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Study Guide: Test 4Social Psychology PSYC 3040Spring Semester 2015Chapter 11: Prosocial BehaviorTermsProsocial behaviorAltruismReciprocitySocial exchangeBystander effectUrban overloadExchange relationshipResidential mobilityDiffusion of responsibilityWhat qualifies as prosocial behavior (definition)?How is altruism defined, and what are the motives for it?How does the reciprocity norm operate?How does social exchange theory explain prosocial behavior? What motive produces altruism according to Batson?Is there an altruistic personality? Do people who score high on a measure of this actually help more?What are the gender differences in helping behavior?What are the differences in our reasons or motives for helping in-group members vs. out-group members?What is the “feel good-do good” phenomenon? How does helping others assist in prolonging a good mood?Does feeling bad about ourselves ever increase helping behavior? Under what conditions?Are people more likely to help in small towns or large cities?How does the urban overload hypothesis predict that city dwellers would act if they moved to small towns?How does residential mobility and what are the reasons?In the phenomenon known as the “bystander effect”, what reduces the likelihood of helping and why? What is diffusion of responsibility? Will making people aware of this effect increase helping behavior?What is the difference between a communal and an exchange relationship?According to Tesser’s research, when are we more likely to help a stranger than a friend?Can watching media increase prosocial behavior? If so, how?Chapter 12: AggressionTermsAggressionHostile aggressionInstrumental aggressionFrustrationRelative deprivationBobo dollAcquaintance rapeWhat is the difference between hostile and instrumental aggression?What is the difference between being assertive and being aggressive?What is the only non-human species (that we currently know about) where groups of males hunt and kill members of their own kind?Describe the differences between typical male and female (human) aggression patterns.What physical or physiological factors affect the tendency toward aggression and how?How does alcohol increase the tendency to aggress? What is the idea of the “think-drink”?Do riots and crimes happen more often in hot or cold weather?Do people tend to get more or less frustrated if they are blocked nearer the goal?Does unexpected frustration result in more or less aggression?Does frustration always result in aggression? If not, what factors may come into play?What type of deprivation produces riots, relative or absolute?When provoked, do people tend more to “turn the other cheek” or to retaliate? What factors can reduce this tendency?Do we learn to behave aggressively? If so, how?Describe the results of Albert Bandura’s 1960s Bobo-doll research. What did it tell us about observing aggressive behavior?What does watching aggression do to our thoughts and emotions and why?Describe numbing, dehumanizing and magnification of danger reactions that are longitudinal effects of viewing violence.What are five reactions to exposure to violent media (p. 346 in your textbook)?About what percentage of all rapes are acquaintance rapes? In rape, what feelings are confused for sexuality? When are women least likely to call a sexual assault rape? What does “no” mean in this context? (Clue: This is unclear.)In attempting to reduce aggression, what works better moderate or harsh punishment? How can harsh punishment sometimes backfire? Under what conditions will punishment deter crime? Must it be severe? Will even severe punishment work without the conditions you listed above?Does playing competitive games increase or decrease hostility? How about watching them?Does directing aggression toward someone increase or decrease the chance that you might aggress toward them in the future?Aggressing toward someone changes your feelings about the person. How or why does this happen?What do you do with your anger? How can you enable it to dissipate? Is venting a good idea?Under what conditions is an apology most likely to diffuse anger?Chapter 13: PrejudiceTermsPrejudiceDiscriminationStereotypeImplicit prejudiceMicroaggressionsModern racismHostile sexismBenevolent sexismStereotype threatOut-group homogeneity effectUltimate attribution errorRealistic conflict theoryscapegoatingWhat is prejudice and what are its three components? What do we call the cognitive component and what do we call the behavioral component?What is a stereotype? Are there positive stereotypes? Why are examples that do not fit the stereotype not noticed?What are our judgments of stereotypical behaviors based on? (How well we like the group.)What is an illusory correlation?Are there universal or cross-cultural elements to gender stereotypes?What is the difference between hostile and benevolent sexism?What are implicit prejudice, micro-aggression, and modern racism?Is prejudice and stereotyping generally the result of automatic or controlled thinking?What did Word, Zanna, and Cooper’s 1979 study on self-fulfilling prophecy demonstrate?What is a stereotype threat, and what will help to overcome it?What are two causes of prejudice?What is the out-group homogeneity effect?What is the ultimate attribution error?Describe the following explanations of prejudice: blaming the victim, justification-suppression, realistic conflict theory, scapegoating.How can prejudice be overcome? Be prepared for a short discussion question on how contact theory works, how Sharif did this in the Robber’s Cave study, or How Aronson’s jigsaw classroom works. ................
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