COMPARATIVE MANAGEMENT AND POLICY:



COMPARATIVE MANAGEMENT AND POLICY

The Structure and Process of Administration:

THE PUBLIC SECTOR AND THE ECONOMY

I. Golden Oldies:

II. Literary Map:

III. Issues thus far:

1. Defining Comparative: Methodology, Theory, Case Study analysis (David Truman)

2. Public Administration vs. Public Policy and Management (administration vs. Politics dichotomy) (Ferrel Heady)

3. Debates about Historical Epochs: Relevance to 21st century problems (James C. Scott and John Armstrong

4. Debate about Culture (Michel Crozier and Robert Klitgaard)

5. Bureaucrat Bashing ( Lynn and Jay and Franz Kafka as the Master)

IV. The Public Sector and the Economy (Japan and Chalmers Johnson)

1. Karl Marx- The Other German- Source of ideas about the developmental state. Marx as a Social Scientist not an Ideologue. The contemporary of Max Weber

a.. Original Marxian views- State as the instrument of the ruling classes

b. The dialectic and Historical Materialism

c. Model: (John Armstrong)

-Thesis

-Antithesis

-Synthesis

d. Class conflict: Slavery

Feudalism

Capitalism

Socialism

e. Functionaries as the petty bourgeoisie

f. Communism- state and the bureaucracy whither away

2. Revised view under Lenin- Command Economy

a. Under socialism, government, the bureaucracy should manage the economy

b. The development of an elaborate national planning system

c. Failure of market

d. The debate: Keynesianism and European Socialism (the Rose)- How much is this part of Command Economy Framework (Guy Peters)

e. Development Administration: Command Economics in the Third World? (Heady, Riggs vs. Vincent and Eleanor Ostrom)

V. Bureaucratic Systems: Alternative Typologies

1. "The Civic Culture" and administration: Subject vs. Citizen- An Anglo-American Ideal? (Gabriel Almond and Sidney Verba)

2. "Classic" Administrative Systems- Heady. How does "political culture" impact state institutions. A Louisiana Political Culture?

"He knew something about human nature all right...It was, perhaps, a knowledge note of human nature in particular but his own nature in particular...In a way, he flattered human nature.[1]

3. The Asian Model: "Socio-Economic Systems"- Johnson and the state. How has government grown according to Peters? "There are several ways in which the government has influenced the structure of Japan's special institutions."[2]

4. Corruption and the Economy: Is corruption contextual? What are some of the "universal truths" about corrupt managers? "What is lawful and therefore is unlawful, depends on the culture and the country in question."[3] Is the Bureaucracy inherently authoritarian and corrupt? Robert Miewald.

5. What is Barzelay's "paradigm?" Why does he want to break through it? How can the bureaucracy be made “economical”? How do we distinguish between reinventing government and privatization?

6. What is the difference between civil service and public service? How do each differ from the "public sector?"

VI. The Structure and Process of Administration- The Contemporary Public Service and the origins of the System (s)? Debate over the Economy revisited.

1. The International Contemporary State: Continental Europe vs. the U.S. or the U.K.

a. Adam Smith, "the hidden hand" and Classical Economics- An Anglo-Saxon View

b. Continental- Counter-influence of St. Simonism- an interventionist view (See John Armstrong.

“the era of abundance could be attained certainly and quickly. The guaranteed means were applications of science and technology to unrestricted mastery of nature.”

Count de Saint-Simon, 1831

c. Socialism and the Rise of Labor in Europe

d. Unification of the North Atlantic- 1930s-1970s- The Primacy of Keynesianism

1. Monetary Policy

2. Fiscal Policy

3. Wage and Price controls

IV. The Functions of Government under Keynesian

1. Traditional- police and law and order

2. National Defense

3. Social Services- Education and Health and Welfare

4. Resource Mobilization

5. Economic Growth generation

6. LDCs and Modernization Theory: Agraria vs. Industria

(Turner and Holm)

[pic]

7. The challenge of Public Choice, rationalism and the University of Chicago School: Neo-Orthodoxy- less influence outside of the Anglo-Saxon world (Ostroms)

V. Fred Riggs- Critique of Weber and Marx: avoid the trap of "formalism" in Public Administration (Should rather than is) (Hero of the Day)

1. Not what administrators are supposed to do but what they really do?

= School administrators in Uganda-

=No use focusing on formal rules for selection to higher education eg. exam results

= Pay Off/Punishment for refusal

=Parents' position, eg. the parent as a foreign minister

2. Riggs- assumes all societies are a mixture of formal and informal-

GOAL:CONSTRUCT-A FORMULA

TO DETERMINE HOW

BUREAUCRACIES OPERATE

a. Prismatic Culture- Mixture of formal vs. informal mechanisms

=eg. "Sala" or multiple purpose room

=Understanding Corruption

b. Established a set of indicators that distinguished between "fused" vs. "differentiated" societies

c. eg. Traditional- Rural vs. Urban-Modern

d. Issues re. Riggs:

1. To what extent is the bureaucracy autonomous from other institutions?

2. Problem- With a close look, Riggs is similar to the Wilsonian/Weber dichotomy between policy/politics and implementation/

administration

3. Riggs major contribution: The idea that societal differences and political culture are important

4. Riggs led to an interest in DEVELOPMENT ADMINISTRATION- sense that there were "big bucks" in the 1960s.

VI. Development Administration (vs. Development Management): DA vs. DM (Malcolm Wallis, Turner and Holme, Gusfield and Johnson)

1. Links with arguments about Command Economy Principles: “Managing the Economy”

a. Under both socialism and social democracy, government, the bureaucracy, should manage the economy, all or in part. (DA)

b. The development of an elaborate national planning system (DA)

c. Failure of market has occurred (DM)

d. Focus more on privatization, public private partnerships and human and social network development (DM)

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[1] Robert Penn Warren, All the Kings Men (New York: Harcourt Brace, 1946), p. 74.

[2] Chalmers Johnson, MITI and the Japanese Miracle (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1982), p. 14.

[3] Robert Klitgaard, Controlling Corruption (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988), p. 3. Note also the Robert Penn Warren and the Hummel book.

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