Abbreviation - IEEE
[Pages:3]APPENDIX VII
Recommended Unit Symbols, SI Prefixes, and Abbreviations
A. Recommended Unit Symbols
The following standards provide the recommended abbreviations, symbols, and units for IEEE publications.
IEEE Std 100-1996 IEEE Standard Dictionary of Electrical and
Electronic Terms, Sixth Edition
IEEE Std 260.1-1993 American National Standard Letter Symbols
for Units of Measurement (SI Units,
Customary Inch-Pound Units, and
Certain Other Units)
IEEE Std 280-1985 American National Standard for Mathe-
matmatical Signs and Symbols for Use
in Physical Sciences and Technology
IEEE Std 280-1985 IEEE Standard Letter Symbols for
(R1997)
Quantities Used in Electrical Science
and Electrical Engineering
IEEE Std 315-1975 IEEE Graphic Symbols foe Electrical and
(R1993)
Electronics Diagrams (Including
Reference Designation Letters)
(Includes supplement 315A-1986, R1993)
SI 10-1997
(IEEE/ASTM) Standard for Use of the
International System of Units (SI) --
The Modern Metric System
The above standards are all available from IEEE, 445 Hoes Lane, P.O. Box 1331, Piscataway, NJ 08855-1331 USA, Telephone +1-800-678IEEE. Some symbols from these standards are given in Table II of part C of this appendix. Their form is the same for both singular and plural usages, and period is not used in their abbreviations. The distinction between the use of upper-case and lower-case letters should be carefully observed.
When a compound unit is formed by the multiplication of two or more units, its symbol consists of the symbols of the separate units joined by a raised dot; for example, N # m for newton meter. When a compound unit is formed by the division of one unit by another, its symbol consists of the separate symbols either separated by solidus (slant) or multiplied using negative powers; for example, either m/s or m # s-1 for meters per second.
Multiple
1024 1021 1018 1015 1012 109 106 103 102
10 10-2 10-2 10-3 10-6 10-9 10-12 10-15 10-18 10-21 10-24
TABLE I
SI PREFIXES
Prefix
yotta zetta exa peta tera giga mega kilo hecto deka deci centi milli micro nano pico femto atto zepto yocto
Symbol
Y Z E P T G M k h da d c m ? n p f a z y
B. Recommended SI Prefixes
Prefixes indicating decimal multiples or submultiples of units and their symbols are given in Table I. Compound prefixes, such as "micromicro" for "pico" and "kilomega" for "giga" are discouraged.
C. Recommended Abbreviations
In general, most abbreviations of technical terms are capitalized, but there are notable exceptions such as ac, dc, and rms. In addition to the unit symbols, Table II lists many common technical abbreviations in their standard IEEE editorial forms. Note that periods are not used and the abbreviation is the same regardless of whether it is used as a noun or an adjective. An abbreviation that is new or not generally accepted should be defined when first used. In abbreviations involving a person's name, always capitalize the initial for the person's name.
Unit or Term
TABLE II
ABBREVIATIONS AND LETTER SYMBOLS FOR UNITS
Abbreviation
Unit or Term
Abbreviation
alternating current American wire gauge ampere ampere # hour ampere turn amplitude modulation antilogarithm audio frequency automatic frequency control automatic gain control automatic volume control average
ac AWG A Ah A AM antilog AF AFC AGC AVC avg
baud beat-frequency oscillator binary coded decimal bit British thermal unit calorie candela candela per square foot candela per square meter cathode-ray oscilloscope cathode-ray tube centimeter
Bd BFO BCD b Btu cal cd cd/ft2 cd/m2 CRO CRT cm
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Unit or Term
circular mil continuous wave coulomb cubic centimeter cubic foot per minute cubic meter cubic meter per second decibel degree Celsius degree Fahrenheit degree (plane angle) degree Rankine degree (temperature interval or difference) diameter direct current electromagnetic compatibility electromagnetic unit electromotive force electronic data processing electronvolt electrostatic unit extra-high voltage extremely high frequency extremely low frequency farad field-effect transistor foot foot per minute foot per second foot pound-force frequency modulation gallon gallon per minute gauss gigaelectronvolt gigahertz gram henry hertz high voltage hour inch inch per second inductance-capacitance inertia infrared inside diameter intermediate frequency joule joule per degree kelvin kiloelectronvolt kilogram kilohertz kilohm
TABLE II
(continued)
Abbreviation
Unit or Term
cmil CW C cm3 ft3/min m3 m3/s dB (C (F ...( (R deg diam dc EMC EMU EMF EDP eV ESU EHV EHF ELF F FET ft ft/min ft/s ft # lbf FM gal gal/min G GeV GHz g H Hz HV h in in/s LC kg # m2 or lb # ft2 IR ID IF J J/deg K keV kg kHz k6
kilojoule kilometer kilometer per hour kilovar kilovolt kilovoltampere kilowatt kilowatthour lambert liter liter per second logarithm logarithm, natural low frequency lumen lumen per square foot lumen per square meter lumen per watt lumen second lux magnetohydrodynamics magnetomotive force medium frequency megaelectronvolt megahertz megavolt megawatt megohm metal-oxide semiconductor meter meter-kilogram-second microampere microfarad microgrm microhenry micrometer micromho microsecond microwatt mile per hour mile (statute) milliampere milligram millihenry milliliter millimeter millisecond millivolt milliwatt minute (plane angle) minute (time) nanofarad nanometer nanosecond nanowatt
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Abbreviation
kJ km km/h kvar kV kVA kW kWh L L L/s log ln LF lm lm/ft2 lm/m2 lm/W lm # s lx MHD MMF MF MeV MHZ MV MW M6 MOS m MKS ?A ?F ?g ?H ?m ? 6-1 ?s ?W mi/h mi mA mg mH ml mm ms mV mW ...' min nF nm ns nW
Unit or Term
TABLE II
(continued)
Abbreviation
Unit or Term
neper newton newton meter newton per square meter ohm ounce (avoirdupois) per unit phase modulation picoampere picofarad picosecond picowatt pound poundal pound-force pound-force foot pound-force per square inch pound per square inch? power factor radian radio frequency radio-frequency interference resistance-capacitance resistance-inductance-capacitance revolution per minute revolution per second roentgen root-mean-square second (plane angle) second (time)
Np N N # m N/m2 6 oz pu PM pA pF ps pW lb pdl lbf lbf # ft lbf/in2 lb/in2 PF rad RF RFI RC RLC r/min r/s R rms ..." s
short wave siemens signal-to-noise ratio silicon controlled rectifier square foot square inch square meter square yard standing-wave ratio television interference tesla thousand circular mils transverse electric transverse electromagnetic transverse magnetic traveling-wave tube vacuum-tube voltmeter var variable-frequency oscillator very high frequency volt voltage controlled oscillator voltage standing-wave ratio voltampere watt watthour watt per steradian watt per steradian square meter weber yard
? Although the use of the abbreviation psi is common, it is not recommended. See pound-force per square inch.
Abbreviation
SW S SNR SCR ft2 in2 m2 yd2 SWR TVI T kcmil TE TEM TM TWT VTVM var VFO VHF V VCO VSWR VA W Wh W/sr W/(sr # m2) Wb yd
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