Myers’ Psychology for AP



Myers’ Psychology for AP Name: __________________________

Unit 2 Study Sheet

Research Methods: Thinking Critically with Psychological Science

The Need for Psychological Science

Define hindsight bias, and explain how overconfidence contaminates our everyday judgments.

LO #1

hindsight bias –

LO #2

1. Explain how the scientific attitude (three components) encourages critical thinking.

critical thinking (four elements) –

How Do Psychologists Ask and Answer Questions?

2. Describe how psychological theories guide scientific research

LO #3

theory –

hypotheses –

operational definitions –

replicate –

4. Compare and contrast case studies, surveys, and naturalistic observation, and explain the importance of random sampling.

LO #4

case study –

survey –

population –

random sample –

naturalistic observation –

5. Describe positive and negative correlations, and explain how correlational measures can aid the process of prediction but not provide evidence of cause-effect relationships.

LO #5

correlate –

correlation coefficient –

scatterplots –

6. Describe how people form illusory correlations, and explain the human tendency to perceive order in random sequences.

LO #6

illusory correlation –

7. Explain how experiments help researchers isolate cause and effect, focusing on the characteristics of experimentation that make this possible.

LO #7

experiment –

randomly assigning –

double-blind –

placebo effect –

experimental group –

control group –

independent variable (IV) –

confounding variables –

dependent variable (DV) –

Research Methods: Descriptive / Correlational / Experimental (Table 2.3)

Statistical Reasoning in Everyday Life

8. Discuss the importance of statistical principles, and explain how data may be depicted graphically.

9. Describe the three measures of central tendency, and tell which is most affected by extreme scores.

LO # 8

mean –

median –

mode –

10. Describe two measures of variation.

range –

standard deviation –

normal curve –

11. Identify three principles for making generalizations from samples.

12. Explain how psychologists decide whether differences are meaningful.

statistical significance –

Frequently Asked Questions About Psychology

13. Explain the value of simplified laboratory conditions in discovering general principles of behavior.

LO #10

14. Discuss whether psychological research can be generalized across cultures and genders.

LO #11

culture –

15. Explain why psychologists study animals, and discuss the ethics of experimentation with both animals and humans.

LO #12

LO #13

informed consent –

debriefing –

LO #14

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People

James Randi

People

Daniel Kahneman

Amos Tversky

People

Kenneth Clark

Mamie Phipps Clark

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