for newly introduced courses.
4. Then the committee reviewed the existing MS curriculum and proposed some new core courses and elective courses.
5. The committee expressed its concern that there was no participation from the major universities.
6. The committee thanked Mr. Muhammad Tahir Ali Shah and the staff HEC regional centre, Karachi for providing logistic facilities to the participants.
The Environmental matters are at the center of the political and economic areas and at the top of the developmental agenda of every country in the world. This is the outcome of a rising global concern about the protection of our environment. In last few centuries, the world has witnessed a rapid but uneven economic development. The unsustainable economic development has resulted in disastrous environmental crises such as environmental pollution, climate change and depletion of resources and loss of biodiversity. The world is faced with the challenge of devising innovative development strategies to deal with the complexities of environmental deterioration and economic development. In order to cope with the challenges of increasing population, environmental deterioration and unsustainable economic development, a harmonious collaboration between human development efforts and environment concerns are urgently needed to achieve the ultimate goal of sustainable development. The target of sustainable development can only be achieved through an integrated, comprehensive approach involving social and technological changes in all sectors of human life and its environment.
1. The Aim
The principal aim of graduate and post-graduate level degree programs in the discipline of Environmental Science is to train and develop, well equipped and highly skilled man power to tackle the growing environmental and developmental problems and changes arising from the transition to a sustainable society.
2. The Scope
Being an interdisciplinary field of knowledge, Environmental Science includes programmes with multidisciplinary scope in which the graduates will learn to address the challenges of maintenance of environmental integrity for sustainable development in relation to human activities.
3. Teaching Objectives
The teaching objectives of the degree programmes in Environmental Science are to enable its graduates with following key skills:
• Learn how to analyze and assess environmental problems
• Carry out independent scientific and technical research on environmental issues
• Propose sustainable solutions for environmental problems.
5. Learning Objectives
The degree programs are expected to equip the graduates with an ability to understand the linkages between various bio-physical and socio-economic components of environment and with an expertise to:
i. Understand the intricate linkages within and between biophysical and socioeconomic systems, and appreciate the principles and requirements that would facilitate the transition to sustainability within these systems;
ii. Apply theoretical understanding, professional judgment and skills in mitigation of environmental problems
iii. Formulate and implement solutions to problems of sustainable development, through the use of analytical skill and theoretical knowledge
iv. Make meaningful contributions to improving legal and administrative structures and processes relevant to sustainable development and environmental management
5. RATIONALE
Finding a sustainable way of life is one of the greatest socially, economically and environmentally challenges facing humanity today. This requires a new frame of mind and new set of values. Education is critical for promoting such values and improving people’s capacities to address environmental and developmental issues. Education at all levels especially university education should aim at achieving sustainable development and foster environmentally sound attitudes, skills and behaviour patterns, as well as a sense of ethical responsibility. This can be achieved if Environmental Science is made part of the education embracing both the scientific and social aspects of the human life. The discipline of Environmental Science is perceived as the systematic study of the world around us, our proper place in it and how it can deal with the issues of socio-economic development on the basis of the principles derived from various disciplines of natural sciences. The development of interdisciplinary curriculum is one way of developing capacity in Environmental Science for the achievement of ultimate goals of sustainable development
Keeping in view the above objectives in the local, regional and global contexts, the Higher Education Commission of Pakistan appointed a National Curriculum Revision Committee in Environmental Science. This committee, in its preliminary meeting, discussed the structure and composition of the existing graduate and post graduate degree programmes in the discipline of Environmental Science and suggested appropriate changes to keep the graduate abreast with new developments in Environmental Science and prepared a revised curriculum draft.
DEGREE PROGRAMMES
Before drawing the structure of the graduate and post-graduate programmes in Environmental Science following principles were agreed by the Committee, with consensus, as guiding principles for the development of the programmes, that:
1. The degree programmes in Environmental Science should be comprehensive in their coverage of the contents
2. The medium of instruction, assessment and evaluation will be English for degree programmes in Environmental Science.
3. Courses from disciplines of social sciences should also be included in the curriculum of Environmental Science along with the courses from disciplines of natural sciences in order to integrate the socio-economic aspects of the environment.
4. Environmental Science is an emerging science as a discipline which is highly inter and multi-disciplinary in nature. Integrating natural sciences, social sciences and humanities in a holistic study of the world around us is required to achieve goals.
5. In order to support efficient research in the discipline of Environmental Science, skills oriented courses in information and communication technologies must be included in the degree programmes.
6. The structure of the programmes should be in accordance with international system of higher education in terms of equivalence of credit hours and duration.
A. UNDER GRADUATE PROGRAMME
BS Environmental Science
Before drawing the outlines and contents of the courses the committee unanimously agreed on the following principles.
1. To maintain the equivalence of duration of study at international level, the Bachelors degree programme (BS) will be of four years i.e., eight semesters in the semester system.
2. The nomenclature for this four-year degree programme will be BS Environmental Science consisting minimum of 124 and Maximum of 136 credit hours including compulsory courses of English, Islamic studies and Pakistan studies
3. The eligibility for admission to Bachelors of Environmental Science degree will be F. Sc. pre-medical and pre-engineering or equivalent qualification
The following courses were identified by the Committee to be included in the curriculum of four-year BS Environmental Science Degree programme. The proposed workload is maximum in the first year and minimum in the final year for the purpose of giving relief for research work and career-oriented activities. The Committee also proposed a semester wise distribution of courses in a basic to applied order.
SCHEME OF STUDIES FOR
BS (4-YEARS) IN ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE
FIRST YEAR
Course Titles Credit Hours
Semester – 1
1. Introduction to Environmental Science 3 (3-0)
2. Biology –I* 3 (2-1)
3. Basic Chemistry* 3 (2-1)
4. Math/Stat-1 (Mathematics) 3 (3-0)
5. English-I 3 (3-0)
6. Pakistan Studies 2 (2-0)
Total Credit Hours 17
Semester – 2
7. Introduction to Earth Science 3 (2-1)
8. Biology –II* 3 (2-1)
9. Math/Stat (Statistics) University Optional 3 (3-0)
10. Sociology/Anthropology* 3 (3-0)
11. English-II 3 (3-0)
12. Islamic Studies/Ethics 2 (2-0)
Total Credit Hours 17
SECOND YEAR
Semester – 3
13. Introduction to Computer 3 (1-2)
14. Environmental Chemistry 3 (2-1)
15. Environmental Physics 3 (2-1)
16. Introductory Economics* 3 (3-0)
17. English-III 3 (3-0)
18. Philosophy* 3 (3-0)
Total Credit Hours 18
Semester – 4
19. Fundamentals of Ecology 3 (3-0)
20. Environmental Microbiology 3 (2-1)
21. Environmental Pollution 3
22. Climatology* 3 (3-0)
23. Psychology* 3 (3-0)
24. English-IV/ Univ. Opt. 3 (3-0)
Total Credit Hours 18
THIRD YEAR
Semester – 5
25. Applied Ecology 3 (2-1)
26. Environmental toxicology 3 (2-1)
27. Environmental Profile of Pakistan 3 (3-0)
28. Environmental Economics 3 (3-0)
29. Analytical techniques in Environmental Science 3 (1-2)
30. ELECTIVE-I 3 (3-0)
Total Credit Hours 18
Semester – 6
31. Environmental Biotechnology 3 (2-1)
32. GIS & Remote Sensing 4 (2-2)
33. Environmental Management Systems 3 (3-0)
34. Biodiversity & Conservation 3 (3-0)
35. Environmental Monitoring 3 (2-1)
36. ELECTIVE-II 3 (3-0)
Total Credit Hours 19
FOURTH YEAR
Semester – 7
37. Climate Change 3 (3-0)
38. Environmental Impact Assessment 3 (3-0)
39. Natural Resource Management 3 (3-0)
40. Research Methods in Environmental Science 3 (3-0)
41. ELECTIVE-III 3 (3-0)
42. ELECTIVE –IV 3 (3-0)
Total Credit Hours 18
Semester – 8
43. Environmental Laws & policies 3 (3-0)
44. Health and Environment 3 (3-0)
45. Pollution control Technologies 3 (2-1)
46. Research project/ Internship 3-6
Total Credit Hours 12-15
Total Degree Credit Hours 124-136
• Four Credit Hour Course must include Lab/Practical.
• Universities can choose from the list provided under general category
DETAILS OF COURSES
FOR BS (4-YEAR) ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE
SEMESTER 1
COURSE 1
INTRODUCTION TO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE 3 (3-0)
Objectives
To introduce the students with basic concepts and the history of development of Environmental Science as an academic discipline, its importance in human life, its interdisciplinary nature and provide students with an understanding of the relationships between different components of environment, current global, and national environmental challenges for sustainable development.
Course Outlines
Introduction: basic concepts, history, nature and scope of Environmental Science and its contribution to society. Different aspects of environment: physical, ecological, socio-economic, ethical, philosophical. Major components of environment: physico-chemical, biological and social, and their relationships with various environmental factors. Human environment and its problems: global, national, regional. Environmental challenges for sustainable development: current and future trends in population growth, environmental pollution, development in industry and agriculture, urbanization, poverty and resource depletion.
Recommended Books:
1. Environmental Science: Earth as a Living Planet, Botkin, D.B & Keller, E.A. 6th Ed. John Wiley & Sons, 2007.
2. Environmental Science: systems and solutions, McKinney, M.L., Schoch, R.M. & Yonavjak, L. 4th Ed. Jones & Bartlett Publishers, 2007
3. Environmental Science: Toward a Sustainable Future, Wright, R.T. & Nebel, B.J. 10th Ed. Pearson Educational, 2007.
4. Environmental Science: working with the Earth. Miller, G., Thomson Learning, 2002.
COURSE 2
BIOLOGY - I 3 (2-1)
Objectives
The course provides wide range coverage to principles of life. Particular emphasis is on chemical basis of life and polymerization in carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids. The course will impart knowledge about enzymes and phenomenon of hereditary transformation in living organisms.
Course Outlines
Introduction: Definition and concept of life, chemical basis of life. Structure and the basis of function, chemical diversity, functional groups in functional diversity: Molecules of life and Polymerization; carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, phospholipids in membrane systems, polypeptides in protein diversity, enzymes as molecular tools in chemical transformations. Nucleic acids; the molecule of genetic information and replication. Origin of life: chemical evolution, origin of metabolism. protobionts, Origin of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Introduction to cell biology, overview of structure and function of cell organelles. Cell division.
Lab Work
Identification of the chemical nature of different animal and plant materials. Cytochemical demonstration of DNA and RNA in Avian blood and Protozoa. Biochemical tests for carbohydrates and proteins, lipids. Plasmolysis and deplasmolysis in blood cells. Protein digestion by enzyme pepsin. Gram staining of bacteria and study of fungus. Study of mitosis in onion root tip. Study of meiosis in Grasshopper testis.
Recommended Books:
1. Biology’ Campbell, N. A. 8th Ed. The Benjamin / Cummings Publishing Company Inc. New York. USA, 2008.
2. Holes’s Human Anatomy and Physiology, Shier, D., Bulter, J. and Lewis, R. McGraw- Hill International Edition. USA; 2007.
3. Molecular Biology through Questions, Self Assessment and Revie, Crossley, M. and Whitelaw, E. McGraw –Hill Book Company Pvt. Ltd., Australia , 1996.
4. Cells, Lewis, B., Cassimeris, L., Lingappa, V. R., Plopper, G. Jones and Bartlett Publishers. Canada, 2007.
5. Biology: a Human Emphasis, Starr, C. 5th Edetion. Wadsworth Group. USA, 2003.
COURSE 3
BASIC CHEMISTRY 3(2-1)
Objectives
The main objective of this course is to provide a basic knowledge and understanding of chemistry and principles of chemical reactions. The course not only provides excellent practice in basic chemistry, but also allows the rigorous development of experimental schemes and analysis methods, relying on physical chemistry and analytical reasoning.
Course Outlines
Chemical Bonding, periodic tables with emphasis on heavy metals. Ionic, covalent, coordinate covalent bond. Radioactivity and its environmental hazards. General chemistry of functional groups of organic compounds (alcohols, carbonyls, esters, carboxylic acids, amines). Aromatic compounds, ions, radicals. Photochemical reactions. Solution chemistry. Surface chemistry. Colloids chemistry. Thermodynamics and chemical kinetics.
Lab Work
Preparation of molar, molal, normal solutions/buffers. Osmosis and Dialysis. Paper Chromatography (one and two dimensional), Thin layer chromatography, Column chromatography. Measurement of pH, EC and TDS in waste water. Use of titrimetric and gravimetric analysis. Use of spectrophotometric techniques.
Recommended Books:
1. Principles of Environmental Chemistry, Girard, J.E., 1st Ed. Jones and Barlett, USA, 2005.
2. An Introduction to Environmental Chemistry, Andrews, J.E., Brimblecombe, P., Jickells, T.D., Liss, P.S. and Reid, B.J., 2nd Edition. Blackwell Science, UK, 2004.
3. Fundamentals of Analytical Chemistry, Skoog, D.A., West, D.M. and Holler, F.J., 8th Edition. Thomson and Brooks, Canada, 2004.
4. Understanding Environmental Pollution, Hill, M.K., 2nd Edition. Cambridge University Press, UK, 2004.
5. Qualitative Chemical Analysis, Harris, D.C., 6th Edition. W.H. Freeman and Company, USA, 2003.
COURSE 4
Mathematics-I 3(3-0)
Objectives
The course provides foundation of mathematics for the degree programme in Environmental Sciences. The students will be able to understand and apply basic principles in practical field. They will be equipped with the knowledge of basic principles of Algebra, Arithmetic and Trigonometry
Course Outlines
Elementary Concepts: Real numbers and subsets of real numbers, real line, coordinate Geometry: Elementary concepts of Cartesian coordinates in the plane, increment in variable and distance between two points in plane, graphs, straight line and related concepts, equations of lines (linear equations). Equations and their solutions: Quadratic equations and their solutions by factorizat completing squares and quadratic formula, simultaneous equations and their solutions. Sequence and series: Arithmetic, geometric and harmonic sequence, series and means.Special Products (Binomial Expression), Binomial theorem (Simple applications). Trigonometry: Radian and degree measure of angles, concepts of six basic trigonometric functions, values of trigonometric functions, basic trigonometric formulas (without derivations), angle-sum formula, double angle formulas, law of Cosines. Matrices and Determinants: Matrix. Algebra of matrices, determinants, minor and cofactor of a matrix, expansion of determinants, Cramer’s Rule. Differentiation: Basic formulas of differentiations, theorems on differentiation (sum, difference, product and quotient rules without derivations), Chain rule, derivative of six basic trigonometric functions. Partial Fractions: Repeated linear factors, nonrepeated linear factors, irreducible quadratic factors. Integration: Formulas of integration, theorem of integration, by parts integration (simple applications).
Recommended Books:
1. Calculus and Analytical Geometry, 10th Ed. Thomas, G.B. Jr. and Finney, R. L. Addission- Wesley.
2. Trignometry for College students. 4th Ed. Smith, K. J. Brooks/Cole Publishing Company, Pacific Grove, California.
3. Analytical Geometry, Abraham, S., Scott Foresman and Company.
4. Analytical Geometry of Two Dimension, Chatterjee, D., Narosa Publishing House, New Delhi, 1999.
COURSE 5
English-I (Functional English) 3(3-0)
Annexure - A
COURSE 6
Pakistan Studies (Compulsory)
Annexure - B
SEMESTER 2
COURSE 7
Introduction to Earth Sciences 3(2-1)
Objectives
This course aims to provide knowledge about the basic concepts of geology and geography. This will help the student to get the knowledge about different types of rocks and minerals, the processes of their formation, different earth processes like mountain buildings, earthquakes, weathering and erosion. The students will also be introduced to work with different type of maps and GPS system.
Course Outlines
Introduction and scope of geology and geography, its importance and relationship with other sciences with special reference to environment. Earth as a member of solar system; its origin, age, composition and its internal structure. Basic principles of stratigraphy and sedimentation. Introduction to rocks and minerals. Introduction to sedimentary, igneous and metamorphic rocks; plate tectonics, mountain building, earthquakes and volcanoes. Introduction to folds, faults, joints, cleavages, foliation, lineation and unconformities. Weathering, erosion and related landforms. Fossils and their significance. Geological time scale and life through geological ages.
Lab Work
Study of earth relief features with the help of topographical models and thematic maps.Identification of rocks and minerals. Use of brunton compass and GPS. Field Study tour.
Recommended Books:
1. Earth: An Introduction to Physical Geology, Tarbuck, E. J., Lutgens, F. K., and Tasa, D., 9th Edition, Prentice Hall; 2007
2. Historical geology: Evolution of Earth and Life Through Time, Wicander, R., and Monroe, J., 5th Edition, Brooks/Cole, 2007
3. Earth Science, Tarbuck, E. J., Lutgens, F. K., and Tasa, D., 11th Edition, Prentice Hall, 2005.
4. Foundations of Structural Biology. Park. R. G. 3rd Edition, Routledge, 2004.
5. How Does Earth Work; Physical Geology and Process of Science. Smith, G. and Pun, A., Prentice Hall: 2006.
COURSE 8
BIOLOGY - II 3 (2-1)
Objectives
This course aims to introduce the biosphere and its evolution. It describes the origin of taxonomic categories and explains biodiversity with special reference to decline and extinction of species and conservation.
Course Outlines
Introduction: Biosphere and biological resources. Evolution of biosphere: Origin of life, protocell formation, unicellularity, multicellularity. Origin of taxonomy: Origin of species, taxonomic categories and modern criteria of classification, different classification systems. Life in sea, invasion of life on land, Geological time chart with biodiversity. Evolution as a force in diversity of life: Overview of earlier theories, Lamarckism, Darwinism, modern concepts. Diversity of life and ecological factors: Homeostasis, crucial for organisms’ sustainability, environmental changes and the basis of homeostasis in organisms; examples of adjustments in varied environment, interactions among diversified life. Biodiversity: Elements of biodiversity, molecular basis of biodiversity, measuring biodiversity, Geographical aspects of biodiversity. Extinction: Ecological extinction and extirpation, causes of extinction, population loss and decline, biodiversity crises, consequences of losing biodiversity.
Lab Work
Biodiversity studies in botanical and zoological gardens (plants, animals). Studies on structural diversity in plants and animals and their adaptation to their habitat. Biodiversity of canal, river / stream bank and microscopic biodiversity of its water. Biodiversity of hilly areas. Biodiversity of deserts. Classification and general survey of animal and plant kingdom (Museum studies)
Recommended Books:
1. The Biosphere, Bradbury, I. K., John Wiley and Sons. Inc. UK, 2009.
2. Biology, a Human Emphasis. Starr, C. 5th Edition. Wadsworth Group. USA, 2003.
3. Biodiversity (An Introduction). Gaston, K. J. and Spicer, J. I, 2nd Edition. Blackwell Science Ltd. UK, 2000.
COURSE 9
STATISTICS 3 (3-0)
Annexure - E
COURSE 10
ENVIRONMENTAL ANTHROPOLOGY 3 (3-0)
Objectives
Environmental Anthropology is the study of applied action and/or advocacy research to address practical environmental problems, and concerns. The course will emphasize how anthropologists work and the students will also learn the use of anthropology in handling some of these issues and therefore application will frame much of our class discussions.
Course Outlines
Relationship between environment, culture and society. Goals and expectations. Scope and application. Conceptualizing environment. Tripartite nature of environment. Understanding the environment-human relationship. Chronological. Perspective of human-environment evolution. Contemporary environmental status. Consumption, globalization and environmental issues. Science and the globalization of environmental discourse. The Ecology of global consumer culture. Ecotourism’s impact on the environment. Contemporary environment issues and debate. Use of environment for vested interest. power & hegemony.
Recommended Books:
1. Environmental Risks and the Media, Adam, Allan & Carter., Routledge, UK, 2009.
2. New Directions in Anthropology and Environment: Intersections, Crumley, C. L. (editor). Walnut Creek, CA: AltaMira Press, 2001.
3. The Environment in Anthropology: A Reader in Ecology, Culture, and Sustainable Living. Hannen, Nora and Wilk, R. (editors). New York: New York University Press, 2006.
4. Environmental Anthropology: From Pigs to Policies. Townsend, P.K. Prospect Heights, IL:WavelandPress, Inc. 2005.
5. Environmentalism and anthropology: Exploring the role of anthropology in environmental discourse. Milton, K., Rutledge.,London 1996.
6. Nature across cultures: Views of nature and the environment in non-western cultures. Selin,H. Ed. Kluwer Academic Publishers. 2003.
COURSE 11
English-11 (Communication Skills) 3(3-0)
Annexure - A
COURSE 12
ISLAMIC STUDIES 2 (2-0)
(Compulsory)
Annexure - C
SEMESTER 3
COURSE 13
INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER 3(3-0)
Objectives
This course will introduce the students to the basics of computer science including computer components, computer programs and basic applications.
Course Outlines
Definition, Types and classification of computers. Hardware: Input Hardware, Storage hardware, processing hardware, output hardware. Software: Application software, system software, software packages, Operating system (Windows), internet, e-mail, Local Area Network, Configurations, Introduction to MS-Word, Ms-Excel, Ms-Power Point, Ms-Access.
Recommended Books:
1. Fundamentals of computer,6th Ed. Long l, Long N,
2. Courter, G, Marquis A,1999,Microsoft office 2000,BPB publication
COURSE 14
ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY 3(3-0)
Objectives
This course aims to extend the fundamental knowledge of various pollutants and its interactions with environment. After reviewing basic chemical concepts of environmental chemistry, it can have more advanced and contemporary applications including ozone depletion, physiochemical and biological treatment of pollutants and green chemistry. The chemistry of processes of the atmosphere, lithosphere and hydrosphere are covered in detail and the effects of pollutants on each of these chemical processes are extensively considered, as are their effects on the biosphere.
Course Outlines
Concept and scope of environmental chemistry. Chemical reactions, kinetics and mechanism concerning to organic and inorganic pollutants. Fundamentals of aquatic, atmospheric and soil chemistry. Fate of pollutants in environment; their sources and toxic actions. Acid rain and chemistry of stone cancer. Green house effect and its effects on biological systems. Ozone chemistry, its causes and adverse effects on environment. Environmental impact of various industries.
Recommended Books:
1. Environmental Chemistry. Ibanez, J.G., Hernandez-Esparza, M., Doria-Serrano, C., Fregoso-Infante, A. and Singh, M.M., Springer, Germany. 2008.
2. Principles of Environmental Chemistry, Girard, J.E., 1st Edition. Jones and Barlett, USA, 2005.
3. An Introduction to Environmental Chemistry, Andrews, J.E., Brimblecombe, P., Jickells, T.D., Liss, P.S. and Reid, B.J., 2nd Edition. Blackwell Science, UK, 2004.
4. Environmental Science, Miller, G.T., Thomson-Brooks, Canada, 2004.
5. Environmental Chemistry, Samir, K., Banerji Prentice Hall of India, India, 1999.
COURSE 15
ENVIRONMENTAL PHYSICS 3 (2-1)
Objectives
The course will provide an introduction to the physical principles that underlie environmental issues and their relationship with different types of interactions with energy and matter.
Course Outlines
Introduction to environmental physics, Global climate and climatic change, Solar spectrum, interaction of light with matter, Ozone and UV light, Energy; trophic level, photosynthesis, Entropy, Energy conversion. Heat radiation and heat transfer, Nuclear energy, Transport of pollutants, Diffusion, Conversion of mass, Solids, Liquids and Gasses, Equations of fluid dynamics, Turbulence, Turbulent diffusion, Gaussian plumes in the air, Turbulent jets and plumes, Particle physics, Sound and Noise, Basic acoustics, Human perceptions and noise criteria, Reducing the transmission of sound, Active control of sound, Radioactivity and nuclear physics, Isotopes and radioactive decay, Electromagnetic radiation, Scientific notations and mathematical hints for basic concepts.
Lab Work
Study of the spectrum of light. Structure and function of spectrophotometer for absorption and transmission of light. Measurement and comparison of the light intensity at different locations and times using lux meter. Measurement the noise level at different location to assess the noise pollution using sound level meter. Collection of particulate matter and its measurements by gravimetric methods. Field visit.
Recommended Books:
1. Introductory Environmental Physics, Boeker, E. and Van Grondelle, R. John Wiley and Sons Inc. New York, USA, 2001.
2. Environmental Physics, Smith. C. Routledge, Kentucky USA; 2001.
3. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics: From Air Pollution to Climate Change, Seinfeld, J. H. and Pandis, S. N. John Wiley and Sons Inc. USA, 2006.
4. Physics of the Environment and Climate, Guyot, G. Praxis publishing. UK,1998.
COURSE 16
INTRODUCTORY ECONOMICS 3(3-0)
Objectives
The course aims to introduce the fundamental concepts of economics and provide understanding about economic development and economic growth. It discusses the impacts of economic activity on environment and sustainable development.
Course Outlines
Introduction to economics; scope and fundamental concepts of Economics: Consumer behavior, Producer behavior, and Resource allocation. Optimum utilization of resources from consumer, producer and community point of view.Economic development, economic progress, economic growth, economic welfare and difference among all. Man environmental relationship, Impact of economic activity on environment, Sustainable development, Measures for sustainable development. Sustainable development in developed and developing countries. Pakistan economic context: National income, concepts and measurement, Growth and development, poverty, Growth and Environment.
Environmental economics, Economic management and environmental quality, economic growth and its measurement, population and environmental quality, Natural resources and the economy, interaction between ecology and economic management. Economic functions of environment.
Recommended Books:
1. Economic Development, Todaro, M. P., 7th Ed. Wesely Publishers. USA, 2008.
2. Development Economics through the Decades: A Critical Look at 30 Years of the World Development Repor, Yusuf, S. The World Bank's annual World Development Report. World Bank Publications. USA, 2008.
3. World Development Report 2009: Reshaping Economic Geography. World Bank Publications. USA, 2008.
4. Environmental Economics in Theory and Practice. Hanley, N., Shogren, J. and White, B. Palgrave Macmillan. USA, 2007.
COURSE 17
English – III (Technical Writing & Presentation Skills) 3 (3-0)
Annexure - A
COURS 18
PHILOSOPHY 3(3-0)
Objectives
To train students on the philosophy related to environment includes Basic concepts and uses of philosophical approaches for solution of environmental problems.
Course Outlines
Definition of philosophy, concepts and approaches. Ancient and modern philosophy an overview. Natural philosophy, Environmental philosophy and ethics; Introduction to ethical theory, Environmental philosophy and study of environment and environmental resources. Environmental Critics of agriculture, the ethics of soil. Economics, ethics and ecology.
Recommended Books:
1. The Environmental Ethics and Policy Book: Philosophy, Ecology, DeVeer, D.V., & Pierce, C. International Thomson Publishing, London, WCIV7AA, England, 2002.
2. Encyclopedia of environmental ethics and philosophy. Callicott, J. B., Frodeman, R. Farmington Hills, MI: Macmillan Reference USA/Gale, 2009.
3. A History of Western Philosophy. Russell, B. Touchstone Books, Portland 1967.
4. First Lessons on Natural Philosophy. Swift, M.A., Kessinger Publishing, LLC. 2008.
SEMESTER 4
COURSE 19
FUNDAMENALS OF ECOLOGY 3 (3-0)
Objectives
To develop an understanding in the about ecology, its fundamental concepts, description of population, community, Ecosystem and its types, biogeography, and systems ecology.
Course Outlines
Introduction, branches of ecology, levels of ecological organization, species, population, community and ecosystem, role of light, soil, water, temperature, topography and air as ecological factors, biotic factors, Concepts of Limiting factors, habitat and niche.
Populations; Population distribution and abundance, population dynamics, distribution limits, carrying capacity and environmental resistance
Community: organization, various concepts of community, community dynamics.
Ecosystem: structure and function, energy flow and material cycling within ecosystem. Biomes of the world, characteristics of urban, agricultural and industrial ecosystems.
Terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems in Pakistan, their distribution and potential threats to these ecosystems, plant geography and animal distribution.
Ecological production: primary and secondary productivity, productivity of different ecosystems, Systems ecology, ecological modeling, landscape ecology, landscape changes and their importance.
Recommended Books
1. Ecology (principles and applications). Chapman, J.L and Reiss, M J. 1st Ed. Cambridge University Press, UK, 1992.
2. Fundamentals of Ecology. Odum, E P. and Barett, G.W. 5th Ed.
Thomson Brooks/Cole, 2004.
3. Ecology (concepts and applications.) Moles, M C J 1st ed. WCB/McGraw-Hill. New York, 1999
4. Fundamentals of Ecology. Dash, M. C. Tata McGraw-Hill. New Delhi. 2001
5. Biogeography (an ecological and evolutionary approach).Cox, C. B. and More, J. 6th Ed. King’s College London, UK. 2000.
COURSE 20
Environmental Microbiology 3(2-1)
Objectives
This course will provide an awareness and understanding to the students about the role of microorganisms in the environment. After completion of this course, students will be able to understand the significance, role and application of microorganisms in the environment.
Course Outlines
Introduction and historical perspective of environmental microbiology. Introduction and general characteristics of archaea, bacteria and eukarya. Microbial metabolism. Microbiology of terrestrial environments, aquatic microbiology, aero-microbiology and food microbiology. Biogeochemical cycles of C, N, P, and S, with special emphasis on their environmental impact. Biodegradation and bioremediation of organic and inorganic pollutants.
Lab Work
Introduction to basic techniques for sterilization/disinfection, isolation, purification and preservation; Dilution plate technique, Mean plate count, Enumeration of coliform bacteria from drinking water.
Recommended Books
1. Environmental Microbiology, Maier, F.M., Pepper, I.L. and Gerba, C.P. 2nd Edition, Academic Press, London, UK, 2009.
2. Principles and Applications of Soil Microbiology, Sylvia, D.M., Fuhrmann, J.J., Hartel, P.G. and Zuberer, D.A. Prentice Hall, New Jersey, USA, 2005.
3. Microbiology, Prescott, L.M., Harley, J.P. and Klein, D.A. McGraw Hill Inc., USA, 2007.
4. Manual of Environmental Microbiology, Hurrst, C.J., Crawford, R.L., Knudsen, G.R., McInernery, M.J. and Stetzenbach, L.D. American Society for Microbiology, Washington DC, USA, 2002.
5. Environmental Microbiology: A Laboratory Manual, peppor,I.L.,Gerba,C.P.and Brendecke,J.W. and Jeffery, W.B. Academic Press, USA, 1995.
COURSE 21
ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION 3 (3-0)
Objectives
The course is focused on introducing environmental pollution, its sources and their effects. It will also cover the existing laws related to pollutants in Pakistan and the conventions ratified internationally.
Course Outline
Introduction to Environmental pollution; Types of Environmental pollution: Air, Water, Soil, Noise, Marine & Industrial pollution; Chemistry of Environmental Pollution; Fate of Environmental Pollutants; Characteristics of Domestic & Industrial effluents; Effects of Pollutants; Human & other living organisms; Treatment Technologies for Pollutants: Industrial & Domestic; Solid Waste generation, Collection, transportation & treatments; Hazardous Waste Management & Disposal; Monitoring of Environmental Pollution; Pollution Control Strategies; Environmental Laws: Pollutants Guidelines; International Protocols (BASAL Convention); Case Studies.
Recommended Books:
1. Understanding Environmental Pollution, Hill, M.K., 2nd Edition. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge UK, 2005.
2. Environmental Pollution and Control. Peiece, J.J., Weiner, R.F.,and Vesilaind, P.A. 4th Edition, Butterworth-Heinemann, (Elsevier) USA,1998.
3. Environmental Contaminants: Assessment & Control Dairel, A.V., Academic Press, USA, 2005.
4. Handbook of Industrial Waste Treatment, Lawrance K.W., Marcel Dekkar, 1992.
5. Standard Methods for the Examination of Water & Wastewater. American Public Health Association (APHA), 2003.
COURSE 22
CLIMATOLOGY 3 (3-0)
Objectives
The objective of this course is to provide know-how regarding Earth's climate and weather systems, processes and the relationships between the atmosphere and climate. Concepts of climate of Pakistan will also be provided.
Course outlines
Introduction to Climatology and a brief History, Four Spheres of the Earth, Weather and Climate, Vertical structure of the Atmosphere, Heat and the Earth's atmosphere, Radiation and climate, Solar radiations, Mechanism of heat transfer, The Hydrologic cycle, condensation and cloud Formation, Cloud Classification, Clouds and vertical motion in the atmosphere, air pressure, Factors affecting air Pressure, Surface winds, local winds, global circulation, The climate of Pakistan, concept of Seasons in the classification of climate, climatic zones of Pakistan.
Recommended Books:
1. The Physics of Atmospheres, Houghton J, Cambridge University Press, 2002.
2. Climatology, A. Austin Miller, 9th Edition SHUBHI Publications.
3. The Atmosphere, Lutgens.F.K., Tarbuck.E.J., 6th Edition.
4. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics - From Air Pollution to Climate Change Seinfeld, John H.; Pandis, Spyros, N. - 2nd Editions. John Wiley and Sons, 2006
5. The Meteorology of Pakistan: The climate and weathers of Pakistan. Shamshad, K.M. Royal book company, Sadder, Karachi, 1988.
COURSE 23
PSYCHOLOGY 3(3-0)
Objective
This course will give the basic knowledge to students about psychology and its applications and uses in the field of environmental sciences.
Course Outlines
Introduction to psychology, Use and application of psychology in the world today (with special reference to Pakistan). A brief historical background and schools of psychology. Methods of psychology. Environmental psychology; characteristics and research methods. Environmental perception and cognition. Theories of behaviors and behaviors relationship, Environmental psychological concerns related to weather and climate change. Psychological theories about disasters and primary and secondary victims and impacts. High population density and psychological impacts.
Recommended Books:
1. Environmental Psychology. 5th Edition. Bell, P.A., Greene, T.C., Fisher J.D. and Baum A. Taylor and Francis Group Publisher. CRC Press, Routledge, London. 2001.
2. Fundamental of Psychology. Eysenck, M.W. Taylor and Francis Group Publisher. CRC Press, Routledge, London, 1992.
COURSE 24
ENGLISH-IV/ (University Optional )
SEMESTER 5
COURSE 25
APPLIED ECOLOGY 3(3-0)
Objectives
This course will make the students aware of the concepts of applied ecology and understand some major environmental issues such as global climate change, sustainable agriculture, conservation of resources in ecological perspectives, their management and ecological restoration.
Course Outline
Introduction, Background and scope, Application of ecological knowledge in solving different environmental issues, energy and carbon balance, solar radiation and primary production, carbon dioxide and global climate change, Effect of increased carbon dioxide concentration on agriculture. Ecology of food production; Sustainable agricultural practices, Sustainable livestock management practices. Water as an ecological resource, Water and distribution of species, Water resources of the world and Pakistan, Future water scenario of Pakistan, threats and mitigation, limitation of irrigated agriculture, Soil as a natural resource, soil resources of Pakistan, soil salinity and water logging, soil erosion and conservation. Pollution control through Ecology, basic concepts about pollutant transfer in plant and animals, species response to pollutants, Pyto-remediation and bio-remediation. Conservation and management of forests and rangelands in Pakistan; Management of aquatic ecosystems (marine, rivers, wetlands etc) with special emphasis on Pakistan, Ecological restoration, concepts, techniques and methods of restoration, Restoration of derelict lands, forests and ecosystems affected by invasive species.
Recommended Books:
1. Applied Ecology and Environmental Management. Newman. E.I. 2nd ed. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford. 2000
2. Fundamentals of Ecology, Odum E.P. and Barett, G.W. 5th Edition. Thomson Brooks/Cole, 2004.
3. Soil Science. Rashid, A. and Memon, K.S.,National Book Foundation, Islamabad, 1996.
4. Foundations of Restoration Ecology. Falk, D.A., Margaret A., P., Zedler, J. B. and Hobbs, R. J. Island Press, USA. 2006.
Studies in Pakistan Geography, Israr-ud-Din, University of Peshawar. Peshawar,1998.
5. Pakistan’s Environment. Mumtaz, K and Habib, A. Shirkat Gah, Lahore, 1989.
COURSE 26
ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 3 (2-1)
Objectives
The course will introduce the concepts of adverse toxic effects of environmental chemicals, from natural and anthropogenic sources, on human and other living organisms. The course is focused on providing knowledge related to toxic chemicals in air, water and soil, dose response relationship in living organisms, short term (acute) and long-term (chronic) effects on organ system, their containment and control strategies.
Course Outlines
Introduction to Toxicology: History, toxicology of chemicals; terminologies: Poisons, toxins vs toxicants, Anthropogenic chemicals as toxicants; Classification of environmental toxicants: Natural & anthropogenic; toxicological agents and their types based on chemical structures, biological effects, long-term (Chronic) & short-term (Acute) effects; Chemical interactions and their types, Synergism, Potentiation and Addition; dose and dose response relationship: Threshold limit for chemicals, toxins & toxicants; Toxicity: Types and its measurement; Organs, Organ system and effects of toxicants on Organ system; Bioaccumulation and biomagnifications; Toxicant metabolism and accumulation in body organs and pathways; Response of the body systems to toxicological agents; Immunological considerations in toxicology; Toxicological testing techniques: in vitro & in vivo techniques, toxicity screening using microbial systems; Risks and their characterization: risk assessment and management
Laboratory Work
Determination of chemicals in water, soil and air samples; Determination of chemicals in biological samples; Determination of Interaction of chemicals; Dose-response relationship: developing a D/R Curves for chemicals in ling organisms, Toxicological Testing: Acute & Chronic Toxicity Testing, in vivo & in vitro assays;
Recommended Books
1. Essentials of Environmental Toxicology, Hughes, W. Williams, CRC Press Llc; 1st Edition, 1996.
3. Casarrett & Doull’s Toxicology- Science of Poisons , Klassen, W.D., 5th Edition, McGrawhill, USA, 2005
2. Environmental Toxicants (Human exposure and their Health Effects) Lippmann, M, 1st Edition. Van Nostrand and Reinhold New York, USA. 1992.
3. General and Applied Toxicology, Ballantyne, B.M, T and Turner, P. (ed.), Vol.1 & 2, Macmillan Press Ltd. USA, 1993.
COURSE 27
ENVIRONMENTAL PROFILE OF PAKISTAN 3(3-0)
Objectives
To provide students with a comprehensive knowledge about the environmental resource base of Pakistan in order to learn its efficient utilization for sustainable development.
Course Outlines
Introduction to history, land, geography, people, culture, health, education; Ecological: ecological zones, major ecosystems, topographic zones; Economic: agriculture, industry, water resources, urbanization and pollution.
Recommended Books
1. State of the Environment-Pakistan , Government of Pakistan,2005
2. Environmental Profile of Pakistan, 1989
COURSE 28
ENVIRONMENTAL ECONOMICS 3(3-0)
Objectives
This course is expected to educate the students the role of economics in achieving sustainable development.
Course Outlines
Introduction, the economy and the environment, First and Second law of Thermodynamics, economic aspects of different environmental problems, pollution control-a general model, estimation of economic losses due to pollution and their abatement, valuing the environment and cost-benefit analysis, measuring environmental benefits, economic development and the environment, the economic benefits of different environmental resources, the environmental aspects of different international economic agreements, clean development mechanism, international trade and the environment.
Recommended Books:
1. Environmental Economics: An Introduction. Field, B.C.and Field, M.K. 3rd Edition McGraw-Hill/Irwin,UK,2002.
2. Environmental Economics. Kolstad, C.D. Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2000.
3. Environmental economics: An elementary introduction. Turner,R.K., Pearce, D.W. and Batemen, I. Johns Hopkins University Press, USA, 1993.
COURSE 29
ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES IN ENVIRONMENTAL
SCIENCE 3(1-2)
Objectives
The course will educate the students about different types of solutions, instruments & analytical procedures and their skills about practical aspects of environmental science will become more productive.
Course Outlines
Quality assurance in an Environmental Science laboratory. Biomarkers in environmental assessment. Purposes and designs of environmental sampling. Sample preservation methods. Standard solutions and standard curves. Instrumentations: principles and procedure for Potentiometery, Conductivitymetry, Titrimetery, Gravimetery, Spectroscopy and Chromatography.
Lab Work
S.I. and derived S.I. units. Sample collection, handling, preparation and storage.
Analytical techniques for soil, water and plant analysis. Data interpretation for quality control, precision and accuracy. Preparation of Standard solutions and Standard curve. Use of Potentiometery, Conductivitymetry, Titrimetery, Gravimetery, Spectroscopy and Chromatography for the analysis of environmental samples. Determination of chemical characteristics of water and waste water (pH, All Solids, BOD, COD, Fluoride, NO3–N & NH4-N), soil (NPK and organic matter contents, salinity & sodicity).
Recommended Books:
1. Fundamentals of Analytical Chemistry, 8th Edition. Skoog, D. A., West, D. M. and F. J. Holler. Thomson and Brooks,2004.
2. Standard Methods for the Examination of Water & Wastewater. A Greenberg (American Public Health Association), 2005.
3. Qualitative Chemical Analysis. 6th Edition. Harris, D. C., Freeman & Co., New York, 2003.
4. Soil Analysis: An Interpretation Manual. Peverill, K.L., L.A. Sparrow and D.J. Reuter. CSIRO Publ., Collingwood, Australia, 1999.
COURSE 30
ELECTIVE-I
SEMESTER 6
COURSE 31
ENVIRONMENTAL BIOTECHN OLOGY 3(2-1)
Objectives
This course will provide sound technical foundation for using biotechnology in solving environmental issues and cleanup of the polluted environments. After completion of this course, students will be able to understand the significance, and application of biotechnology in the environment.
Course Outlines
Introduction, Tools in environmental biotechnology; Introduction to microbial kinetics, Biomarkers, Biosensor- living organisms and biomolecules as sensor of environmental pollution, bioremediation and phytoremediation of contaminated environment, Bioreactors, Biotechnology and biosafety issue/global concerns, Possible influence of transgenic crops on non-target organisms, Key elements and components of biosafety regulatory systems, Ethic and legal problems in creations and use of transgenic plants.
Lab Work
Introduction to basic molecular techniques; Isolation, purification and preservation of DNA, Recombinant DNA technology, PCR. Transgenic safety protocols and field testing procedures.
Recommended Books
1. Environmental Biotechnology: Concepts and Applications, Hans-Joachim, J. and Josef, W. (ed.). Wiley-VCH Verlag, Germany, 2005.
2. Environmental Biotechnology, Scragg, A. 2nd Ed. Oxford University Press, USA, 2007.
3. Biotechnology, Smith, J.E., 5th Ed. Cambridge University Press, New York, USA, 2009.
4. National Biosafety Guidelines. National Biotechnology Commission, Government of Pakistan. 2005.
Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, Sambrook, J. and Russel, D.W. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, New York, USA, 2001.
Basic Molecular biology: Essential techniques, Derbre,P.D., JohnWiley and Sons Ltd. Chichoster, England,1999.
COURSE 32
Geographic information system& REMOTE
SENSING 3(2-1)
Objectives
The main objectives of the GIS/RS are to maximize the efficiency of decision making and planning, provide efficient means for data distribution and handling, eradication of the duplicated data, integration of information from many sources. Geographical information system (GIS) and remote sensing (RS) had been one of the key subprojects envisaged in the National Information System. The attempts of a digital description of that world create a computerized GIS which is usually a partial description of the world in relation with some feature tasks.
Course Outlines
Fundamentals of Remote Sensing. History and data collection, advantages and limitations of process. Energy Sources, energy matter interaction in the atmosphere. Aerial photography, history and platforms. Active and Passive remote sensing. Remote sensing of vegetation and landscape. Introduction to Photogrammetry, Satellite Imageries, Image Processing, Interpretation, Preparation of thematic maps.
Fundamental of Geographic Information System(GIS). Iontegration with other technologies and its importance. Data acquisition, analysis and output. Types of data used in GIS. Cartography, map projection and coordinate systems. GIS applications in: Environmental protection and resource conservation, Environmental Impact Assessment(EIA), Agriculture, Forestry, Fishery and wildlife. Introduction to relevant Pakistani Institutions working in GIS.
Lab Work
Introduction to ArcView, Data entry and output. Using and reading GPS in field. Different types of maps. Reading maps (Maps characteristics)
Recommended Books:
1. A Primer of GIS-fundamentals Geographic and Cartographic Concepts.
Harvey, F. Guilfoud press New York, 2009.
2. Dynamic Earth Environmental Remote Sensing Observations from shuttle Mission. Lulla, K and L. V. Dessinov. John Wiley and Sons. Inc. 2000.
3. Introduction to GIS. Campbell. Mc Graw Hill Education. 2008.
4. Remote Sensing of the environment: An Earth perspective. Jensen, R. Pearsons Education, Inc. 2000.
5. Remote Sensing for the Earth Sciences. A. Z. Rancez. John Wiley and Sons. Inc. 1999.
COURSE 33
ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS 3(2-1)
Objectives
This course will educate students about the Environmental Management Systems and how they lead environmental benefits, and will help to learn waste minimization methods and principles of cleaner production.
Course Outline
Introduction to Environmental Management Systems (EMS), Introduction of ISO 14000 series of standards and their role in environmental management, Environmental Management Systems Principles, Certification of EMS, Environmental Management tools, Environmental Economy, Environmental/social Auditing procedures and reporting processes, Environmental aspects and impacts, Environment and sustainable development, Methods of environmental protection, Related Environmental legislation, standards and guidelines, principles of Cleaner production, tools of sustainable consumption and production (eco label, eco-design, cleaner technologies, etc.), Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR).
Lab Work
Industrial Field Trip
Recommended Books:
1. Environmental Management Systems: An Implementation Guide for Small and Medium-Sized Organizations: NSF International Ann Arbor, Michigan, 2001.
2. Environmental Management Systems: General Guidelines on Principles, Systems and Support Techniques. American Society for Quality, International Organization for Standardization.2nd Ed., American Society for Quality, 2005.
3. Environmental Management Systems: A step-by-step Guide to Implementation and Maintenance, Sheldon,C. and Yoxon, M.,3rd Edition . 2006.
4. EMAS Environmental Management and Auditing Systems: A Practical Guide for the Development and Implementation of an Effective Environmental Management System. Khan, A. B. and Qasim, M. F., WWF Pakistan, 1998.
COURSE 34
BIODIVERSITY AND CONSERVATION 3(3-0)
Objectives
The objective of this course is to familiarize the students with different forms of biodiversity, threats to biodiversity and its conservation.
Course Outlines
Introduction, types of biodiversity, alpha and beta diversity, philosophical, ecological, economic, social and ethical values of biodiversity, plant, animal and microbial resources of world and Pakistan, threats to biodiversity, hot spots of biodiversity, Conservation of biodiversity, need and approach; conservation at species, population, community and ecosystem level; conservation strategies, in-situ and ex-situ conservation, Conservation of wildlife, plants, forests; conservation in man-made ecosystems, croplands, cities, role of protected areas and ecological corridors in conservation, Legal protection of species, habitats, national and international laws and regulations, international agreements, protected areas, their categories, management, ecotourism, conservation and livelihood, National Conservation Strategy of Pakistan, role of traditional knowledge in conservation.
Recommended Books:
1. A Primer for Conservation Biology. 2ndEd. Sinauer, P.R.B. Associates Inc. Publ. Sunderland. 2000.
2. Biogeography, Cox, C.B. and Morre, P.D., Kings College, London., 2000.
3. Illustrated Handbook of Biodiversity of Pakistan. Mirza, Z.B., Saad Printers, Rawalpindi, 1998.
COURSE 35
ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING 3(3-0)
Objectives
This course aims to provide information of techniques used in environmental monitoring and evaluation of different standards of environmental factors i.e. air, water, soil and living organisms.
Course Outlines
Introduction, objectives of sampling and monitoring programme, design and types of samples, presampling requirements/information, sampling and design purposes, regulatory purposes for NEQS compliance, EIA requirement, NOC for plant operation, Determination of concentration and distribution of a specific pollutant environment sampling techniques. Quality assurance and quality control, Planning analytic protocols quality assurance programmes, quality control sampling. Considerations, quality assessment, field custody, laboratory custody. Preservation methods including pH control, chemical addition, refrigeration and freezing methods. Biological indicators for environmental monitoring, role of biomarkers in environmental assessment.
Lab Work
Sampling techniques (air, water and soil) for physical and chemical monitoring, Study the indicators for biological monitoring of the river and canal water, the indicators for ecological monitoring in the field for fauna and flora, Use of various instrumental techniques for analysis of samples, Field visit/ study tour to water testing laboratory/local water authority and report writing, Visit to EPD for the study of air and water monitoring procedures, Report on monitoring of municipal waste in the city, Visit to GIS laboratory (WWF-Pakistan, Lahore).
Recommended Books:
1. Environmental Monitoring Handbook, Burden, F. R, McKlivie, I. D., Forstner U. and Guethner. (eds.) McGraw-Hill,USA, 2002.
2. Animal Biomarker as pollution indicators: Ecotoxicology Series 1. Peakall, D. Chapman and Hall. USA, 1992.
3. A Guide for the technical Evaluation of Environmental Data, Korte, N. Technomic Publishing Company Inc. USA,1999.
5. Environmental Chemistry. Manahan, S. E. Lewis Publisher London, UK, 2000.
6. Remote Sensing Note. 2nd Edition. Murai, S., Japan Association on Remote Sensing, Tokyo.1996.
7. Environmental Sampling and Analysis: A Practical Guide. Keith, L. H, 2002.
8. Earth Observation of Global Change. 2008. Chuviero, E. (ed) Springer, New York, USA, 2008.
COURSE 36
ELECTIVE-II
SEMESTER 7
COURSE 37
CLIMATE CHANGE 3 (3-0)
Objectives
The objectives of this course are to provide introduction to climate change, its causes and effects. Knowledge about the gases and process responsible for climate change will be given in this course. It will also discuss a variety of intriguing issues in Climate and Science that brings change due to human intervention. The course will help in understanding the scientific evidence supporting each topic and how it fits into the local, regional, and worldwide perspectives in terms of Climate Change.
Course Outlines
Introduction to the earth's climate: climate change, and the interactions between climate and the global environment; ; Electromagnetic Radiation and the Global Energy Budget; Energy and Temperature; Climate classifications: Köppen Global Climate; Global Climate Change: Causes & Consequences: Natural & Anthropogenic sources; Human responses to potential climate change; Recent Climate Change Indicators; Predicted changes to the physical world: Predicted changes to the biological world: range shifts, phenological changes, altered community structure, extinctions, human health, agriculture; Physical, chemical, biological, and social factors contributing to climate and global change; Moisture in the Atmosphere; Precipitation; Patterns in Winds and Pressure; The Measurement of Climate Change; The Causes of Climate Change: Global warming and greenhouse effect; Air Pollution and Acid Rain; Ozone depletion; Regional droughts and cataclysmic climate change; Types & Resources to produce Energy; Role of Energy Production in climate change: Fossil fuels, Hydrocarbons & their byproducts; Future Climates and the Consequences: Ground and Satellite Based Measurements Solutions & Alternates to man-made problems.
Recommended Books:
1. Climate Change - Causes, Effects, and Solutions, 1st Edition, Hardy, J. T., John Wiley & Sons, 2003.
2. Global Warming -The Complete Briefing by John T. Houghton. (3rd edition) Cambridge University Press, 2004.
3. Global Change and the earth system, Keith, A.(ed), Sringer, 2005.
4. Climate Impact and Adaptation Assessment A Guide to the IPCC Approach, Earthscan Publication Ltd, London, 2005.
5. Climate Change - Causes, Effects, and Solutions, Hardy, J.T., John Wiley & Sons, 2003.
6. Global Warming and Climate Change, Researchers at Carnegie Mellon University, 1994.
COURSE 38
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT 3(3-0)
Objectives
The aim of this course is to ensure that environmental factors are considered in the decision-making process of a development project, possible adverse environmental impacts are identified and avoided or minimized, and the public is informed about the project proposal
Course Outlines
Introduction, overview, principles and purposes of IEE and EIA and its significance to the society. Cost and benefits of EIA. Main stages in EIA process, law, policy and institutional arrangements for EIA systems, public involvement, screening, scoping, impact analysis, mitigation and impact management, reporting, review of EIA quality, decision-making to implement the project, project implementation and follow up, EIA project management, social impact assessment (SIA), National Environmental Quality Standards for air, liquid, solids, and noise, role of quality assurance and quality control in environmental analysis, EIA Regulations 2000 of Pakistan.
Recommended Books:
1. Environmental impact assessment: Guidelines by the Government of Pakistan, Ministry of Housing and Works, Islamabad; 1986.
2. Introduction to Environmental Impact Assessment, Glasson, J., Therivel, R., and Chadwick, A., Routledge, London, 2005.
3. Environmental Impact Assessment in Practice, Harrop, D.O. & Nixon, J.A., National Book Foundation, Islamabad, 2000.
4. Handbook of Environmental Impact Assessment (vol 1 & 2), Petts, J., (ed.). Blackwell, Oxford, 1999.
5. EIA Manual: Training Resource Manual, Sadler, B., & McCabe, M., (ed.), 2nd Edition, United Nations Environment Programme, 2002.
6. Environmental Impact Assessment for Developing Countries in Asia, Lohani, B., Evans, J., Everitt, R., Ludwig, H., Carpenter, R. and Tu, S., Asian Development Bank; 1997.
COURSE 39
NATURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT 3(3-0)
Objectives
To train students on the identification, occurrence and distribution of natural resources, their current status and threats. Use of interdisciplinary approach for sustainable management of the natural resources.
Course Outlines
Introduction: Non-renewable and renewable resources, Types, and existing situation in world in general while in Pakistan particularly. Wildlife: Management existing situation at national level, wildlife census, reasons for its decline and its possible remedies, existing management approaches, sustainable/trophy hunting projects and its role in local and national development, national and provincial legislation. Agricultural Resources Management: Existing situation of agriculture sector in Pakistan, agriculture products and their share in GDP, problem in agriculture, agriculture chemicals, their pros and cons, national agriculture policy, management options. Energy and Mineral Resources Management: present situation at national level, limitation in the future, best available option for future, solar power, wind power and nuclear power. Land use Planning and Management: evolution of land use planning, review of land use plans developed by the various organizations, field visit to develop a land use plan for selected area.
Development of Management Plan: needs, requirement, process and contents of the management plan. Watershed management: Importance basic principles, methodologies, national example, forest types and its existing management. Rangeland Management: existing status, importance, threats, causes and methods for its improvement. Water Resources Management: Available waters resources, threat and its causes, effective management. Fisheries Management: Types of fishes in Pakistan, existing situation reason for decline and its potential in the national economy, management options.
Recommended Books:
1. Conservation in Progress, Goldsmith, F.B and Warren, A. John Willey & Sons; New York, USA. 1993.
2. Economics of Natural Resources and the Environment, Pearce & Turner Harvester Wheatsheaf, London, 1990.
3. Environmental Conservation, Dasmann, R.F, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1984.
4. The Pakistan National Conservation Strategy (PNCS), GOP and IUCN, Islamabad. 1992.
5. Introduction to Environmental management development in Environmental modeling, Hansen, P.E. and Jorqensen, S.E.,Amsterdam, Elsevier.1991
COURSE 40
RESEARCH METHODS IN ENVIRONMENT SCIENCE 3 (3-0)
Objectives
The course will provide participants with an introduction to the knowledge and skills necessary to develop a research proposal and subsequently to conduct a research study. It will help: to develop research abilities in the activities of research design and practice; to develop skills in reading research papers and in writing reviews with critical thinking skills & to evaluate a range of specific literature via the ability to reason clearly and think critically; to introduce students to research design, research methods, and the process of doing research and reporting the results
Course Contents
Introduction to Research, Research Design & Research Methods; Scientific Research: Science, Scientific Methods, Techniques & Pre-requisites for Scientific Research, Critical Thinking and Developing the Research Question: Defining the Research Problem; Selecting the Research Method; Research Proposal: its importance - A pre-requisite for Research; Research Proposal Writing Techniques: Importance of Research Design, Review of Literature, Objectives, Methodology; How to put things together? Introduction, Material Methods, Review of Literature, Bibliography, Literature Search: Database, Search Engines; Analytical tools in research: qualitative and quantitative methods; Sampling: the logic of sampling, concepts and terminologies, population and sampling frames, types of sampling design/; Data Collection: Techniques in data collection: Quantitative & Qualitative Data; Experimental Research, Case Studies, Surveys, Interviews, Questionnaire; Data Analysis: Data Interpretation: Current data interpretation with comparative studies (Inter-laboratory comparison), Inference based on findings; Research Presentation Techniques – Data presentation
Recommended Books:
1. Designing and Conducting Mixed Methods Research, Creswell, J. W. & Plano Clark, V.L. Thousand Oaks, Sage CA, USA, 2007.
2. The Craft of Research by Wayne C. Booth, 2nd Edition, Univ. of Chicago Press. USA, 2003.
3. Writing Science Through Critical Thinking, Marilyn F. Moriarty, 1st Edition Jones and Bartlett Publishers. 1997.
4. Case Study Research: Design and Methods, Robert Yin, 3rd Edition, Sage Publishers. USA, 2003.
5. Survey Research Methods. Babbie, E. R., Wadsworth Publishing Company, Belmont California.USA, 1989.
6. Students project in Environmental Science,Harrad,S.,Batty,h., Diamon, M. and Arhonditsis, G, John and sons Ltd., Chichester, England, 2008.
COURSE 41
ELECTIVE –III
COURSE 42
ELECTIVE –IV
SEMESTER 8
COURSE 43
ENVIRONMENTAL LAWS & POLICIES 3 (3-0)
Objectives
To give an understanding of the role of state and its instruments in the governance of environment in order to learn responsibilities of state and rights of its citizens for environmentally sustainable development.
Course Outlines
National Environmental Policy of Pakistan and its implementation, Conservation Strategies and Action Plans; Environmental provisions in the constitution of Pakistan; Pakistan Environmental Protection Act of 1997 and the rules, regulations made there under; environmental provisions in the Local Government Ordinance, 2001 and the rules of business made there under.
Recommended Books:
1. Environmental Laws and their implementation in Pakistan, Qadar, S. Law Books House, 2000.
2. Pakistan Environmental Protection Act, 1997, Government of Pakistan
3. National Environmental Policy
4. National Conservation Strategy
5. SNBP Local Government Ordinance, 2001.
COURSE 44
HEALTH AND ENVIRONMENT 3 (3-0)
Objectives
This course is designed to introduce participants to various environmental factors affecting human health. The course contents emphasize on the environmental health core issues of air, land and water pollution; and public and community health. The prevention of morbidity and mortality in human populations through the anticipation, recognition, evaluation and control of hazards in the environment will be presented using the tools of epidemiology, toxicology, law, and risk assessment and communication techniques.
Course Outline
Introduction: concept, basic requirements for a healthy environment; Communicable & Non-communicable diseases; Environmental Exposure: Measuring environmental quality; Human exposure and health Impact: Impact of environmental factors on health, Role of environmental health professional; Nature of environmental hazards, Risk assessment, Risk management, Air, Water and sanitation, Food and agriculture, Health and disease; Human settlement and urbanization, Health and energy use. Health and development, Health indicators, Industrial pollution and chemical safety; Trans-boundary and global health concerns, Action to protect health and the environment; Epidemiology of infectious diseases, Communicable diseases, Non-communicable diseases; Introduction to Immunology, Pathology, Epidemiology; Occupational Health Safety devices; Laws and Regulations
Recommended Books:
1. Basic Environmental Health. Yassi, A., Kjelllström, T., de Kok, T. and Guidotti, T. L., 1st Edition . Oxford University Press New York, USA, 2001.
2. Environmental Science (The Way the World Works) Nebel, B. J. and Wright, R. T., 8th Edition. Prentice Hall International Inc. London, UK, 2004.
3. Environmental Toxicants (Human Exposure and their Health Effects). Lippmann, M. V. N. and Reinhold, J . 1st Ed. New York, USA, 1992.
4. Park’s Textbook of Preventive and Social Medicine, Park, K., 2nd Edition. M/s Banarsid. 2002.
5. Medical Microbiolog, Khan, A.M., 1st Edition. Time Publishers, Karachi, 2001.
COURSE 45
POLLUTION CONTROL TECHNOLOGY 3 (3-0)
Objectives
The course objectives are: to provides an overview of types and sources of pollution; to determine the effects of soil , water and air pollution; meteorology as related to dispersion of pollutants in air, water, and soil; to discuss various techniques in pollution control and the regulatory environment facing sources of environmental pollution.
Course Outlines
Environmental Pollution and Pollutants: An introduction; Pollution and Environmental Ethics: Roots of our problem, Environmental ethics as public health, conservation and preservation, Ethics for non-human nature; Environmental Risk Analysis: Risk, Risk Assessment, Risk Management; Pollution Concept: Types of Pollution, Air, water and soil pollution – Causes and Consequences; Control technologies for Air, Water and Soil Pollution; Municipal and Solid Waste (MSW) Management: minimization techniques, controls and 3-Rs: reuse, recycling & recovery; Energy Recovery from organic MSW; Landfill sites and their potential for recycling waste; Waste water treatment technologies: estimates, treatments and utilization; Membrane Technology; Reuse, Recycling and Recovery; Hazardous Waste Management: segregation of healthcare and municipal waste; Radioactive waste: Sources, health effects, waste management; Noise pollution & its Effects: Control technologies for its containment; Other Pollution Controls: Biotechnology for environment: bioremediation for Industrial pollution control, oil spills and pesticides; Occupational Health Safety devices: Laws & Regulations regarding waste
Recommended Books:
1. Environmental Pollution & Control. and Peiece, J.J., Weiner, R.F., and Vesilaind, P.A. 4th Edition, Butterworth-Heinemann, (Elsevier) USA,1998.
2. Understanding Environmental Pollution Hill, M.K., 2nd Edition. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge UK, 2005.
4. Air Pollution Control Engineering, Nevers, N D, McGraw-Hill. USA, 1995.
5. Industrial Water Pollution Control , Felder, E., 2nd Edition. McGraw-Hill, USA, 1989.
6. Biotechnology for Waste and Wastewater Treatment, Cheremisinoff, N. P., Prentice Hall, India, 1996.
5. Industrial Pollution Prevention Handbook, Freeman and Harry, M, McGraw-Hill, USA, 1995.
COURSE 46
RESEARCH PROJECT/ INTERNSHIP
ELECTIVE COURSES
E-I
INTRODUCTION TO BIOCHEMISTRY 3(3-0)
Objective
To provide the students with basis knowledge of biochemistry and its application in environment.
Course Outlines
Introduction: Scope and importance of biochemistry in Environmental Sciences. Cells; biochemical aspects of constituents and functions of cell organelles.
General Phenomena: Law of mass action, dissociation of water and pH value, buffers, diffusion, transport mechanisms across biomembranes and osmosis.
Carbohydrates. Classification, structures and isomerism. Metabolism of carbohydrates; glycolysis, Kreb cycle and photosynthesis.
Proteins: Classification of proteins, biochemical functions, amino acids; structure and classification, essential and non-essential amino acids, peptide linkage and polypeptides. Primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary structures of proteins. Hydrolysis of protein and reactions of amino acids in the body, Urea cycle. Effect of environmental pollution at protein level.
Enzymes: Characteristics, classification, specificity and inhibition, prosthetic groups, coenzymes and compounds related to nucleic acids, NAD+, NADP,+ATP, FMN and FAD. Role of enzymes in environmental issues. Application of enzyme immobilization to control various types of pollution. Toxicant detoxification through enzyme action.
Lipids: Classification, characteristics. Structures and classification of fatty acids and triglycerides. Hydrolysis of fats, B-oxidation of fatty acids.
Nucleic acids: DNA and RNA; their functional and structural differences in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Effect of pollution on DNA.
Recommended Books:
1. Nelson, D.L. and M.M. Cox. Lehninger’s Principles of Biochemistry, 5th Edition. Worth Publishers, USA. 2008.
2. Text Book of Medical Biochemistry, Chatterjee, M.N and R. Shinde.. 6th Ed. Jaypee Publishers, India. 2008.
3. Harper’s Biochemistry, Mortin, D.W., P.A. Mayes, V.W. Rodwell and D.K. Granner. 2006. 27th Ed. Appleton and Lange, USA.
4. Rahman, K. Basic Concepts in Biochemistry. Vol. 1. 2nd Ed. Al-Umar Publisher, Pakistan. 2004.
E-2
WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT 3(2-1)
Objectives
The aim of this course is to educate students about the Water Resources Management with reference to Pakistan, how to minimize their wastage and how to increase its efficiency especially in irrigation sector.
Course Outlines
Water resource and its management, hydrological cycle, water quality and quantity aspects, integrated water resources management (IWRM), water supply and demand management measures, virtual water, groundwater exploitation, it’s over-mining and pollution and urbanization aspects, improving water productivity/irrigation water efficiency, flood and droughts, water conservation and rain water harvesting in urban and rural environment, wetlands resources management, flood and drought management, recycling and re-use of wastewater, fisheries management, climate change and its impacts on our future water resources, precipitation distribution in Pakistan, Indus Water Treaty 1960 (IWT), Indus Water Accord 1991, water relevant intuitions and authorities in Pakistan, water resources management and future challenges in Pakistan.
Lab Work
One to two day study tour(s) to visit water supply & waste water treatment plant, watershed/catchment, with drinking water facilities like springs, tube-wells, pollution aspects, like solid waste and waste water disposal into the natural streams etc.
Recommended Books:
1. Water Resources of Pakistan and their Utilization, Ahmed, N., Mirajuddin Publication , Lahore, Pakistan ,1993.
2. Groundwater Resources of Pakistan, Ahmed, N., Revised & enlarged edition, Mirajuddin Publication ,Lahore, Pakistan, 1993.
3. Integrated Water Resources Management in South and Southeast Asia, Biswas, A.K.,Varis, O, and Tortajada, C, (eds.), Oxford University Press New Delhi, 2005.
4. Pakistan’s Water Economy Running Dry, Briscoe, J. and Qamar, U., Oxford University Press Karachi, 2006.
5. Problems and Politics of Water Sharing and Management in Pakistan, Cheema, P. I., Khan, R. A. and Malik, A. R., Asia Printer, Islamabad, 2006.
6. The Politics of Managing Water, Bengali, K., (ed.), SDPI Oxford University Press, Islamabad, 2003.
E-3
SOIL AND ENVIRONMENT 3(3-0)
Objectives
This course will provide students with the knowledge of the basic properties and significance of soil and its care for sustainable environment. After completion of this course, students will be better equipped with the information about the ways and means for better and efficient management of soils for healthy environment for future generations.
Course Outlines
Introduction, Soil forming minerals, Types and properties of parent materials, Physical and chemical processes of weathering, Factors and processes of soil formation, Physical and chemical properties of soil, Cation and anion exchange, Soil buffering capacity and its importance, Soil degradation, management and green productivity, Environmental implications of fertilizers and agrochemicals, Environmental impact of agricultural and Industrial wastes, Soil as a natural sink for pollutants.
Recommended Books:
The Nature and Properties of Soils, Brady, N.C. and Weil, R.R. Prentice-Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ, USA, 2008.
Soils in Our Environment, Miller, R.W., Gardiner, D.T., 11th Edition, Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ, USA, 2007.
Soil in the Environment: Crucible of Terrestrial Life. Hillel, D. Academic Press, San Diego, CA, USA, 2007.
1. Soil Science. Bashir, E. and Bantel, R. National Book Foundation, Islamabad, Pakistan, 1996.
E-4
Urban Environments 3(3-0)
Objectives
This course is aimed at providing students information about the different aspects of ever-increasing urbanization, the salient features of urban environments, environmental problems of urban life and their possible solutions.
Course Outlines
Introduction, Urbanization, Definition, Process and outcome, Causes of urbanization, Forms of urbanization, urbanization in Pakistan, Urban ecology: atmospheric processes, hydrological processes, soils, urban flora and fauna, transport, residential mobility and the neighborhood change, humans as components of urban ecosystems, urban settlements, Urban ecosystem, urban patterns and ecosystem functions, urban landscapes characteristics, urban political ecology, future of urban centers.
Recommended Books:
1. Urban Ecology, Smith, D.S. Routledge, UK, 2006.
2. Urban Ecology: Plants and Plant Communities in Urban Environments, Sukopp, H., Hejny, S.and Kowaril, I., SBS academic publishing, Hague,1990.
3. Advances in Urban Ecology: Integrating Humans and Ecological Processes in Urban Ecosystems. Alberti, M, Springer, UK. 2009.
4. The Ecology of Urban Habitats. Gilbert, O.L. Chapman and Hall. London, 1989.
5. Cities and Natural Process: A Basis for Sustainability, Hough, M. 2nd Edition. Routledge, UR, 2004.
E-6
URBAN PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT 3 (2-1)
Objectives
The course aims to provide basic concepts of urban planning and its relation with environmental management at different administrative levels. It describes different theories and planning system of different cities in Pakistan and some countries in Asia and Europe.
Course Outline
Introduction to Urban Planning and Management, Justification for planning for city management, Aims and Objectives of planning, Principles of planning, Levels of planning, Types of Urban Plans, Elements of urban planning, Planning and its relationship with other professions, New trends in planning and city management, The planning process, Introduction to planning system in Pakistan, Scope, nature and purpose of urban planning, Land use planning theories, Planning theories and concepts, Applications of urban planning concepts to address the environmental issues at local level, City Design for Sustainable Development.
Lab Work
Surveys and Study of planned areas in a city to assess the urban management plans. Surveys and Study of unplanned areas in a city to assess the impacts on environment. Preparation of Urban and environmental management plan for a selected city or part of a city. Survey and field work in industrial states around city to assess the impacts of industrialization on land degradation. To study impacts of urban sprawl and urbanization on energy and water resources of the area.
Recommended Books:
1. Planning and Urban Change, Ward, S. V., SAGE Publications Ltd. London, UK, 2004.
Land-Use Planning for Sustainable Development, Silberstein, J.and Maser, C., CRC Press LLC. USA, 2000.
2. The Works: Anatomy of a City, Kate. A., Penguin Group, New York, USA, 2007.
3. Introducing Town Planning, Clara, G. H., Longman Group, UK, 1993.
4. National Reference Manual on Planning and Infrastructure Standards, Government of Pakistan, E&UA Div. Ministry of Housing and Works, Islamabad, 1986.
E-7
DISASTER MANAGEMENT 3 (3-0)
Objectives
This course will provide know how in dealing with natural calamities and their management by encompassing the field of hazard and disaster studies. It discusses a wide range of aspects, i.e., assessment of factors which put societies in vulnerable situations to the disaster management continuum. To underline the importance of disasters in socio-economic development, this course also aims to make an assessment of the consequences of ‘natural’ catastrophic at both short and long terms. It finally tends to provide the students with basic knowledge on hazard reduction and vulnerability mitigation.
Course Outlines
Natural hazards and disasters: The need for hazard and disaster studies, Historical background on Hazard and Disaster research; Disaster its types: Natural vs Man-made; Flooding, Earthquake, Landslide; Natural cycles and their role, Prediction; Hazards, Risk and Vulnerability: Definitions and characterization, Different approaches and Indicators; Factors of vulnerability: Demographic factors, Socio-economic factors, Cultural factors, Political factors, Physical factors; The impact of natural disasters: Direct and short-term impact of disasters, Indirect and long-term consequences of catastrophies, Disaster as an opportunity for development; Disaster Management: Components of management, International phenomenon; Hazard and vulnerability reduction and Mitigation: hard and soft measures; Earthquake Management, Flood Management: Organizational Role; Role of Government and Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs); Role of Media in Disaster Management; Techniques and methods to assess hazard, vulnerability and risk: Qualitative and Quantitative approaches; Disaster Management Trainings and Policies.
Recommended Books:
1. Natural Disasters Alexander, D., Chapman & Hall, New York, 1993.
2. Rising from the Ashes: Development Strategies in Time of Disaster Anderson, M.B., and Woodrow, P.J, Westview Press, Boulder ,UNESCO, Paris, 1989.
3. The Environment as Hazard Burton I., Kates, R.W., and White G.F., 2nd Edition, The Guilford Press, New York, 1993.
4. Disaster Management: A Disaster Manager’s Handbook Carter N.W., ADB, Manila, 1991.
5. Disasters and Development Cuny, F.C., Oxford University Press / Oxfam America, New York, 1983.
6. Disaster Management: Warning Response and Community Relocation, Perry R.W. and Mushkatel, A.H., Quorum Books, Westport, USA, 1984.
E-9
Energy and Environment 3(3-0)
Objectives
This course is designed to create understanding of the significance of energy in our daily life, its supply position and merits and demerits of different energy resources.
Course Outlines
Energy-development and environment, energy resources, types, uses; environmental and economic advantages and disadvantages of different energy resources, local, regional and global impacts of the use of different energy resources, energy resources of Pakistan, Future energy scenario of world and Pakistan, sustainable energy management, efficiency in production and utilization of existing resources, alternate energy resources, merits and demerits of wind, solar, hydropower, biomass resources.
Recommended Books:
1. Towards a Sustainable Energy Future, OECD/IEA, Paris, 2001.
2. Environmental Science: Earth as a Living Planet, Botkin, D.B and Keller, E.A. 6th Edition. John Wiley and Sons. 2007.
3. Environmental Science: Systems and Solutions. McKinney, M.L., Schoch, R.M. and Yonavjak, L. 4th Edition. Jones & Bartlett Publishers, 2007.
E-10
Agro-Ecology 3(2-1)
Objectives
The course will give better understanding about significance of agriculture in environment. It will improve the management skills of the students in interacting ultimate producers and consumers.
Course Outlines
Introduction to agro-ecosystem. Agroecology, principles and strategies for designing sustainable farming systems. Biotic structure, primary producers, consumers, decomposers. Consumer and producer relationship. Farming practices for pests and weeds control. Ecological concept in crop and food production. Deforestation for agricultural purposes. Sustainable livestock management. Effect of pollutants on plants and animals. Phytoremediation and bioremediation. Agro-biodiversity and ecosystem. Raunkiaer’s standard frequency model in plant biodiversity.
Lab Work
Determination of frequency of plant species and its comparison with Raunkiaer’s standard frequency diagram.Determination of density and abundance of plant species.
Determination of canopy cover and basal area of plant species. Determination of importance value index (IVI) of plant species. Study of stratification and profile diagram.
Study of indices of similarity and dissimilarity. Study of index of diversity. Study of primary productivity of plants and methods of measuring primary productivity.
Recommended Books:
1. Agroecology: Science of Sustainable Agriculture. Altreri, M.A. Westview Press, Boulder, USA. 1995.
2. Agrocology. Corol, C.R., Yandermeer J.H. and Rossel.P.M. McGraw Hill Publishing Company, New York, USA. 1990.
3. Experimental Plant Ecology. Kapur, P. and Sudha. R.G. CBS Publishers and Distributors, New Delhi, India. 2000.
E-11
Seminar
POST GRADUATE PROGRAMME
MS in Environmental Science
Regarding MS Degree Programme, the Committee agreed on the following principles, that:
1. The nomenclature of the Degree will be “MS in Environmental Science”.
2. The Masters Degree Programme will be of two years duration after four years Bachelors Degree in Environmental Science.
3. The Masters degree will be based on course work of 24 credit hours along with a mandatory research thesis of 6 credit hours as per HEC policy guidelines.
4. To support the students in their specialized areas of research work, it was suggested that they should opt for courses of at least 12 credit hours from the list of elective subjects in consultation with the supervisor.
5. The areas of specialization may be offered according to the geographic location of the institutions, availability of the faculty and other facilities.
The committee also recommended that the pre-requisite for MS Environmental Science must be BS Environmental Science and no other specialization.
The committee proposed the following courses as Core Courses for the degree of Masters in Environmental Science.
SCHEME OF STUDIES
FOR MS IN ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE
CORE COURSES
Course Titles Credit Hours
1. Environmental Governance 3
2. Environmental Analytical Techniques 3
3. Environmental Impact Assessment 3
4. Project Development and Management 3
5. Occupational Safety and Environment 3
6. Environmental Management Systems 3
7. Energy and Environment 3
8. Climate Change 3
9. Advances in Plant Ecology 3
10. Biological Conservation 3
11. Wildlife, Forestry and Wetland Conservation and Management 3
12. Advanced Urban Ecology and Management 3
ELECTIVE COURSES
The Committee proposed the following elective courses for MS programme.
1. Environmental Chemistry
2. Applied Environmental Microbiology
3. Freshwater Ecology (Limnology)
4. Environmental Sociology
5. Environmental Geology
6. Marine Pollution
7. Epidemiology
8. Environmental Biotechnology
9. Wildlife, Forestry and Wetland Management
10. Watershed Management
11. Environmental Auditing
12. Vegetation Ecology
13. Alternative energy sources
14. Cleaner Production Technologies
15. Solid and Hazardous Waste Management
16. Environmental Economics
17. Remote Sensing & GIS Applications in Environment
18. Environmental Risk Assessment
19. Environmental auditing
20. Principles and applications of bioremediation
21. Environmental Engineering
22. Sustainable urban planning and management
23. Natural resource conservation
24. Sustainable agriculture, transport and industrial production
25. Industrial Ecology
26. Sustainable Development
DETAILS OF M.S. COURSES
IN ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE
CORE COURSES
COURSE 1
ENVIRONMENTAL GOVERNANCE
Objectives
Meaning and Scope of Environmental Planning and Management, development of concepts, Carrying capacity and sustainable development. Man-Environment Interaction in time and space. Relationship of culture, technology and resource use. Conservation Strategies; WCS, NCS, Provincial and Local Strategies. A detailed study of Environmental Problems of Pakistan, status of Terrestrial, Aquatic and Atmospheric Ecosystems. Treaties, Conventions and Protocols in Global, Regional and International Environmental Issues. Legislation and Environmental Protection with particular reference to Pakistan. Environmental control Policies, Instruments and methods. Role of Public awareness and community participation in environmental conservation and management. Organizational and Institutional Framework for Environmental Protection and Management: Scope and Status in Pakistan. Draft National Environmental Policy.
Recommended Books:
1. Environmental Law – The Law and Policy relating to the Protection of the Environment. Ball, S. and Bell, S., 2nd Edition. London Black Stone Press Ltd.1994.
2. Our Changing Planet – An Introduction to Earth System Science and Global Environmental Change, Mackenzie, F.T. Mackenzie J.A., Englewood Cliffs Prentice Hall.1995.
3. Introduction to Environmental Management – Development in Environmental Modeling, Hansen, P.E. and Jorqensen, S.E., Amsterdam, Elsevier.1991.
4. Environmental Issues – The Global Consequences, Money, D., Hodder and Stoughton, London.1994.
FURTHER READINGS
1. The World Commission on Environment and Development: Our Common Future, Oxford University Press. 1987.
2. GOP and IUCN. 1992. The Pakistan National Conservation Strategy (PNCS), Islamabad.
3. Geography of Pakistan, Environment People and Economy. Khan K.F., Oxford University Press, Karachi. 1991.
COURSE 2
ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES
Objectives
Introduction; Principles of physical, chemical and microbiological analysis of environmental pollutants, Sampling Procedure for the examination of Water, Wastewater, Air and Solid Waste; sampling rules, sample collection and preservation. Laboratory Techniques and Field Monitoring for parameters of importance causing environmental pollution. Environmental Chemical Analysis; role and importance, classical methods: volumetric and gravimetric analysis. Instrumental Techniques using Atomic Absorption and Emission Analysis Spectrophotometery, Gas Chromatography etc. Assessment and Interpretation of Results using Statistical Tools.
Recommended Books:
1. Ahmed, K, Environmental Engineering Laboratory (latest edition). A one Publishers Lahore.
2. Standard Methods for Examination of Water and Wastewater, ed. A. Greenberg (American Public Health Association).
COURSE 3
ENVIROMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT
Objectives
Introduction to principles and process of Environmental impact Assessment. History, process, procedures and methods of EIA, Assessment of environmental impacts; ecological impact assessment, social impact assessment, Demographic impact assessment, economic impact assessment. Environmental auditing, Cost benefit analysis of projects. Sectoral guidelines for EIA. Case Studies and review.
Recommended Books:
1. Environmental Impact Assessment (A Comparative Review). Wood, C., Longman Scientific and Technical. Longman House. Burnt Hill, Harlow Essex. UK. 1995.
2. Public involvement in environmental assessment: requirements, opportunities and issues, World Bank, Environmental Assessment Sourcebook Update, Environment Department, WB, Washington, DC. 1993.
3. Environmental and Social Impact assessment. Ed.Vanclay, F & Bronstein, D.A. John Wiley & Sons. Chichester, England. 1995.
FURTHER READINGS
1. Sectoral Guidelines of Environmental Impact Assessment, Ministry of Environment, Government of Pakistan.
COURSE 4
PROJECT DEVELOPMENT AND MANAGEMENT
Objectives
Introduction: What is a Project, Project Life Cycle, Writing Project Proposal, Defining Project objectives. Project Planning. Project Initiation; Need identification, feasibility study, economic evaluation. Logical Framework: Explanation of Vertical Logic; inputs, activities, outputs, specific objectives, development objectives, work breakdown structure. Explanation of Horizontal Logic; indicators, means of verification, assumptions. Stakeholders Analysis and Participation. Participatory project monitoring and evaluation. Reasons for Project success or failure. Planning Commission Performas, Project Planning and Approval Processes, Resource Mobilization. MS Project
Recommended Books:
1. A Guide to Project Management; Body of Knowledge PMBOK Guide, Project Management Institute,2000.
2. Project Management: A Managerial Approach, Meredith J. R., Mantel s. J., John Wiley and Sons, Inc. 1997.
COURSE 5
OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND ENVIRONMENT
Objectives
Definition and Concept of Environment related Human health problems, Public health concept, communicable and non-communicable diseases water borne, air borne, food borne and sanitation related diseases and control measures, Occupational Health: problems and issues, prevention and control. Accident prevention and safety plans, safety techniques. Ergonomic and Safety. Primary health care services; principles and practices. Government Policies and Programs.
Recommended Books:
1. Environmental Health Engineering. Wiley Interscience. Caeneross, S., 1993.
2. Basic Environmental Health. Yassi, A., Kjelllström, T., de Kok, T. and Guidotti, T. L., 1st Ed. Oxford University Press New York, USA. 2001.
3. Environmental Science (The Way the World Works). Nebel, B. J. and Wright, R. T., 1st Ed. Prentice Hall International Inc. London, UK. 1998.
4. Environmental Toxicants (Human Exposure and their Health Effects). Lippmann, M. Van Nostrand and Reinhold., 1st ed. New York, USA. 1992.
5. Text book of Preventive and Social Medicine, Park. K., 2nd Ed. M/S Banarsid. 2002.
COURSE 6
ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS
Objectives
Introduction to Environmental Management System; principles and elements of the process of EMS. Sources of data, data collection and interpretation. Related Environmental regulations, Principles of cleaner production. Application of environmental management principles and tools of environmental management. Introduction of ISO14000 series of standards and its role in environmental management. Environmental Auditing. Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR).
Recommended Books:
1. EMS — an implementation Guide for Small and Medium sized Organizations NSF International Ann Arbor, Michigan-January 2001.
2. ISO 14000 – Meet the whole family, ISO Central Secretariat, Switzerland, 1998.
3. UNEP/IE (Industry and Environment), 1990b, Environmental auditing, Paris.
4. Inside ISO 14000: The Competitive Advantage of Environmental Management, Sayre, D, St Luise Press. USA. 1997
COURSE 7
ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENT
Objectives
Energy and its forms, energy resources, types, uses; merits and demerits of development and use of energy resources (coal, gas, petroleum, nuclear) local, regional and global impacts of the use of different energy resources, energy resources of Pakistan, non-renewable and renewable, patterns of energy consumption in Pakistan, Future energy scenario of world and Pakistan, sustainable energy management for agriculture, transport, industry and domestic sectors, alternate energy resources, merits and demerits of wind, solar, hydropower, bio-energy resources.
Recommended Books:
1. Towards a Sustainable Energy Future, OECD/IEA, Paris, 2001.
2. Environmental Science: Earth as a Living Planet, Botkin, D.B and Keller, E.A. 6th Edition. John Wiley and Sons. 2007.
3. Environmental Science: Systems and Solutions. McKinney, M.L., Schoch, R.M. and Yonavjak, L. 4th Edition. Jones & Bartlett Publishers, 2007.
COURSE 8
CLIMATE CHANGE
Objectives
Introduction, Green House Gases, types and their climatic effects, Modeling of climate change, types of climate change models, Effects of climate change on atmosphere and terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems, Climate change and food production, climate change and its effects on Pakistan’s agriculture, water resources, forests, etc;
Recommended Books:
1. 1. Climate Change - Causes, Effects, and Solutions, 1st Edition, Hardy, J. T., John Wiley & Sons, 2003.
2. Global Warming -The Complete Briefing by John T. Houghton. (3rd edition) Cambridge University Press, 2004.
3. Climate Impact and Adaptation Assessment A Guide to the IPCC Approach, Earthscan Publication Ltd, London, 2005.
4. Climate Change - Causes, Effects, and Solutions, Hardy, J.T., John Wiley & Sons, 2003.
5. The Green House Effect, Climate Change and Ecosystems. Warrick, B & Jager, D. (Ed.). ECOPE 29. John Wiley & Sons. Chichester. UK 1991.
COURSE 9
ADVANCES IN PLANT ECOLOGY
Objectives
Environmental conditions, resources and plants, geographical and temporal patterns, Life history strategies of plants, survival and extinction, Inter-specific and intra-specific interactions in plants, competition and coexistence, Plant population dynamics, Species richness, vegetation dynamics, fine-scale to large-scale dynamics, human activities and vegetation dynamics, plant invasions, global aspects of plant ecology, plant conservation, management and restoration.
Recommended Books:
1. Vegetation Ecology Ed. Maarel, ED. Blackwell Publishing, Oxford, UK. 2005.
2. Introduction to Plant Population Biology. Silvertown, J. & Charlesworth, D. Blackwell Publishing. Oxford UK. 2005.
3. Plant Ecology. Shulze, E.D; Beck, E & Muller-Hohenstein, K. Springer, Berlin. 2005.
COURSE 10
BIOLOGICAL CONSERVATION
Objectives
Introduction, biological diversity, Global and national biodiversity, Ecological and economic values of biodiversity, Consumptive, non-consumptive uses of biodiversity, Loss of biodiversity, its causes, Extinction of species, Protection and restoration of species, habitats and ecosystems, In-situ and Ex-situ conservation, Protected areas, their types and role in conservation, Establishment and management of protected areas, Conservation of biodiversity in Pakistan, problems and solutions.
Recommended Books:
1. Essentials of Conservation Biology. Primack, R.B. Sinauer Assocaites, Inc. Publishers Sunderland, USA. 2002.
2. Conserving Living Natural Resources. Weddell, B.J. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge, UK. 2002.
3. Biodiversity: An introduction.(2nd Ed.) Gaston, K.J. & Spicer, J. Blackwell Publsihing, Oxford. UK. 2004.
COURSE 11
WILDLIFE, FORESTRY AND WETLAND CONSERVATION AND MANAGEMENT
Objectives
Philosophy and conservation of wildlife conservation, Wildlife of Pakistan, types, distribution, status, Threatened animals and plants, laws and regulations for wildlife protection in Pakistan, Protected areas in Pakistan, kinds, distribution and management, National and international agencies concerned with wildlife conservation, Wetlands, their importance, threats and conservation, Forests, their ecological and economic importance, ecological factors affecting forest growth and management, Status of forests in Pakistan, types, distribution, management, deforestation and its control, Rangeland management, Participatory forest management, Forest plantations, Sustainable forest management.
Recommended Books:
1. Handbook of Birds of India and Pakistan Ali, S. & Ripley, S.D. Oxford University Press, London. 1973
2. The Birds of Pakistan (Vol. I). Roberts, T.J. Oxford University Press. Oxford. 1992.
3. The Birds of Pakistan (Vol. II). Roberts, T.J. Oxford University Press. Oxford. 1998.
4. Principles of Wildlife Management, Bailey, J.A. John Wiley And Sons,
1986.
5. Wildlife Ecology and Management. Robinson, W.L. And Bolen, E.G. Mcmillan, Cambridge. 1984.
COURSE 12
ADVANCED URBAN ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT
Objectives
Introduction, Forms of urbanization, urbanization in Pakistan, urban systems and their characteristics, Environmental problems of urban life, urban landscape characteristics, urban political ecology, various means of urban transport: their advantages and disadvantages, management of transport, sanitation, drinking water and solid waste in cities; future of urban centers. Urban land use planning and management; Sustainable cities. Urban planning and management in Pakistan.
Recommended Books:
1. Planning and Urban Change, Ward, S. V., SAGE Publications Ltd. London, UK, 2004.
Land-Use Planning for Sustainable Development, Silberstein, J.and Maser, C., CRC Press LLC. USA, 2000.
2. The Works: Anatomy of a City, Kate. A., Penguin Group, New York, USA, 2007.
3. Introducing Town Planning, Clara, G. H., Longman Group, UK, 1993.
4. National Reference Manual on Planning and Infrastructure Standards, Government of Pakistan, E&UA Div. Ministry of Housing and Works, Islamabad, 1986.
Annexure - A
Compulsory Courses
COMPULSORY COURSES IN ENGLISH FOR BS
(4 YEAR) IN BASIC & SOCIAL SCIENCES
English I (Functional English)
Objectives:
Enhance language skills and develop critical thinking.
Course Contents
Basics of Grammar
Parts of speech and use of articles
Sentence structure, active and passive voice
Practice in unified sentence
Analysis of phrase, clause and sentence structure
Transitive and intransitive verbs
Punctuation and spelling
Comprehension
Answers to questions on a given text
Discussion
General topics and every-day conversation (topics for discussion to be at the discretion of the teacher keeping in view the level of students)
Listening
To be improved by showing documentaries/films carefully selected by subject teachers
Translation skills
Urdu to English
Paragraph writing
Topics to be chosen at the discretion of the teacher
Presentation skills
Introduction
Note: Extensive reading is required for vocabulary building
Recommended books:
1. Functional English
a) Grammar
1. Practical English Grammar by A.J. Thomson and A.V. Martinet. Exercises 1. Third edition. Oxford University Press. 1997. ISBN 0194313492
2. Practical English Grammar by A.J. Thomson and A.V. Martinet. Exercises 2. Third edition. Oxford University Press. 1997. ISBN 0194313506
b) Writing
1. Writing. Intermediate by Marie-Christine Boutin, Suzanne Brinand and Francoise Grellet. Oxford Supplementary Skills. Fourth Impression 1993. ISBN 0 19 435405 7 Pages 20-27 and 35-41.
c) Reading/Comprehension
1. Reading. Upper Intermediate. Brain Tomlinson and Rod Ellis. Oxford Supplementary Skills. Third Impression 1992. ISBN 0 19 453402 2.
d) Speaking
English II (Communication Skills)
Objectives:
Enable the students to meet their real life communication needs.
Course Contents
Paragraph writing
Practice in writing a good, unified and coherent paragraph
Essay writing
Introduction
CV and job application
Translation skills
Urdu to English
Study skills
Skimming and scanning, intensive and extensive, and speed reading, summary and précis writing and comprehension
Academic skills
Letter/memo writing, minutes of meetings, use of library and internet
Presentation skills
Personality development (emphasis on content, style and pronunciation)
Note: documentaries to be shown for discussion and review
Recommended books:
Communication Skills
a) Grammar
1. Practical English Grammar by A.J. Thomson and A.V. Martinet. Exercises 2. Third edition. Oxford University Press 1986. ISBN 0 19 431350 6.
b) Writing
1. Writing. Intermediate by Marie-Chrisitine Boutin, Suzanne Brinand and Francoise Grellet. Oxford Supplementary Skills. Fourth Impression 1993. ISBN 019 435405 7 Pages 45-53 (note taking).
2. Writing. Upper-Intermediate by Rob Nolasco. Oxford Supplementary Skills. Fourth Impression 1992. ISBN 0 19 435406 5 (particularly good for writing memos, introduction to presentations, descriptive and argumentative writing).
c) Reading
1. Reading. Advanced. Brian Tomlinson and Rod Ellis. Oxford Supplementary Skills. Third Impression 1991. ISBN 0 19 453403 0.
2. Reading and Study Skills by John Langan
3. Study Skills by Riachard Yorky.
English III (Technical Writing and
Presentation Skills)
Objectives:
Enhance language skills and develop critical thinking
Course Contents
Presentation skills
Essay writing
Descriptive, narrative, discursive, argumentative
Academic writing
How to write a proposal for research paper/term paper
How to write a research paper/term paper (emphasis on style, content, language, form, clarity, consistency)
Technical Report writing
Progress report writing
Note: Extensive reading is required for vocabulary building
Recommended books:
Technical Writing and Presentation Skills
a) Essay Writing and Academic Writing
1. Writing. Advanced by Ron White. Oxford Supplementary Skills. Third Impression 1992. ISBN 0 19 435407 3 (particularly suitable for discursive, descriptive, argumentative and report writing).
2. College Writing Skills by John Langan. Mc=Graw-Hill Higher Education. 2004.
3. Patterns of College Writing (4th edition) by Laurie G. Kirszner and Stephen R. Mandell. St. Martin’s Press.
b) Presentation Skills
c) Reading
The Mercury Reader. A Custom Publication. Compiled by norther Illinois University. General Editiors: Janice Neulib; Kathleen Shine Cain; Stephen Ruffus and Maurice Scharton. (A reader which will give students exposure to the best of twentieth century literature, without taxing the taste of engineering students).
Annexure - B
Pakistan Studies (Compulsory)
Introduction/Objectives
• Develop vision of historical perspective, government, politics, contemporary Pakistan, ideological background of Pakistan.
• Study the process of governance, national development, issues arising in the modern age and posing challenges to Pakistan.
Course Outline
1. Historical Perspective
a. Ideological rationale with special reference to Sir Syed Ahmed Khan, Allama Muhammad Iqbal and Quaid-i-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah.
b. Factors leading to Muslim separatism
c. People and Land
i. Indus Civilization
ii. Muslim advent
iii. Location and geo-physical features.
2. Government and Politics in Pakistan
Political and constitutional phases:
a. 1947-58
b. 1958-71
c. 1971-77
d. 1977-88
e. 1988-99
f. 1999 onward
3. Contemporary Pakistan
a. Economic institutions and issues
b. Society and social structure
c. Ethnicity
d. Foreign policy of Pakistan and challenges
e. Futuristic outlook of Pakistan
Books Recommended
1. Burki, Shahid Javed. State & Society in Pakistan, The Macmillan Press Ltd 1980.
2. Akbar, S. Zaidi. Issue in Pakistan’s Economy. Karachi: Oxford University Press, 2000.
3. S.M. Burke and Lawrence Ziring. Pakistan’s Foreign policy: An Historical analysis. Karachi: Oxford University Press, 1993.
4. Mehmood, Safdar. Pakistan Political Roots & Development. Lahore, 1994.
5. Wilcox, Wayne.The Emergence of Banglades., Washington: American Enterprise, Institute of Public Policy Research, 1972.
6. Mehmood, Safdar. Pakistan Kayyun Toota, Lahore: Idara-e-Saqafat-e-Islamia, Club Road, nd.
7. Amin, Tahir. Ethno - National Movement in Pakistan, Islamabad: Institute of Policy Studies, Islamabad.
8. Ziring, Lawrence. Enigma of Political Development. Kent England: WmDawson & sons Ltd, 1980.
9. Zahid, Ansar. History & Culture of Sindh. Karachi: Royal Book Company, 1980.
10. Afzal, M. Rafique. Political Parties in Pakistan, Vol. I, II & III. Islamabad: National Institute of Historical and cultural Research, 1998.
11. Sayeed, Khalid Bin. The Political System of Pakistan. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1967.
12. Aziz, K.K. Party, Politics in Pakistan, Islamabad: National Commission on Historical and Cultural Research, 1976.
13. Muhammad Waseem, Pakistan Under Martial Law, Lahore: Vanguard, 1987.
14. Haq, Noor ul. Making of Pakistan: The Military Perspective. Islamabad: National Commission on Historical and Cultural Research, 1993.
Annexure - C
ISLAMIC STUDIES 2 (2-0)
(Compulsory)
Objectives:
This course is aimed at:
1 To provide Basic information about Islamic Studies
2 To enhance understanding of the students regarding Islamic Civilization
3 To improve Students skill to perform prayers and other worships
4 To enhance the skill of the students for understanding of issues related to faith and religious life.
Course Outlines
Introduction to Quranic Studies
1) Basic Concepts of Quran
2) History of Quran
3) Uloom-ul -Quran
Study of Selected Text of Holly Quran
1) Verses of Surah Al-Baqra Related to Faith(Verse No-284-286)
2) Verses of Surah Al-Hujrat Related to Adab Al-Nabi
(Verse No-1-18)
3) Verses of Surah Al-Mumanoon Related to Characteristics of faithful (Verse No-1-11)
4) Verses of Surah al-Furqan Related to Social Ethics (Verse No.63-77)
5) Verses of Surah Al-Inam Related to Ihkam(Verse No-152-154)
Study of Selected Text of Holly Quran
1) Verses of Surah Al-Ihzab Related to Adab al-Nabi (Verse No.6,21,40,56,57,58.)
2) Verses of Surah Al-Hashar (18,19,20) Related to thinking, Day of Judgment
3) Verses of Surah Al-Saf Related to Tafakar,Tadabar (Verse No-1,14)
Seerat of Holy Prophet (S.A.W) I
1) Life of Muhammad Bin Abdullah ( Before Prophet Hood)
2) Life of Holy Prophet (S.A.W) in Makkah
3) Important Lessons Derived from the life of Holy Prophet in Makkah
Seerat of Holy Prophet (S.A.W) II
1) Life of Holy Prophet (S.A.W) in Madina
2) Important Events of Life Holy Prophet in Madina
3) Important Lessons Derived from the life of Holy Prophet in Madina
Introduction To Sunnah
1) Basic Concepts of Hadith
2) History of Hadith
3) Kinds of Hadith
4) Uloom –ul-Hadith
5) Sunnah & Hadith
6) Legal Position of Sunnah
Selected Study from Text of Hadith
Introduction To Islamic Law & Jurisprudence
1) Basic Concepts of Islamic Law & Jurisprudence
2) History & Importance of Islamic Law & Jurisprudence
3) Sources of Islamic Law & Jurisprudence
4) Nature of Differences in Islamic Law
5) Islam and Sectarianism
Islamic Culture & Civilization
1) Basic Concepts of Islamic Culture & Civilization
2) Historical Development of Islamic Culture & Civilization
3) Characteristics of Islamic Culture & Civilization
4) Islamic Culture & Civilization and Contemporary Issues
Islam & Science
1) Basic Concepts of Islam & Science
2) Contributions of Muslims in the Development of Science
3) Quranic & Science
Islamic Economic System
1) Basic Concepts of Islamic Economic System
2) Means of Distribution of wealth in Islamic Economics
3) Islamic Concept of Riba
4) Islamic Ways of Trade & Commerce
Political System of Islam
1) Basic Concepts of Islamic Political System
2) Islamic Concept of Sovereignty
3) Basic Institutions of Govt. in Islam
Islamic History
1) Period of Khlaft-E-Rashida
2) Period of Ummayyads
3) Period of Abbasids
Social System of Islam
1) Basic Concepts of Social System of Islam
2) Elements of Family
3) Ethical Values of Islam
Reference Books:
1) Hameed ullah Muhammad, “Emergence of Islam” , IRI,
Islamabad
2) Hameed ullah Muhammad, “Muslim Conduct of State”
3) Hameed ullah Muhammad, ‘Introduction to Islam
4) Mulana Muhammad Yousaf Islahi,”
5) Hussain Hamid Hassan, “An Introduction to the Study of Islamic Law” leaf Publication Islamabad, Pakistan.
6) Ahmad Hasan, “Principles of Islamic Jurisprudence” Islamic Research
Institute, International Islamic University, Islamabad (1993)
7) Mir Waliullah, “Muslim Jrisprudence and the Quranic Law of Crimes”
Islamic Book Service (1982)
8) H.S. Bhatia, “Studies in Islamic Law, Religion and Society” Deep & Deep
Publications New Delhi (1989)
9) Dr. Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq, “Introduction to Al Sharia Al Islamia” Allama
Iqbal Open University, Islamabad (2001)
Annexure - D
Note: One course will be selected from the following six courses of Mathematics.
COMPULSORY MATHEMATICS
COURSES FOR BS (4 YEAR)
(FOR STUDENTS NOT MAJORING IN
MATHEMATICS)
1. MATHEMATICS I (ALGEBRA)
Prerequisite(s): Mathematics at secondary level
Credit Hours: 3 + 0
Specific Objectives of the Course:
To prepare the students, not majoring in mathematics, with the essential tools of algebra to apply the concepts and the techniques in their respective disciplines.
Course Outline:
Preliminaries: Real-number system, complex numbers, introduction to sets, set operations, functions, types of functions.
Matrices: Introduction to matrices, types, matrix inverse, determinants, system of linear equations, Cramer’s rule.
Quadratic Equations: Solution of quadratic equations, qualitative analysis of roots of a quadratic equations, equations reducible to quadratic equations, cube roots of unity, relation between roots and coefficients of quadratic equations.
Sequences and Series: Arithmetic progression, geometric progression, harmonic progression.
Binomial Theorem: Introduction to mathematical induction, binomial theorem with rational and irrational indices.
Trigonometry: Fundamentals of trigonometry, trigonometric identities.
Recommended Books:
Dolciani MP, Wooton W, Beckenback EF, Sharron S, Algebra 2 and Trigonometry, 1978, Houghton & Mifflin,
Boston (suggested text)
Kaufmann JE, College Algebra and Trigonometry, 1987, PWS-Kent Company, Boston
Swokowski EW, Fundamentals of Algebra and Trigonometry (6th edition), 1986, PWS-Kent Company, Boston
2. MATHEMATICS II (CALCULUS)
Prerequisite(s): Mathematics I (Algebra)
Credit Hours: 3 + 0
Specific Objectives of the Course:
To prepare the students, not majoring in mathematics, with the essential tools of calculus to apply the concepts and the techniques in their respective disciplines.
Course Outline:
Preliminaries: Real-number line, functions and their graphs, solution of equations involving absolute values, inequalities.
Limits and Continuity: Limit of a function, left-hand and right-hand limits, continuity, continuous functions.
Derivatives and their Applications: Differentiable functions, differentiation of polynomial, rational and transcendental functions, derivatives.
Integration and Definite Integrals: Techniques of evaluating indefinite integrals, integration by substitution, integration by parts, change of variables in indefinite integrals.
Recommended Books:
Anton H, Bevens I, Davis S, Calculus: A New Horizon (8th edition), 2005, John Wiley, New York
Stewart J, Calculus (3rd edition), 1995, Brooks/Cole (suggested text)
Swokowski EW, Calculus and Analytic Geometry, 1983, PWS-Kent Company, Boston
Thomas GB, Finney AR, Calculus (11th edition), 2005, Addison-Wesley, Reading, Ma, USA
3. MATHEMATICS III (GEOMETRY)
Prerequisite(s): Mathematics II (Calculus)
Credit Hours: 3 + 0
Specific Objectives of the Course:
To prepare the students, not majoring in mathematics, with the essential tools of geometry to apply the concepts and the techniques in their respective disciplines.
Course Outline:
Geometry in Two Dimensions: Cartesian-coördinate mesh, slope of a line, equation of a line, parallel and perpendicular lines, various forms of equation of a line, intersection of two lines, angle between two lines, distance between two points, distance between a point and a line.
Circle: Equation of a circle, circles determined by various conditions, intersection of lines and circles, locus of a point in various conditions.
Conic Sections: Parabola, ellipse, hyperbola, the general-second-degree equation
Recommended Books:
Abraham S, Analytic Geometry, Scott, Freshman and Company, 1969
Kaufmann JE, College Algebra and Trigonometry, 1987, PWS-Kent Company, Boston
Swokowski EW, Fundamentals of Algebra and Trigonometry (6th edition), 1986, PWS-Kent Company, Boston
4. COURSE FOR NON-MATHEMATICS MAJORS IN SOCIAL SCIENCES
Title of subject: MATHEMATICS
Discipline : BS (Social Sciences).
Pre-requisites : SSC (Metric) level Mathematics
Credit Hours : 03 + 00
Minimum Contact Hours : 40
Assessment : written examination;
Effective : 2008 and onward
Aims : To give the basic knowledge of Mathematics and prepare
the students not majoring in mathematics.
Objectives : After completion of this course the student should be able
to:
• Understand the use of the essential tools of basic mathematics;
• Apply the concepts and the techniques in their respective disciplines;
• Model the effects non-isothermal problems through different domains;
Contents :
1. Algebra : Preliminaries: Real and complex numbers, Introduction to sets, set operations, functions, types of functions. Matrices: Introduction to matrices, types of matrices, inverse of matrices, determinants, system of linear equations, Cramer’s rule. Quadratic equations: Solution of quadratic equations, nature of roots of quadratic equations, equations reducible to quadratic equations. Sequence and Series: Arithmetic, geometric and harmonic progressions. Permutation and combinations: Introduction to permutation and combinations, Binomial Theorem: Introduction to binomial theorem. Trigonometry: Fundamentals of trigonometry, trigonometric identities. Graphs: Graph of straight line, circle and trigonometric functions.
2. Statistics : Introduction: Meaning and definition of statistics, relationship of statistics with social science, characteristics of statistics, limitations of statistics and main division of statistics. Frequency distribution: Organisation of data, array, ungrouped and grouped data, types of frequency series, individual, discrete and continuous series, tally sheet method, graphic presentation of the frequency distribution, bar frequency diagram histogram, frequency polygon, cumulative frequency curve. Measures of central tendency: Mean medium and modes, quartiles, deciles and percentiles. Measures of dispersion: Range, inter quartile deviation mean deviation, standard deviation, variance, moments, skewness and kurtosis.
Books Recommended:
1. Swokowski. E. W., ‘Fundamentals of Algebra and Trigonometry’, Latest Edition.
2. Kaufmann. J. E., ‘College Algebra and Trigonometry’, PWS-Kent Company, Boston, Latest Edition.
3. Walpole, R. E., ‘Introduction of Statistics’, Prentice Hall, Latest Edition.
4. Wilcox, R. R., ‘Statistics for The Social Sciences’,
5. MATHEMATICS FOR CHEMISTRY
Credit Hours: 3
Prerequisites: Mathematics at Secondary level
Specific Objectives of Course:
To prepare the students not majoring in mathematics with the essential tools of Calculus to apply the concepts and the techniques in their respective disciplines.
Course Outline:
Preliminaries: Real Numbers and the Real Line, Functions and their graphs: Polynomial Functions, Rational Functions, Trigonometric Functions, and Transcendental Functions. Slope of a Line, Equation of a Line, Solution of equations involving absolute values, Inequalities. Limits and Continuity: Limit of a Function, Left Hand and Right Hand Limits, Continuity, Continuous Functions. Derivatives and its Applications: Differentiation of Polynomial, Rational and Transcendental Functions, Extreme Values of Functions. Integration and Indefinite Integrals: Integration by Substitution, Integration by Parts, Change of Variables in Indefinite Integrals. Least-Squares Line.
Recommended Books:
1. Thomas, Calculus, 11th Edition. Addison Wesley publishing company, 2005.
2. H. Anton, I. Bevens, S. Davis, Calculus, 8th edition, Jhon Willey & Sons, Inc. 2005.
3. Hughes-Hallett, Gleason, McCallum, et al, Calculus Single and Multivariable, 3rd Edition. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2002.
4. Frank A.Jr, Elliott Mendelson, Calculus, Schaum’s Outline Series, 4th edition, 1999.
5. E. W. Swokowski, Calculus and Analytic Geometry PWS Publishers, Boston, 1983.
6. John H. Mathews, Numerical Methods for Mathematics Science and Engineering, Prentice-Hall, Second Edition 1992.
6. MATHEMATICS FOR PHYSICS
Contents
1. Preliminary calculus.
• Differentiation
Differentiation from first principles; products; the chain rule; quotients; implicit differentiation; logarithmic differentiation; Leibnitz’ theorem; special points of a function; theorems of differentiation.
• Integration
Integration from first principles; the inverse of differentiation; integration by inspection; sinusoidal function; logarithmic integration; integration using partial fractions; substitution method; integration by parts; reduction formulae; infinite and improper integrals; plane polar coordinates; integral inequalities; applications of integration.
2. Complex numbers and hyperbolic functions
• The need for complex numbers
• Manipulation of complex numbers
Additions and subtraction; modulus and argument; multiplication; complex conjugate; division
• Polar representation of complex numbers
Multiplication and division in polar form
• de Moivre’s theorem
Trigonometrical identities; finding the nth roots of unity; solving polynomial equations
• Complex logarithms and complex powers
• Applications to differentiation and integration
• Hyperbolic functions
Definitions; hyperbolic-trigonometric analogies; identities of hyperbolic functions; solving hyperbolic equations; inverses of hyperbolic functions; calculus of hyperbolic functions
3. Series and limits
• Series
• Summation of series
Arithmetic series; geometric series; arithmetico-geometric series; the difference method; series involving natural numbers; transformation of series
• Convergence of infinite series
Absolute and conditional convergence; convergence of a series containing only real positive terms; alternating series test
• Operations with series
• Power series
Convergence of power series; operations with power series
• Taylor series
Taylor’s theorem; approximation errors in Taylor series; standard Maclaurin series
• Evaluation of limits
4. Partial differentiation
• Definition of the partial derivative
• The total differential and total derivative
• Exact and inexact differentials
• Useful theorems of partial differentiation
• The chain rule
• Change of variables
• Taylor’s theorem for many-variable functions
• Stationary values of many-variable functions
• Stationary values under constraints
5. Multiple integrals
• Double integrals
• Triple integrals
• Applications of multiple integrals
Areas and volumes; masses, centers of mass and centroids; Pappus’ theorems; moments of inertia; mean values of functions
• Change of variables in multiple integrals
Change of variables in double integrals;
6. Vector algebra
• Scalars and vectors
• Addition and subtraction of vectors
• Multiplication by a scalar
• Basis vectors and components
• Magnitude of a vectors
• Multiplication of vectors
Scalar product; vector product; scalar triple product; vector triple product
• Equations of lines and planes
Equation of a line; equation of a plane
• Using vectors to find distances
Point to line; point to plane; line to line; line to plane
• Reciprocal vectors
7. Matrices and vector spaces
• Vectors spaces
Basic vectors; the inner product; some useful inequalities
• Matrices
• The complex and Hermitian conjugates of a matrix
• The determinant of a matrix
Properties of determinants
• The inverse of a matrix
• The rank of a matrix
• Simultaneous linear equations
N simultaneous linear equations in N unknowns
• Special square matrices
Diagonal; symmetric and antisymmetric; orthogonal; Hermitian; unitary normal
• Eigen vectors and eigen values
Of a normal matrix; of Hermitian and anti-Hermitian matrices; of a unitary matrix; of a general square matrix
• Determination of eigen values and eigen vectors
Degenerate eigen values
8. Vector calculus
• Differentiation of vectors
Composite vector expressions; differential of a vector
• Integration of vectors
• Space curves
• Vector functions of several arguments
• Surfaces
• Scalar and vector fields
• Vector operators
Gradient of a scalar field; divergence of a vector field; curl of a vector field
• Vector operator formulae
Vector operators acting on sums and products; combinations of grad, div and curl
• Cylindrical and spherical polar coordinates
Cylindrical polar coordinates; spherical polar coordinates
Annexure - E
INTRODUCTION TO STATISTICS
Credit hrs: 3(3-0)
Unit 1. What is Statistics?
Definition of Statistics, Population, sample Descriptive and inferential Statistics, Observations, Data, Discrete and continuous variables, Errors of measurement, Significant digits, Rounding of a Number, Collection of primary and secondary data, Sources, Editing of Data. Exercises.
Unit 2. Presentation of Data
Introduction, basic principles of classification and Tabulation, Constructing of a frequency distribution, Relative and Cumulative frequency distribution, Diagrams, Graphs and their Construction, Bar charts, Pie chart, Histogram, Frequency polygon and Frequency curve, Cumulative Frequency Polygon or Ogive, Historigram, Ogive for Discrete Variable. Types of frequency curves. Exercises.
Unit 3. Measures of Central Tendency
Introduction, Different types of Averages, Quantiles, The Mode, Empirical Relation between Mean, Median and mode, Relative Merits and Demerits of various Averages. properties of Good Average, Box and Whisker Plot, Stem and Leaf Display, definition of outliers and their detection. Exercises.
Unit 4. Measures of Dispersion
Introduction, Absolute and relative measures, Range, The semi-Inter-quartile Range, The Mean Deviation, The Variance and standard deviation, Change of origin and scale, Interpretation of the standard Deviation, Coefficient of variation, Properties of variance and standard Deviation, Standardized variables, Moments and Moments ratios. Exercises.
Unit 5. Probability and Probability Distributions.
Discrete and continuous distributions: Binomial, Poisson and Normal Distribution. Exercises
Unit 6. Sampling and Sampling Distributions
Introduction, sample design and sampling frame, bias, sampling and non sampling errors, sampling with and without replacement, probability and non-probability sampling, Sampling distributions for single mean and proportion, Difference of means and proportions. Exercises.
Unit 7. Hypothesis Testing
Introduction, Statistical problem, null and alternative hypothesis, Type-I and Type-II errors, level of significance, Test statistics, acceptance and rejection regions, general procedure for testing of hypothesis. Exercises.
Unit 8. Testing of Hypothesis- Single Population
Introduction, Testing of hypothesis and confidence interval about the population mean and proportion for small and large samples, Exercises
Unit 9.Testing of Hypotheses-Two or more Populations
Introduction, Testing of hypothesis and confidence intervals about the difference of population means and proportions for small and large samples, Analysis of Variance and ANOVA Table. Exercises
Unit 10. Testing of Hypothesis-Independece of Attributes
Introduction, Contingency Tables, Testing of hypothesis about the Independence of attributes. Exercises.
Unit 11. Regression and Correlation
Introduction, cause and effect relationships, examples, simple linear regression, estimation of parameters and their interpretation. r and R2. Correlation. Coefficient of linear correlation, its estimation and interpretation. Multiple regression and interpretation of its parameters. Examples
Recommended Books
1 Walpole, R. E. 1982. “Introduction to Statistics”, 3rd Ed., Macmillan Publishing Co., Inc. New York.
2 Muhammad, F. 2005. “Statistical Methods and Data Analysis”, Kitab Markaz, Bhawana Bazar Faisalabad.
Note: General Courses from other Departments
Details of courses may be developed by the concerned universities according to their Selection of Courses as recommended by their Board of Studies.
-----------------------
ORIENTATION COURSES BY
LI, HEC
BACK TO STAGE-I
IMPLE. OF CURRI.
REVIEW
PRINTING OF CURRI.
PREP. OF DRAFT BY NCRC
COMMENTS
FINALIZATION OF DRAFT BY NCRC
CONS. OF NCRC.
QUESTIONNAIRE
PREP. OF FINAL CURRI.
APPRAISAL OF 1ST DRAFT BY EXP
COLLECTION OF EXP NOMINATION UNI, R&D, INDUSTRY & COUNCILS
FOLLOW UP
FINAL STAGE
CURRI. IN DRAFT STAGE
CURRI. UNDER CONSIDERATION
STAGE-IV
STAGE-III
STAGE-II
STAGE-I
Abbreviations Used:
NCRC. National Curriculum Revision Committee
VCC. Vice-Chancellor’s Committee
EXP. Experts
COL. Colleges
UNI. Universities
PREP. Preparation
REC. Recommendations
LI Learning Innovation
R&D Research & Development Organization
HEC Higher Education Commission
................
................
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