PARENTHETICAL CITATIONS



PARENTHETICAL CITATIONS

(in parentheses) in writing

PURPOSE: To give proper credit to a source of information (text)

To encourage intellectual discussion and the educational pursuit of a topic

To avoid plagiarism!

METHOD:

After every sentence of your paper whose information comes from a different source, list the appropriate information (in parentheses) before the final punctuation mark of the sentence. Or begin a sentence by stating its source first, and then proceed with the information you choose to discuss.

IT DOES NOT MATTER THAT THE INFORMATION IS WRITTEN IN YOUR OWN WORDS—YOU MUST STILL GIVE CREDIT TO THE SOURCE!

When citing for an evidence-based argument, you may cite in one of the following ways:

a. by text #, such as (Text #4)

b. by author, such as (Steinbeck)

c. According to Text #4…

According to John Steinbeck…

How to cite when paraphrasing:

While not all people can be as brave as Pete was in Text #1, Barack Obama said that people are connected, and therefore have the responsibility to care for each other (Text #3).

(Original quotations: “we’re all connected as one people”)

OR

According to Text #3, while not all people can be as brave as Pete was in Text #1, Barack Obama said that people are connected, and therefore have the responsibility to care for each other.

How to incorporate quotations into your own prose and give credit:

According to Barack Obama, people have a “solemn obligation” to protect the families of soldiers who are protecting us.

OR

According to Text # 3, people have a “solemn obligation” to protect the families of soldiers who are protecting us.

OR

People have a “solemn obligation” to protect the families of soldiers who are protecting us from harm (Obama).

OR

People have a “solemn obligation” to protect the families of soldiers who are protecting us from harm (Text #3).

IMPORTANT NOTE: Whichever method you choose, it is important to be consistent. For example, if you start by saying “Text #...” don’t later switch to using the last name of the author of the text and vice versa.

Examine this final example:

Pete “worked 14-and-16-hour days for the next six months,” further demonstrating sincere unselfishness and the will to care for and protect all humans he could or could not save (Text #1).

How was this information cited? Is it paraphrased or quoted? How did you know?

What is another way to cite the same information? Do so in the space provided below:

IMPORTANT REMINDERS: NEVER “DROP” A QUOTATION ONTO THE PAGE! BE SURE TO INTRODUCE IT AND CONNECT IT MORE CLOSELY TO YOUR OWN PROSE. WHENEVER IN DOUBT, BE SURE TO CITE!

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