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Chapter 14: Lymphatic System & Immunity (Study Guide & Practice Questions) LYMPHATIC SYSTEM Organization of the lymphatic systemLymphatic fluid (lymph)Lymphatic vessels Lymph organs Lymph- excess fluid left behind by capillary exchange that drains from tissue spaces and is transported by lymphatic vessels back to the bloodstream Lymphatic vessels- prevent only one-way movement of lymph Lymphatic capillaries- tiny blind-ended tubes distributed in tissue spaces Microscopic in size Sheets consisting of one cell layer of simple squamous epithelium Poor “fit” between adjacent cells results in porous walls Called lacteals in the intestinal wall (fat transportation from digestive tract to bloodstream)Right lymphatic ductDrains lymph from the right upper extremity and right side of the head, neck, and upper torso Thoracic duct Largest lymphatic vesselHas an enlarged pouch along its course (cisterna chyli)Drains lymph from about three-fourths of the bodyLymphoid organs- have masses of developing white blood cells (WBCs; lymphoid tissue) and functions that include defense and WBC formation Lymph nodesFilter lymph Located in clusters along the pathway of lymphatic vesselsLymphoid tissue- mass of lymphocytes and related cells provides immune function and development of immune cellsFlow of lymph: to node via several afferent lymphatic vessels and drained from node by a single efferent lymphatic vesselThymus Lymphoid tissue organ located in the mediastinumTotal weight of 35 to 40 g – a little more than an ouncePlays a vital and central role in immunity Development of T lymphocytes, or T cells Secretes hormones called thymosin’s (which influence T-cell development)Lymphoid tissue is eventually replaced by fat in the process called involution Tonsils Composed of masses of lymphoid tissue around the openings of the mouth and throatPalatine tonsils (“the tonsils”)Pharyngeal tonsils (also known as ADENOIDS)Lingual tonsilsSubject to chronic infection Enlargement of pharyngeal tonsils may impair breathingSpleenLargest lymphoid organ in the body Located in the upper left quadrant of the abdomenOften injured by trauma to the abdomen; surgical removal = splenectomyFunctions include phagocytosis of bacteria and old RBCs; monocyte reservoir; acts as a blood reservoirBecause the spleens functions can be done by other organs, one can survive without a spleen IMMUNE SYSTEM Protects the body from pathological bacteria, foreign tissues cells, and cancerous cells Made up defensive cells and molecules Two main strategies- nonspecific defenses and specific defenses Innate immunity Called innate because we are born with it (no prior exposure needed)Also called nonspecific immunity because it includes mechanisms that act generally against any type of damage of threatening agentMany types of innate immunity occur in the bodyNonspecific immunity is the rapid first response, it often triggers slower specific responsesInvolves a variety of signaling chemicals called cytokinesSkin- mechanical barrier to bacteria and other harmful agentsTears and mucus- wash eyes and trap and kill bacteria Inflammation Inflammatory response- attracts immune cells to site of injury, increases local blood flow, increases vascular permeability; promotes movement of WBCs to site of injury or infectionFever- systemic effect of increased body temperature; may increase immune efficiency or inhibit infectious agentsComplement- class of enzymes in blood plasma that can trigger a variety of immune responses; also involved in specific (adaptive) mechanismsAdaptive immunity Adaptive because of its ability to recognize, respond to, and remember harmful substances or bacteria Also called specific immunity because it responds to particular antigens to which is has been exposedTypes of adaptive immunity Natural immunity- exposure to causative agent is deliberateActive- vaccination results in activation of immune system and long-term protectionPassive- protective material developed in another individual’s immune system and given to previously nonimmune individual, giving short-term protection IMMUNE SYSTEM MOLECULESCytokinesCytokines are molecules that communicate among cells, coordinating immune responses Interleukins (ILs) are an example of cytokinesAntibodies Protein molecules with specific combining sitesCombining sites attach antibodies to specific antigens (foreign proteins), forming an antigen-antibody complex- this provides humoral, or antibody-mediated immunity Antigen-antibody complexes may do the following:Neutralize toxinsClump or agglutinate enemy cells Promote phagocytosis Complement proteins Group of proteins normally present in blood in an inactive stateComplement cascadeImportant mechanism of action for antibodies Causes cell lysis by permitting entry of water through a defect created in the plasma membraneAlso helps perform other functions—attracting immune cells to a site of infection, activating immune cells, marking foreign cells for destruction, increasing permeability of blood vessels—the inflammatory response IMMUNE SYSTEM CELLSPhagocytes Ingest and destroy foreign cells or other harmful substances via phagocytosis Types Neutrophils- short lived phagocytic cells; most abundant type of immune cellsMonocytes—develop into phagocytic macrophages and migrate to tissuesDendritic cells (DCs)—often found at or near external surfacesMacrophages and DCs act as antigen-presenting cells (APCs) by displaying ingested antigens on their outer surfacesLymphocytes Second most numerous immune system cells after neutrophils; include NK cells, B cells, and T cellsNatural killer (NK) cells- agents of innate immunity normal self-antigensCan attach to any cell but kill only cells lacking normal self-antigensUsually kill triggering apoptosis (programmed cell death)B cells (B lymphocytes)—agents of adaptive immunity Development of B cells—primitive stem cells migrate from bone marrow and go through two stages developmentFirst stage- stem cells develop into immature B cellsTakes place in the liver and bone marrow before birth and in the bone marrow only in adults B cells are small lymphocytes with antibody molecules (which they have synthesized) in their plasma membranes After they mature, inactive B cells migrate chiefly to lymph nodes Second stage- inactive B cells develops into activated B cellInitiated by inactive B cell’s contract with antigens, which bind to its surface antibodies, plus cytokines (signal chemicals) from T cells Activated B cell, by dividing repeatedly, forms two clones of cells- plasma (effector) cells and memory cellsPlasma cells secrete antibodies into blood; memory cells are sorted in lymph nodesIf subsequent exposure to the specific antigen that activated the B cell occurs, memory cells become plasma cells and secrete antibodies in large quantity Function of B cells—indirectly, B cells produce humoral immunity Activated B cells develop into plasma cellsPlasma cells secrete antibodies into the bloodCirculating antibodies produce humoral immunity T cells (T lymphocytes)—agents of adaptive immunityDevelopment of T cells- stem cells from bone marrow migrate to thymus gland First stage- stem cells develop into T cellsT cells mature in the thymus during the few months before and after birthMature T cells migrate chiefly to lymph nodesSecond stage—T cells develop into activated T cellsOccurs when and if antigen binds to T cell’s surface proteins and a cytokine (chemical signal) is received from another T cellAs with B cells, clones made up of effector cells and memory cells are formedFunctions of T cells—produce cell-mediated immunityCytotoxic T cells—kill infected or tumor cells by releasing a substance that poisons infected or tumor cellsHelper T cells—release cytokines that attract and activate macrophages to kill cells by phagocytosis; produce cytokines that help activate B cellsRegulatory T cells- release cytokines to suppress immune responses Chapter 14: Lymphatic System & Immunity (Practice Test)What is lymph? What is its function?Name the two lymphatic ducts and the areas of the body each of them drains Describe the structure of the lymph nodeExplain the defense function of the lymph nodeLocate the thymus gland in the body and list its functionsName and locate three types of tonsilsGive the location and function of the spleenExplain the types of innate immunity Name and differentiate between the four types of adaptive immunityExplain how the antibodies and antigens differExplain the role of complement in the immune systemExplain the role of macrophages in the immune systemExplain the development and functioning of B cellsExplain the development and functioning of T cellsDifferentiate between humoral (antibody-mediated) and cell-mediated immunity Differentiate between lymphatic capillaries and blood capillaries. Explain how the differences in their structure relate to their functionExplain the role of lymph nodes in the possible spread of cancerExplain some possible reasons to avoid surgical removal of the tonsils __________________ is the fluid that leaves the blood capillaries and may eventually be returned to the blood through lymphatic vesselsLymph from about three-fourths of the body drains into the __________________Lymph from the right upper extremity and the right side of the head drains into the __________________The enlarged, pouchlike structure in the abdomen that serves as a storage area for lymph is called the _______________________The function of the _____________________ is to filter and clean the lymphThe many lymphatic vessels that enter the lymph node are called the _________________ vessels. The single vessel leaving the lymph node is called the ______________________ headThe thymus gland is the site of maturation for these WBC’s: __________________. It also produces the hormone ____________________Three types of tonsils are the ____________________________________The largest lymphoid organ is the _______________The signs of ___________ are heat, redness, pain, and swelling_________________ kills threatening cells by drilling holes in their plasma membrane, which disrupts the sodium and water balanceMacrophages were originally ___________ that migrated into the tissues Macrophages were develops against polio after a person receives a polio vaccination is an example of Active natural immunityPassive natural immunityActive artificial immunityPassive artificial immunity The immunity that is given to the fetus or newborn by the immune system of the mother is an example of Active natural immunityPassive natural immunity Active artificial immunity Passive artificial immunity The immunity that comes from the injection of antibodies made by another individuals immune system is an example of Active natural immunityPassive natural immunity Active artificial immunity Passive artificial immunity The immunity that develops after a person has had a disease is am example of Active natural immunityPassive natural immunity Active artificial immunity Passive artificial immunity Write B cell or T cell for the following statements____ produces antibodies____ some development into plasma cells____ the main cell involved in cell-mediated immunity____ the main cell involved in humoral immunity____ develops in the thymus gland____ moves to the site of the antigen and releases cell poison____ divides rapidly into clones once it is activated____ releases a substance that attacks macrophages____ some of these cells develop into memory cells _____________________ is the fluid formed in the tissue spaces that will be transported by way of vessels to eventually reenter the circulatory systemBlood plasma that has filtered out of capillaries into microscopic spaces between cells is called ____________________________The network of tiny blind-ended tubes distributed in the tissue spaces is called _______________Lymph eventually empties into two terminal vessels called the ___________________________________ and the _________________________________________The thoracic duct has an enlarged pouchlike structure called the ____________________________Lymph is filtered by moving through _______________________ located in clusters along the pathway of lymphatic vesselsLymph enters the node through one or more _____________________ lymph vesselslymph exits from the node through a single _______________ lymph vesselmatch thymustonsilsspleen____ palatine, pharyngeal, and lingual are examples____ largest lymphoid organ in the body____ destroys worn-out red blood cells____ located in the mediastinum____ serves as a reservoir for blood____ T lymphocytes____ largest at puberty match natural passive immunityinjection of antibodiesgeneral protection artificial active exposureadaptive immunity ____ nonspecific immunity ____ mothers milk____ specific immunity____ artificial passive immunity____ immunization match antibodiesantigenallergyanaphlytic shockcytokinescomplement cascadecomplementhumoral immunity combining siteinterferon____ hypersensitivity of the immune system to harmless antigens____ life-threatening allergic reaction____ chemicals released from cells to act as direct agents of innate, nonspecific immunity____ protein compounds normally present in the body____ also known as antibody-mediated immunity____ combines with antibody to produce humoral immunity ____ antibody____ process of changing molecule shape slightly to expose binding sites ____ small protein compound that plays a significant role in producing innate immunity against viral infections____ inactive proteins in blood the most numerous cells of the immune system are:monocyteseosinophilsneutrophilslymphocytescomplementwhich of the terms listed below usually occurs during the second stage B cell development?Plasma cells Stem cellsAntibodiesActivated B cellInactive B cellsWhich one of the terms listed below occurs last in the immune process?Plasma cellsStem cellsAntibodiesActivated B cellsInactive B cellsModerate exercise has been found to:Complement AntigensEpitopesNone of the aboveWhich one of the following is part of the cell membrane of B cells?ComplementAntigensAntibodiesEpitopesNone of the above Immature B cells have:Four types of defense mechanisms on their cell membranesSeveral kinds of defense mechanisms on their cell membraneOne specific kind of defense mechanism on their cell membraneNo defense mechanisms on their cell membraneActivation of a B cell depends on the B cell coming in contact with:ComplementAntibodiesLymphotoxinsLymphokinesAntigensThe kind of cell that produces large numbers of antibodies is the:B cellStem cellT cell Memory cellPlasma cellJust one of these short-lived cells that make antibodies can produce __________ of them per second202002,00020,000 Which of the following statements is not true of memory cells?They can develop into plasma cells and secrete large amounts of antibodies into the bloodThey are found in lymph nodesThey develop into plasma cellsThey can react with antigensAll of the above are true of memory cellsT cell development begins in the:Lymph nodesLiverPancreasSpleenThymusHuman immunodeficiency virus (HIV) has its most obvious effects in:B cellsStem cellsPlasma cellsT cellsInterferon:Is produced by body cells within hours after infection by a virusDecreases the severity of many virus-related diseases Shows promise as an anticancer agentHas been shown to be effective in treating breast cancerAll of the aboveB cells function indirectly to produce:Humoral immunity Cell-mediated immunityLymphotoxinsLymphokinesT cells function to produce:Humoral immunityCell-mediated immunityAntibodiesMemory cellsAll lymphocytes that circulate in the tissues arise from primitive cells in the bone marrow called_________________________The first stage of B cell development-transformation of stem cells into immature B cells—occurs in the ____________ and the __________________ before birth but only in the ____________________________ in adults_________________ and _______________________ act as antigen-presenting cells (APCs) to ingest a cell or particle, remove its antigens and display some of them on their cell surfacesT cells are lymphocytes that undergone their first stage of development in the ___________________________________________________________ blocks HIV’s ability to reproduce within infected cells__________________________ is a disease caused by a retrovirus that enters the bloodstream and integrates into the DNA of T cell lymphocytes Like many viruses such as the common cold, HIV changes rapidly so the development of a ________________________ may not occur for several yearsWhich of the following is true about both lymphatic and blood capillariesBoth types of vessels are microscopic and are formed from sheets of endothelium The movement and route of blood and lymph are identicalBoth lymph and blood terminate in the same veinsAll of the above are trueThe spleen:Is the largest lymphoid organ in the body Has a limited blood supply Is located in the upper right quadrant of the abdomen lateral to the stomachAll of the aboveWhich of the following is NOT a lymphoid organ?Lymph nodesThymusSpleenCisterna chyliWhich of the following is NOT true regarding lymph vessels?Lymph enters the node through four afferent lymph vessels Lymph exits the node through four efferent vesselsOnce lymph enters the node, it “percolates” slowly through spaces called sinusesLymph from the breast drains into many different and widely placed nodesThe Thymus is:Largest at pubertyA source of lymphocytes before birthReplaced by a process called involution All of the above Which of the following is NOT an example of tonsils?PalatineHumoralPharyngealLingualActive immunity occurs when:Immunity to a disease that has developed in another individual is transferred to someone not previously immuneAn infant receives antibodies in her mother’s milkImmunity is inherited A vaccination confers immunityThe function of T cells is to:Produce cell-mediated immunityKill infected cells by releasing a substance that poisons cellsRelease chemicals that attract and activate macrophages to kill cells by phagocytosis All of the aboveWhich of the following is an example of nonspecific immunity?SkinMucous membrane InflammationAll of the aboveIn general, antibodies produce ____________ immunity ComplementPhagocyticHumoralInherited Match Humoral Allergy InterferonT cellsEfferentMonocytesAntibodiesAdaptive immunityInnate immunityInterleukins____ lymph vessel____ thymus____ nonspecific immunity____ specific immunity____ protein compounds in the body____ antigen hypersensitivity____ antibody-mediated immunity____ cytokines____ synthetic treatment for viral infections____ phagocytes 45. The lymphatic system serves various functions in the body. The two most important functions of this system are:a. fluid balance and waste removal.b. fluid balance and immunity.c. immunity and waste removal.d. waste removal and gas exchange.46. Bean-shaped structures located at certain intervals along the lymphatic system are:a. lymphatic capillaries.b. lymph nodes.c. lymph valves.d. lacteals.47. The function of the lymph nodes is:a. biological filtration.b. intiating the inflammatory response.c. agglutination of enemy cells.d. secretion of antibodies.48. The largest organ of the lymphatic system is the:a. thalamus.b. thyroid.c. thymus.d. spleen.49. Masses of lymphoid tissue located in a protective ring under the mucous membranes in the mouth and the back of the throat are called:a. lymphatic capillaries.b. lymph nodes.c. tonsils.d. anastomoses.50. This organ has several functions including defense, red blood cell destruction, and a reservoir for blood.a. Thymusb. Thyroidc. Spleend. Thalamus51. The body’s defense mechanisms can be organized into one of two major categories of immune mechanisms.a. Species resistance and adaptive immunityb. Mechanical and chemical barriersc. Innate and adaptive immunityd. Innate and inflammatory immunity52. These cells secrete antibodies, but do not immediately do so. They remain in reserve in the lymph nodes until they are contacted by the same antigen that led to their formation.a. Plasma cellsb. Antigen-presenting cellsc. Memory cellsd. Dendritic cells53. A set of innate responses that often occurs in the body is called the:a. immune response.b. innate immune response.c. inflammatory response.d. noninflammatory response.54. The ingestion and destruction of microorganisms or other small particles is:a. pinocytosis.b. exocytosis.c. apedesis.d. phagocytosis.55. The two major types of lymphocytes are:a. A cells and B cells.b. A cells and T cells.c. B cells and T cells.d. T cells and macrophages.56. Because some sensitized T cells attack invading cells more directly, T cell immune mechanisms are classified as:a. antibody-mediated immunity.b. cell-mediated immunity.c. innate immunity.d. humoral immunity.57. This protein interferes with the ability of viruses to cause disease.a. Natural killer cellsb. Interferonc. Macrophagesd. Viral enzymesANSWERSLymphThoracic ductRight lymphatic ductCisterna chyliLymph nodesAfferent, efferentT cells, thymosinPalatine, pharyngeal, lingualSpleenInflammationComplement cascadeMonocytesCBDAB,B,T,B,T,T,B,T (B OR T)LymphInterstitial fluidLymphatic capillariesRight lymphatic duct; thoracic ductCisterna chyli Lymph nodesAfferentEfferent B,C,C,A,C,A,AC,A,E,B,DC,D,E,A,H,B,I,F,J,GDDCBCCEECEEDEABStem cellLiver and bone marrow; bone marrowMacrophages and dendritic cellsThymus glandAzidothymidine (AZT)AIDSVaccineAADBDBDDDCE,D,I,H,G,B,A,J,C,FBBADCCCCCDCBB ................
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