Chapter 7 Memory - Henderson State University
Chapter 7 Memory
Acquisition, Storage, Retrieval
Any act of memory requires success at three aspects:
Input, or the acquisition of knowledge Creation of a memory trace, or the storage of
knowledge Ability to use the knowledge, or retrieval
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Acquisition
Includes any instance of deliberate or incidental learning
Attention and engagement with to-beremembered material is crucial; acquisition is not passive or "camera-like"
Raw input: translated first into a form that can be "acquired" by the brain
This is a complex process itself!
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The Stage Theory of Memory
Different types of memory, each with different properties
Working memory
Instantly accessible information
Long-term memory
Less instantly accessible
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Storage Capacity of Working and Long-term memory
Long term capacity: huge Working capacity: more modest Memory span: way of measuring working
memory capacity
Random, unrelated information: we can store about 7, plus or minus 2, items (5 ? 9 items)
Referred to as "the magic number 7"
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Working Memory
"Loading platform" analogy Long term memory must be "loaded" or "pass
through" WM How does it move? How is it transformed into
Long term memory?
Rehearsed Chunked
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Active memory and organization: A changed emphasis
"Architecture" of memory: Storage labels (long term, short term) and analogies of loading docs
BUT: Learners activities must be considered when examining memory
Maintenance rehearsal Processing and organizing information: the
"Royal Road into Memory"
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Depth of processing
Deep processing:
Meaning-based attention Anything that connects new information to
already-learned material Material that "makes sense" will be encoded
more efficiently Results in superior recall
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Other instances of deep processing
Memory connections:
Links among ideas Abstract similarities
Mnemonics
"Method of loci" Based on rhythm/rhyme/melody/visualization
"Thirty days hath September, April, June, and November"
Alphabet song
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