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Research UnitPart 1 – The EssentialsIn the Research unit, the Essentials section consists of:parts of speech exercises - (nouns, pronouns, verbs, objects, adjectives and adverbs)basic sentence writing creative sentence writingOnline exercises . – vocabulary and reading (Value 20 and 25). – grammar (Value = 25)BASIC SENTENCE STRUCTURE - Parts of SpeechBefore you can write effectively, you must first know the parts of speech commonly used in a sentence. There are seven parts of speech: noun, pronoun, verb, adjective, adverb, conjunction, and preposition.The three most basic parts of speech: *Noun *Pronoun *VerbA noun is a word used to name a person, place, thing, idea, or activity. A proper noun names a specific person, place, thing, idea, or activity and requires a capital. A common noun names general people, places, things, ideas or activity. Noun Markers help identify nouns. Examples of noun markers: articles a, an, thedemonstrative pronouns: this, that, those, these numerals: all numbersindefinite pronouns: some, all, any, both, each, either, every, few, many, more, most, much, neitherA pronoun replaces or refers to a noun. A personal pronoun shows person (person speaking, person spoken to or person spoken about), number (singular = one person or thing/plural = more than one person or thing) and gender (masculine or feminine).Nouns/pronouns are often used as subjects (doer) and objects (noun being “done to”) in sentencesThere are different pronouns used to replace specific types of nouns. If you are replacing a noun used as a subject, use the following pronouns:UseSingularPlural1st person2nd person3rd person1st person2nd person3rd personSubjectivePronounIyouhe, she, itweyoutheyIf you are replacing a noun used as an object, use the following pronouns:UseSingularPlural1st person2nd person3rd person1st person2nd person3rd personObjectivePronounMeyouhim, her, itusyouthemIf you are replacing a noun used to show possession (ownership of another noun), use the following pronouns:UseSingularPlural1st person2nd person3rd person1st person2nd person3rd personPossessive Pronounmyyourhis, her, its*ouryourtheir* its – notice there is NO apostrophe. It’s uses an apostrophe to replace the missing letter “i” in the contraction for “it is”. An apostrophe is NEVER used in a possessive pronoun.Verbs tell what a subject does or is in a sentence. Verbs have tense – present (what is happening now), past (what has already happened) and future (what will happen).The basic sentence consists of a subject and a verb. The boy ran.Noun markers (the, a, an, this, that, five, several) can be added as specific references for nouns. The subject is the person, place, thing, idea, activity or quality (noun/pronoun) that the verb is asking or telling about. Pronouns replacing subjects are I, you, he, she, it, we, or they. He ran.Linking VerbsSpecial verbs link subjects to words that give a description or more information about the subject. These words follow the linking verbs. Linking verbs recognized easily because they are either parts of the verb to be or are sensory/feeling verbs.Examples of linking verbsVerbPresent TensePast TenseFuture Tense1st person2nd person3rd person1st person2nd person3rd person1st person2nd person3rd personTo beamareiswaswerewerewill bewill bewill beOther VerbsseemappearfeelgrowproveremainssoundtasteturnlookHow can you tell if your sensory verb is a linking verb?For most sensory verbs, if you can substitute am, is or are and the sentence still sounds logical, you have a linking verb.Sylvia tasted the spicy, meaty pizza.Substitute “is” to check.Sylvia is the tasty, meaty pizza.Tasted is not a linking verb this time. It is an active verb.BUTThe mushroom and pepperoni pizza smells heavenly.Substitute “is” to check.The mushroom and pepperoni pizza is heavenly.This is logical, so smells is a linking verb.Examples of sentences with linking verbsHer dress is blue and white.My dog Oreo feels depressed after seven straight days of rain.The blue jay appeared happy to see the bird feeder.Helping VerbsSometimes verbs are one word. Other times, they used additional verbs to show tense (when something is happening). Tom runs down the street. (no helper)Tom is running down the street (is = helper) Complete verb = is running (present)Tom was running down the street (was = helper) Complete verb = was running (past)Tom will run down the street (will = helper) Complete verb = will run (future)Grammar TipsWhat is a noun?A noun names a person, place, thing, idea or activity.To test to see if a word is a noun, place a noun marker like: a, an, or the before the word.Nouns can be singular (one) or plural (more than one). Nouns can also be common (a general name) or proper (a specific name). Capitalize proper nouns. In addition, nouns can be possessive meaning they show ownership. Possessive nouns use ‘s or s’ to show possession. Possessive nouns must have a noun after them.A noun is used as the subject of a sentence.It is also used as the object of a verb in a sentence.What is a noun marker?A noun marker helps identify nouns. It can be an article (a, an, the), a demonstrative pronoun (this, these, that, those), a number (one, four, one hundred) or an indefinite pronoun (each, every, many, some)What is a verb?A verb tells what a subject is or does.A verb can be singular or plural and can express tense – present, past and future.What is a sentence?A sentence contains at least one subject and its verb.It begins with a capital letter and ends with a period, question or exclamation mark.It expresses a complete thought.It is an independent clause and can stand alone.BASIC SENTENCE STRUCTURE - Be CreativeOne and two-word sentences are not very interesting. They need more information to make them more informative and creative.John paints. What does John paint? He paints a picture.Picture is a noun that we have added after the verb. It tells what or who has been affected by the verb. It is called an object of the verb. This is another use for a noun in a sentence. An object is not necessary to make a sentence complete, but it adds more information and begins to better illustrate what we are talking about. ADJECTIVES = descriptive wordsOur sentence is now four words long but still consists of only nouns and a verb. It is getting a little more interesting but is still lacking creativity. You can add words to sentences that describe nouns. Some of these words are called adjectives and they add meaning and clarity to the nouns they describe. Most often, adjectives appear before the noun they are modifying (describing). Sometimes you will have more than one adjective modifying a noun – they can be separated by commas or conjunctions. Sometimes, for emphasis, the adjectives will follow the nouns. The clown rode. The clown rode the bike. The happy clown rode the colourful bike. The happy, chubby clown rode the colourful, shiny bike. Sometimes, adjectives appear after a linking verb such as am, is, are, was, or were, seems, appears, feels, etc. The sandpaper was rough.(subject + linking verb + adjective) ADVERBSOther descriptive words are adverbs. Adverbs modify verbs, adjectives and other adverbs. Adverbs answer the questions how, when, and where. They often end in –ly. Yesterday, the very happy, chubby clown rode the colourful and shiny bike crazily outside. Yesterday tells you when this event happened.Very tells you how happy the clown was.Crazily tells you how the bike was driven.Outside tells you where the bike was driven.Grammar TipsWhat is an adjective?An adjective is a word that describes a noun or pronoun.An adjective appears before or after the noun it is describing.An adjective can appear after a linking verb. It describes the subject of the sentence.Multiple adjectives are separated by commas or joined with conjunctions (and, but, or).An adjective answers the questions: what kind, how many, which oneWhat is an adverb? An adverb modifies a verb, an adjective or another adverb.An adverb often ends in –ly.An adverb answers the questions: when, where, how, how often, how much, to what extent ................
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