Structural Grammar and Spoken English

Structural Grammar and Spoken English

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9. Structural Grammar and Spoken English (NC) 2 (1+1)

Structural Grammar: Introduction of Word Classes; Structure of Verb in English; Uses of Tenses; Study of Voice; Study of Conjunctions and Prepositions; Sentence Patterns in English. Spoken English: Conversations of different situations in everyday life; the concept of stress; stress shift in words and sentences; silent letters in words and pronunciation of words with silent letters, the basic intonation patterns.

Practical: Structural Grammar: Exercises in word classes, identification and study of verbs in

sentences, application of tenses and voice, exercises in conjunctions and prepositions, other structural

grammar exercises, report writing, letter writing (different types of letters). Spoken English:

Conversations of everyday life, the concept of stress; stress shift. Silent letters in words, basic

intonation patterns, preparing and address.

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Lecture No.1

Introduction to the Structure of English Language and to some Word Classes.

English, being an international language, is taking a prominent place all over the world. Because of world wide necessity English is not only a language but it helps a man in acquiring knowledge and thereby developing his career. In fact, the language is no more a language of conquest, but a language of quest.

Human beings first used different sounds to communicate different meanings. Then they made graphical representations of the sounds in a written form. They went on to form words and sentences. Finally they created rules to govern formation of sentences and together they called them Grammar.

Any document grammatically written facilitates transfer of the author's thoughts to a reader whereas ungrammatically written one fails to do that.

English Grammar describes the properties of English language. Structural or Prescriptive Grammar is inductive and the rules help a learner to know the sentence formation. If the words are not arranged in correct order, we cannot communicate effectively.

Mother Tongue is entirely different from a foreign language. The former comes automatically since it is a practice, whereas the latter is acquired by a methodical learning. It is essential for the learners to comprehend the structure of that language.

English is said to be a very flexible language and it is always growing. We need continuous practice in writing. This facilitates written communication to become effective communication - effective by its grammar and its meaning.

1. Structure of Written English

Morphemes(minimum lexical units)

Words(minimum meaningful lexical units)

Phrases ( grammatically & semantically incomplete)

Clauses ( Grammatically incomplete, but semantically complete)

1

Sentences ( Grammatically and semantically

complete)

? The basic elements in a word are called morphemes.

e.g. in - dependent - ly independently

? The study of morphemes is called morphology.

? The study of words, that is, their formation and spelling is called Lexis

? The study of how words are organized into phrases, clauses and sentences is

called as Syntax.

Words are independent units. They are divided into some classes according to how they

work within phrases, clauses and sentences. These divisions are called as Parts of Speech

or Word Classes.

The traditional Parts of sentence are eight in number. However since article forms a part

and parcel of sentences, and the University Grammar of English has included article as

one of the parts of sentence, it is also included in the list apart from eight.

? Nouns

? Pronouns

? Adjectives

? Verbs

? Articles

? Prepositions

? Conjunctions

? Adverbs

? Interjections

Sentences

A sentence is commonly defined as "a complete unit of thought". It

consists of many words. That is morphemes form words, words form sentences. There are

four types of sentences. They are:

Sentences

2

Statement Interrogative

imperative

Exclamatory

Normally a sentence expresses a fact or opinion, voices a question, conveys a

command or describes a special character of someone or something. It begins with a

capital letter and ends with a period, question mark or exclamation mark.

There are certain patterns in to which English sentences fall. The basic sentence

construction patterns are

1. SV

- Bees / fly

Subject / verb

S /V

2. SVO

- Devi / gave / a cheque Subject/ Verb/ Object

S /V / O

3. SVC

- Kothai / is a / dancer

Complement

S

V C

4. a). SVCO - My hobby / is singing / karnatic songs

S

V C

O

b). SVOC - They / made / Dhony / the / captain

S

V O

C

5. a). SV (D) O (I) O - My professor / gave / an award / to me.

S V DO IO

b). SV (I) O (D) O - My professor / gave / me / an award.

S

V IO DO

6. a) SVA

- My friend / sings / excellently

S

V

A

7. SVOA

- My mother / kept / sweets / in the box

S

V

O

A

1. Subject

-

A subject is a word, phrase, or

clause that performs the action

2. Direct object

-

It is a word, phrase or clause that

follows a transitive verb and

answers the question "who" or

"what"

3. Complement

-

A word that completes a sentence

with verbs like "is, am, are"

describing the state or position of

the subject.

3

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