DNA, RNA, Transcription, and Translation (Protein Synthesis)

[Pages:24]DNA, RNA, Transcription, and Translation (Protein Synthesis)

Standard H.B.4 The student will demonstrate an understanding of the specific mechanisms by which characteristics or traits are transferred from one generation to the next via genes. Conceptual Understanding

H.B.4B In order for information stored in DNA to direct cellular processes, a gene needs to be transcribed from DNA to RNA and then must be translated by the cellular machinery into a protein or an RNA molecule. The

protein and RNA products from these processes determine cellular activities and the unique characteristics of an individual. Modern techniques in biotechnology can manipulate DNA to solve human problems. Performance Indicator

H.B.4B.1 Develop and use models to describe how the structure of DNA determines the structure of resulting proteins or RNA molecules that carry out the essential functions of life.

Central Dogma

? Information flows in one direction

? DNA to RNA to protein

? Transcription is the process of

converting DNA to RNA

? Translation is the process of

interpreting RNA into a string of amino acids (protein)

RNA Review

? similar to DNA except

? RNA is single-stranded ? contains the base Uracil instead of

Thymine

? contains the sugar ribose instead of

deoxyribose

? RNA is a temporary copy of DNA

that is used and then destroyed

Protein Synthesis in a Nut Shell

? When a particular protein is needed, the cell must make the

protein through the process of transcription and translation (protein synthesis). ? DNA molecules (which contain the code) do not leave the nucleus of the

cell.

? Protein synthesis occurs on ribosomes located outside of the nucleus. ? Therefore, the code must be carried from the nucleus to the cytoplasm.

Protein Synthesis: Process 1: Transcription

? Transcription is the process by which a portion of the molecule of

DNA is copied into a complementary strand of RNA.

? Don't forget the base pairing rules!

? DNA RNA

?A

U

?G

C

?C

G

?T

A

Protein Synthesis: Process 1: Transcription

? The process of transcription takes

place as follows:

? 1. An enzyme (helicase) attaches to

the DNA molecule at the gene of interest.

Protein Synthesis: Process 1: Transcription

? 2. The two strands of DNA separate

at that location.

Protein Synthesis: Process 1: Transcription

? 3. Complementary RNA nucleotides bond to the nitrogenous bases on one

of the separated DNA strands. ? The enzyme, RNA polymerase, assists

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