The OWL at Purdue University
The OWL at Purdue University
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[pic]The Writing Process
[pic][pic]Creating a Thesis Statement
[pic][pic]Developing an Outline
[pic][pic]Exercises
[pic][pic]Introductions, Body Paragraphs, and Conclusions for Argument Papers
[pic][pic]Introductions, Body Paragraphs, and Conclusions for Exploratory Papers
[pic][pic]Invention Presentation
[pic][pic]Prewriting (Invention)
[pic][pic]Proofreading Your Writing
[pic][pic]Reverse Outlining: An Exercise for Taking Notes and Revising Your Work
[pic][pic]Starting the Writing Process
[pic][pic]Stasis Theory
[pic][pic]Understanding Writing Assignments
[pic][pic]Writer's Block/ Writer's Anxiety
[pic][pic]Writing Process Presentation
[pic][pic]Writing Task Resource List
[pic]Professional, Technical, and Job Search Writing
[pic][pic]Academic Cover Letters
[pic][pic]Action Verbs to Describe Skills, Jobs, and Accomplishments in Employment Documents
[pic][pic]Adult Basic Education (GED, ESL, Cover Letters, Resumes)
[pic][pic]Analytical Research Project Presentation
[pic][pic]Audience Analysis
[pic][pic]Business Letters: Accentuating the Positives
[pic][pic]Color Theory Presentation
[pic][pic]Cover Letter Presentation
[pic][pic]Cover Letter Workshop
[pic][pic]Cover Letters 1: Quick Tips
[pic][pic]Cover Letters 2: Preparing to Write a Cover Letter
[pic][pic]Cover Letters 3: Writing Your Cover Letter
[pic][pic]Designing an Effective PowerPoint Presentation
[pic][pic]Effective Workplace Writing
[pic][pic]Email Etiquette
[pic][pic]Email Etiquette for Students
[pic][pic]Example Employment Documents
[pic][pic]Exercises
[pic][pic]Handbook on Report Formats
[pic][pic]HATS: A Design Procedure for Routine Business Documents
[pic][pic]INDOT Workshop Resources for Engineers
[pic][pic]Job Acceptance Letter Presentation
[pic][pic]Job Skills Checklist
[pic][pic]Journalism and Journalistic Writing
[pic][pic]Letters Concerning Employment
[pic][pic]Management Resumes
[pic][pic]Medical Writing
[pic][pic]Memo Writing
[pic][pic]Model Letters for Various Purposes
[pic][pic]Parallel Structure in Professional Writing
[pic][pic]Paramedic Method: A Lesson in Writing Concisely
[pic][pic]Prioritizing Your Concerns for Effective Business Writing
[pic][pic]Purdue OWL Flash Movies
[pic][pic]Reference Sheets
[pic][pic]Resume Design
[pic][pic]Resume Presentation
[pic][pic]Resume Workshop
[pic][pic]Resumes 1: Introduction to Resumes
[pic][pic]Resumes 2: Resume Sections
[pic][pic]Resumes 3: When to Use Two Pages or More
[pic][pic]Resumes 4: Scannable Resumes
[pic][pic]Reverse Paramedic Method
[pic][pic]Revision in Business Writing
[pic][pic]Sales Letters: Four Point Action Closing
[pic][pic]Scannable Resumes Presentation
[pic][pic]Stasis Theory
[pic][pic]Tailoring Employment Documents For a Specific Audience
[pic][pic]Teaching Detailed Writing and Procedural Transitions
[pic][pic]Tips & Terms for the International Student's Job Search
[pic][pic]Tone in Business Writing
[pic][pic]Using Fonts with Purpose
[pic][pic]Visual Rhetoric
[pic][pic]Visual Rhetoric Slide Presentation
[pic][pic]Visual Rhetoric: Analyzing Visual Documents
[pic][pic]Writing a Job Acceptance Letter
[pic][pic]Writing a White Paper
[pic][pic]Writing Academic Proposals: Conferences, Articles, and Books
[pic][pic]Writing for a Chinese Business Audience
[pic][pic]Writing for a North American Business Audience
[pic][pic]Writing for an Indian Business Audience
[pic][pic]Writing Report Abstracts
[pic][pic]Writing Scientific Abstracts Presentation
[pic][pic]Writing Task Resource List
[pic][pic]Writing the Basic Business Letter
[pic][pic]Writing the Curriculum Vitae
[pic][pic]Writing the Personal Statement
[pic]General Academic Writing
[pic][pic]Adding Emphasis in Writing
[pic][pic]Analytical Research Project Presentation
[pic][pic]Annotated Bibliographies
[pic][pic]Avoiding Plagiarism
[pic][pic]Color Theory Presentation
[pic][pic]Conciseness
[pic][pic]Creating a Thesis Statement
[pic][pic]Creative Nonfiction in Writing Courses
[pic][pic]Database Research Tutorials from the Purdue Library
[pic][pic]Designing an Effective PowerPoint Presentation
[pic][pic]Developing an Outline
[pic][pic]Effective Persuasion Presentation
[pic][pic]Email Etiquette for Professors
[pic][pic]Email Etiquette for Students
[pic][pic]Essay Writing
[pic][pic]Establishing Arguments
[pic][pic]Exercises
[pic][pic]Fiction Writing Basics
[pic][pic]Guidelines for Fair Use
[pic][pic]Higher Order Concerns (HOCs) and Lower Order Concerns (LOCs)
[pic][pic]Introductions, Body Paragraphs, and Conclusions for Argument Papers
[pic][pic]Introductions, Body Paragraphs, and Conclusions for Exploratory Papers
[pic][pic]Invention Presentation
[pic][pic]Journalism and Journalistic Writing
[pic][pic]Literary Theory and Schools of Criticism
[pic][pic]Logic in Argumentative Writing
[pic][pic]Organizing Your Argument Presentation
[pic][pic]Paragraphs & Paragraphing
[pic][pic]Paramedic Method: A Lesson in Writing Concisely
[pic][pic]Peer Review Presentation
[pic][pic]Poetry in Writing Courses
[pic][pic]Poetry: Close Reading
[pic][pic]Prewriting (Invention)
[pic][pic]Proofreading Your Writing
[pic][pic]Punctuation
[pic][pic]Purdue OWL Flash Movies
[pic][pic]Purdue OWL Podcasts
[pic][pic]Purdue Writing Lab Quick Tour
[pic][pic]Quoting, Paraphrasing, and Summarizing
[pic][pic]Reverse Outlining: An Exercise for Taking Notes and Revising Your Work
[pic][pic]Reverse Paramedic Method
[pic][pic]Sentence Variety
[pic][pic]Starting the Writing Process
[pic][pic]Stasis Theory
[pic][pic]The Rhetorical Situation
[pic][pic]Transitions and Transitional Devices
[pic][pic]Understanding Writing Assignments
[pic][pic]Using Appropriate Language
[pic][pic]Using Fonts with Purpose
[pic][pic]Visual Rhetoric
[pic][pic]Visual Rhetoric Slide Presentation
[pic][pic]Visual Rhetoric: Analyzing Visual Documents
[pic][pic]Writer's Block/ Writer's Anxiety
[pic][pic]Writing a Book Report
[pic][pic]Writing a Book Review
[pic][pic]Writing a Literary Analysis Presentation
[pic][pic]Writing a Research Paper
[pic][pic]Writing Academic Proposals: Conferences, Articles, and Books
[pic][pic]Writing Definitions
[pic][pic]Writing Essays for Exams
[pic][pic]Writing in Literature (Detailed Discussion)
[pic][pic]Writing Process Presentation
[pic][pic]Writing Task Resource List
[pic]Research and Citation
[pic][pic]Annotated Bibliographies
[pic][pic]APA Formatting and Style Guide
[pic][pic]APA Overview and Workshop
[pic][pic]Avoiding Plagiarism
[pic][pic]Chicago Manual of Style
[pic][pic]Conducting an Interview Presentation
[pic][pic]Conducting Primary Research
[pic][pic]Database Research Tutorials from the Purdue Library
[pic][pic]Documenting Electronic Sources
[pic][pic]Evaluating Sources of Information
[pic][pic]Exercises
[pic][pic]Formatting in Sociology (ASA Style)
[pic][pic]Guidelines for Fair Use
[pic][pic]Internet References
[pic][pic]MLA 2009 Formatting and Style Guide
[pic][pic]MLA Formatting and Style Guide
[pic][pic]MLA Overview and Workshop
[pic][pic]Paraphrase: Write it in Your Own Words
[pic][pic]Quoting, Paraphrasing, and Summarizing
[pic][pic]Research: Overview
[pic][pic]Resources for Documenting Sources in the Disciplines
[pic][pic]Searching the World Wide Web
[pic][pic]Writing a Research Paper
[pic][pic]Writing Scientific Abstracts Presentation
[pic]Grammar and Mechanics
[pic][pic]Active and Passive Voice
[pic][pic]Adjective or Adverb
[pic][pic]Apostrophe
[pic][pic]Appositives
[pic][pic]Articles: A versus An
[pic][pic]Capital Letters
[pic][pic]Commas
[pic][pic]Conquering the Comma
[pic][pic]Count and Noncount Nouns
[pic][pic]Dangling Modifiers
[pic][pic]Exercises
[pic][pic]Higher Order Concerns (HOCs) and Lower Order Concerns (LOCs)
[pic][pic]How to Use Adjectives and Adverbs
[pic][pic]How to Use Articles (a/an/the)
[pic][pic]Hyphens
[pic][pic]Independent and Dependent Clauses
[pic][pic]Irregular Verbs
[pic][pic]Numbers
[pic][pic]Parallel Structure
[pic][pic]Parts of Speech Overview
[pic][pic]Prepositions
[pic][pic]Pronouns
[pic][pic]Punctuation
[pic][pic]Quotation Marks
[pic][pic]Relative Pronouns
[pic][pic]Sentence Clarity
[pic][pic]Sentence Clarity Presentation
[pic][pic]Sentence Fragments
[pic][pic]Sentence Punctuation Patterns
[pic][pic]Spelling
[pic][pic]Subject/Verb Agreement
[pic][pic]Teaching and Assessing Grammar
[pic][pic]Transitions and Transitional Devices
[pic][pic]Two-Part (Phrasal) Verbs (idioms)
[pic][pic]Verb Tenses
[pic]English as a Second Language (ESL)
[pic][pic]Adjective or Adverb
[pic][pic]Adult Basic Education (GED, ESL, Cover Letters, Resumes)
[pic][pic]Count and Noncount Nouns
[pic][pic]ESL Orientation for Writing Lab Tutorials
[pic][pic]ESL Teacher Resources
[pic][pic]Exercises
[pic][pic]How to Use Adjectives and Adverbs
[pic][pic]How to Use Articles (a/an/the)
[pic][pic]Irregular Verbs
[pic][pic]Numbers
[pic][pic]Parts of Speech Overview
[pic][pic]Prepositions
[pic][pic]Relative Pronouns
[pic][pic]Sentence Punctuation Patterns
[pic][pic]Subject/Verb Agreement
[pic][pic]Tips & Terms for the International Student's Job Search
[pic][pic]Two-Part (Phrasal) Verbs (idioms)
[pic][pic]US Higher Education: A Cultural Introduction
[pic][pic]Verb Tenses
[pic][pic]Verbals: Gerunds, Participles, and Infinitives
[pic][pic]Writing Essays for Exams
[pic][pic]Writing for a Chinese Business Audience
[pic][pic]Writing for a North American Business Audience
[pic][pic]Writing for an Indian Business Audience
[pic][pic]Writing in North American Higher Education: A Primer for International Students
[pic][pic]Writing Task Resource List
[pic]Internet Literacy
[pic][pic]Database Research Tutorials from the Purdue Library
[pic][pic]Documenting Electronic Sources
[pic][pic]Email Etiquette
[pic][pic]Email Etiquette for Professors
[pic][pic]Email Etiquette for Students
[pic][pic]Evaluating Sources of Information
[pic][pic]Exercises
[pic][pic]Guidelines for Fair Use
[pic][pic]Internet References
[pic][pic]Purdue OWL Podcasts
[pic][pic]Searching the World Wide Web
[pic][pic]Teaching OSDDP (Open Source Development and Documentation) Usability Project: A Guide for Professional Writing Instructors
[pic][pic]Visual Rhetoric
[pic]Writing in the Social Sciences
[pic][pic]Analytical Research Project Presentation
[pic][pic]Child Development and Family Studies Resource Repository
[pic][pic]Conducting an Interview Presentation
[pic][pic]Conducting Primary Research
[pic][pic]Exercises
[pic][pic]Formatting in Sociology (ASA Style)
[pic][pic]Social Work Literature Review Guidelines
[pic][pic]Writing in Psychology: Experimental Report Writing
[pic][pic]Writing Scientific Abstracts Presentation
[pic][pic]Writing Task Resource List
[pic][pic]Writing with Statistics
[pic]Writing in Engineering
[pic][pic]Analytical Research Project Presentation
[pic][pic]Engineering Projects in Community Service (EPICS)
[pic][pic]Exercises
[pic][pic]Handbook on Report Formats
[pic][pic]INDOT Workshop Resources for Engineers
[pic][pic]Reverse Paramedic Method
[pic][pic]Teaching Detailed Writing and Procedural Transitions
[pic][pic]Visual Rhetoric Slide Presentation
[pic][pic]Writing Engineering Reports
[pic][pic]Writing Scientific Abstracts Presentation
[pic][pic]Writing Task Resource List
[pic]Literary Analysis and Criticism
[pic][pic]Exercises
[pic][pic]Image in Poetry
[pic][pic]Literary Terms
[pic][pic]Literary Theory and Schools of Criticism
[pic][pic]Poetry: Close Reading
[pic][pic]Reverse Outlining: An Exercise for Taking Notes and Revising Your Work
[pic][pic]Writing a Book Review
[pic][pic]Writing a Literary Analysis Presentation
[pic][pic]Writing About Fiction
[pic][pic]Writing About Literature
[pic][pic]Writing About Poetry
[pic][pic]Writing Academic Proposals: Conferences, Articles, and Books
[pic][pic]Writing in Literature (Detailed Discussion)
[pic][pic]Writing Task Resource List
[pic]Creative Writing
[pic][pic]Creative Nonfiction in Writing Courses
[pic][pic]Exercises
[pic][pic]Fiction Writing Basics
[pic][pic]Pattern and Variation in Poetry
[pic][pic]Pattern and Variation: Aural
[pic][pic]Pattern and Variation: Visual
[pic][pic]Poetry in Writing Courses
[pic][pic]Tutoring Creative Writing Students
[pic][pic]Writing Task Resource List
[pic]Teaching Writing
[pic][pic]Adult Basic Education (GED, ESL, Cover Letters, Resumes)
[pic][pic]Analytical Research Project Presentation
[pic][pic]Conducting an Interview Presentation
[pic][pic]Creative Nonfiction in Writing Courses
[pic][pic]Effective Persuasion Presentation
[pic][pic]Email Etiquette for Professors
[pic][pic]ESL Orientation for Writing Lab Tutorials
[pic][pic]Exercises
[pic][pic]Fiction Writing Basics
[pic][pic]Invention Presentation
[pic][pic]Job Acceptance Letter Presentation
[pic][pic]Peer Review Presentation
[pic][pic]Poetry in Writing Courses
[pic][pic]Purdue OWL Podcasts
[pic][pic]Purdue Writing Lab Quick Tour
[pic][pic]Talking About Writing
[pic][pic]Teaching and Assessing Grammar
[pic][pic]Teaching Detailed Writing and Procedural Transitions
[pic][pic]Teaching OSDDP (Open Source Development and Documentation) Usability Project: A Guide for Professional Writing Instructors
[pic][pic]The Rhetorical Situation
[pic][pic]Writing a Literary Analysis Presentation
[pic][pic]Writing Academic Proposals: Conferences, Articles, and Books
[pic][pic]Writing Across the Curriculum: An Introduction
[pic][pic]Writing Essays for Exams
[pic][pic]Writing Process Presentation
[pic][pic]Writing Scientific Abstracts Presentation
[pic][pic]Writing Task Resource List
[pic]Tutoring Writing
[pic][pic]Effective Persuasion Presentation
[pic][pic]ESL Orientation for Writing Lab Tutorials
[pic][pic]Exercises
[pic][pic]Invention Presentation
[pic][pic]Peer Review Presentation
[pic][pic]Purdue OWL Podcasts
[pic][pic]Purdue Writing Lab Quick Tour
[pic][pic]Talking About Writing
[pic][pic]The Writing Conference: Meeting One-on-One with Students
[pic][pic]Tutoring a Resume
[pic][pic]Tutoring Cover Letters
[pic][pic]Tutoring Creative Writing Students
[pic][pic]Writing a Literary Analysis Presentation
[pic][pic]Writing Process Presentation
[pic][pic]Writing Task Resource List
[pic]About the OWL at Purdue
[pic][pic]Fair Use Policy
[pic][pic]Fair Use Requests
[pic][pic]Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)
[pic][pic]General Feedback for the OWL
[pic][pic]Help Using OWL Resources
[pic][pic]Link to Us
[pic][pic]Purdue OWL Art
[pic][pic]Purdue OWL Fact Sheet
[pic][pic]Purdue Writing Lab Quick Tour
[pic][pic]Report an Error
[pic]Suggested Resources for You
[pic][pic]Adult Basic Education (GED, ESL, Cover Letters, Resumes)
[pic][pic]ESL Instructors and Students
[pic][pic]Exercises
[pic][pic]Grades 7-12 Instructors and Students
[pic][pic]Non-Purdue College Level Instructors and Students
[pic][pic]Parents
[pic][pic]Purdue Instructors and Students
[pic][pic]Purdue OWL Podcasts
[pic][pic]Purdue OWL Site Map and Search Page
[pic][pic]Workplace Writers
[pic][pic]Writing Task Resource List
Skip Navigation
• The Writing Process
o Creating a Thesis Statement
o Developing an Outline
o Exercises
o Introductions, Body Paragraphs, and Conclusions for Argument Papers
o Introductions, Body Paragraphs, and Conclusions for Exploratory Papers
o Invention Presentation
o Prewriting (Invention)
o Proofreading Your Writing
o Reverse Outlining: An Exercise for Taking Notes and Revising Your Work
o Starting the Writing Process
o Stasis Theory
o Understanding Writing Assignments
o Writer's Block/ Writer's Anxiety
o Writing Process Presentation
o Writing Task Resource List
• Professional, Technical, and Job Search Writing
o Academic Cover Letters
o Action Verbs to Describe Skills, Jobs, and Accomplishments in Employment Documents
o Adult Basic Education (GED, ESL, Cover Letters, Resumes)
o Analytical Research Project Presentation
o Audience Analysis
o Business Letters: Accentuating the Positives
o Color Theory Presentation
o Cover Letter Presentation
o Cover Letter Workshop
o Cover Letters 1: Quick Tips
o Cover Letters 2: Preparing to Write a Cover Letter
o Cover Letters 3: Writing Your Cover Letter
o Designing an Effective PowerPoint Presentation
o Effective Workplace Writing
o Email Etiquette
o Email Etiquette for Students
o Example Employment Documents
o Exercises
o Handbook on Report Formats
o HATS: A Design Procedure for Routine Business Documents
o INDOT Workshop Resources for Engineers
o Job Acceptance Letter Presentation
o Job Skills Checklist
o Journalism and Journalistic Writing
o Letters Concerning Employment
o Management Resumes
o Medical Writing
o Memo Writing
o Model Letters for Various Purposes
o Parallel Structure in Professional Writing
o Paramedic Method: A Lesson in Writing Concisely
o Prioritizing Your Concerns for Effective Business Writing
o Prioritizing Your Concerns for Effective Business Writing
o Purdue OWL Flash Movies
o Reference Sheets
o Resume Design
o Resume Presentation
o Resume Workshop
o Resumes 1: Introduction to Resumes
o Resumes 2: Resume Sections
o Resumes 3: When to Use Two Pages or More
o Resumes 4: Scannable Resumes
o Reverse Paramedic Method
o Revision in Business Writing
o Sales Letters: Four Point Action Closing
o Scannable Resumes Presentation
o Stasis Theory
o Tailoring Employment Documents For a Specific Audience
o Teaching Detailed Writing and Procedural Transitions
o Tips & Terms for the International Student's Job Search
o Tone in Business Writing
o Using Fonts with Purpose
o Visual Rhetoric
o Visual Rhetoric Slide Presentation
o Visual Rhetoric: Analyzing Visual Documents
o Writing a Job Acceptance Letter
o Writing a White Paper
o Writing Academic Proposals: Conferences, Articles, and Books
o Writing for a Chinese Business Audience
o Writing for a North American Business Audience
o Writing for an Indian Business Audience
o Writing Report Abstracts
o Writing Scientific Abstracts Presentation
o Writing Task Resource List
o Writing the Basic Business Letter
o Writing the Curriculum Vitae
o Writing the Personal Statement
• General Academic Writing
o Adding Emphasis in Writing
o Analytical Research Project Presentation
o Annotated Bibliographies
o Avoiding Plagiarism
o Color Theory Presentation
o Conciseness
o Creating a Thesis Statement
o Creative Nonfiction in Writing Courses
o Database Research Tutorials from the Purdue Library
o Designing an Effective PowerPoint Presentation
o Developing an Outline
o Effective Persuasion Presentation
o Email Etiquette for Professors
o Email Etiquette for Students
o Essay Writing
o Establishing Arguments
o Exercises
o Fiction Writing Basics
o Guidelines for Fair Use
o Higher Order Concerns (HOCs) and Lower Order Concerns (LOCs)
o Introductions, Body Paragraphs, and Conclusions for Argument Papers
o Introductions, Body Paragraphs, and Conclusions for Exploratory Papers
o Invention Presentation
o Journalism and Journalistic Writing
o Literary Theory and Schools of Criticism
o Logic in Argumentative Writing
o Organizing Your Argument Presentation
o Paragraphs & Paragraphing
o Paramedic Method: A Lesson in Writing Concisely
o Peer Review Presentation
o Poetry in Writing Courses
o Poetry: Close Reading
o Prewriting (Invention)
o Proofreading Your Writing
o Punctuation
o Purdue OWL Flash Movies
o Purdue OWL Podcasts
o Purdue Writing Lab Quick Tour
o Quoting, Paraphrasing, and Summarizing
o Reverse Outlining: An Exercise for Taking Notes and Revising Your Work
o Reverse Paramedic Method
o Sentence Variety
o Starting the Writing Process
o Stasis Theory
o The Rhetorical Situation
o Transitions and Transitional Devices
o Understanding Writing Assignments
o Using Appropriate Language
o Using Fonts with Purpose
o Visual Rhetoric
o Visual Rhetoric Slide Presentation
o Visual Rhetoric: Analyzing Visual Documents
o Writer's Block/ Writer's Anxiety
o Writing a Book Report
o Writing a Book Review
o Writing a Literary Analysis Presentation
o Writing a Research Paper
o Writing Academic Proposals: Conferences, Articles, and Books
o Writing Definitions
o Writing Essays for Exams
o Writing in Literature (Detailed Discussion)
o Writing Process Presentation
o Writing Task Resource List
• Research and Citation
o Annotated Bibliographies
o APA Formatting and Style Guide
o APA Overview and Workshop
o Avoiding Plagiarism
o Chicago Manual of Style
o Conducting an Interview Presentation
o Conducting Primary Research
o Database Research Tutorials from the Purdue Library
o Documenting Electronic Sources
o Evaluating Sources of Information
o Exercises
o Formatting in Sociology (ASA Style)
o Guidelines for Fair Use
o Internet References
o MLA 2009 Formatting and Style Guide
o MLA Formatting and Style Guide
o MLA Overview and Workshop
o Paraphrase: Write it in Your Own Words
o Quoting, Paraphrasing, and Summarizing
o Research: Overview
o Resources for Documenting Sources in the Disciplines
o Searching the World Wide Web
o Writing a Research Paper
o Writing Scientific Abstracts Presentation
• Grammar and Mechanics
o Active and Passive Voice
o Adjective or Adverb
o Apostrophe
o Appositives
o Articles: A versus An
o Capital Letters
o Commas
o Conquering the Comma
o Count and Noncount Nouns
o Dangling Modifiers
o Exercises
o Higher Order Concerns (HOCs) and Lower Order Concerns (LOCs)
o How to Use Adjectives and Adverbs
o How to Use Articles (a/an/the)
o Hyphens
o Independent and Dependent Clauses
o Irregular Verbs
o Numbers
o Parallel Structure
o Parts of Speech Overview
o Prepositions
o Pronouns
o Punctuation
o Quotation Marks
o Relative Pronouns
o Sentence Clarity
o Sentence Clarity Presentation
o Sentence Fragments
o Sentence Punctuation Patterns
o Spelling
o Subject/Verb Agreement
o Teaching and Assessing Grammar
o Transitions and Transitional Devices
o Two-Part (Phrasal) Verbs (idioms)
o Verb Tenses
o Verb Tenses
• English as a Second Language (ESL)
o Adjective or Adverb
o Adult Basic Education (GED, ESL, Cover Letters, Resumes)
o Count and Noncount Nouns
o ESL Orientation for Writing Lab Tutorials
o ESL Teacher Resources
o Exercises
o How to Use Adjectives and Adverbs
o How to Use Articles (a/an/the)
o Irregular Verbs
o Numbers
o Parts of Speech Overview
o Prepositions
o Relative Pronouns
o Sentence Punctuation Patterns
o Subject/Verb Agreement
o Tips & Terms for the International Student's Job Search
o Two-Part (Phrasal) Verbs (idioms)
o US Higher Education: A Cultural Introduction
o Verb Tenses
o Verbals: Gerunds, Participles, and Infinitives
o Writing Essays for Exams
o Writing for a Chinese Business Audience
o Writing for a North American Business Audience
o Writing for an Indian Business Audience
o Writing in North American Higher Education: A Primer for International Students
o Writing Task Resource List
• Internet Literacy
o Database Research Tutorials from the Purdue Library
o Documenting Electronic Sources
o Email Etiquette
o Email Etiquette for Professors
o Email Etiquette for Students
o Evaluating Sources of Information
o Exercises
o Guidelines for Fair Use
o Internet References
o Purdue OWL Podcasts
o Searching the World Wide Web
o Teaching OSDDP (Open Source Development and Documentation) Usability Project: A Guide for Professional Writing Instructors
o Visual Rhetoric
• Writing in the Social Sciences
o Analytical Research Project Presentation
o Child Development and Family Studies Resource Repository
o Conducting an Interview Presentation
o Conducting Primary Research
o Exercises
o Formatting in Sociology (ASA Style)
o Social Work Literature Review Guidelines
o Writing in Psychology: Experimental Report Writing
o Writing Scientific Abstracts Presentation
o Writing Task Resource List
o Writing with Statistics
• Writing in Engineering
o Analytical Research Project Presentation
o Engineering Projects in Community Service (EPICS)
o Exercises
o Handbook on Report Formats
o INDOT Workshop Resources for Engineers
o Reverse Paramedic Method
o Teaching Detailed Writing and Procedural Transitions
o Visual Rhetoric Slide Presentation
o Writing Engineering Reports
o Writing Scientific Abstracts Presentation
o Writing Task Resource List
• Literary Analysis and Criticism
o Exercises
o Image in Poetry
o Literary Terms
o Literary Theory and Schools of Criticism
o Poetry: Close Reading
o Reverse Outlining: An Exercise for Taking Notes and Revising Your Work
o Writing a Book Review
o Writing a Literary Analysis Presentation
o Writing About Fiction
o Writing About Literature
o Writing About Poetry
o Writing Academic Proposals: Conferences, Articles, and Books
o Writing in Literature (Detailed Discussion)
o Writing Task Resource List
• Creative Writing
o Creative Nonfiction in Writing Courses
o Exercises
o Fiction Writing Basics
o Pattern and Variation in Poetry
o Pattern and Variation: Aural
o Pattern and Variation: Visual
o Poetry in Writing Courses
o Tutoring Creative Writing Students
o Writing Task Resource List
• Teaching Writing
o Adult Basic Education (GED, ESL, Cover Letters, Resumes)
o Analytical Research Project Presentation
o Conducting an Interview Presentation
o Creative Nonfiction in Writing Courses
o Effective Persuasion Presentation
o Email Etiquette for Professors
o ESL Orientation for Writing Lab Tutorials
o Exercises
o Fiction Writing Basics
o Invention Presentation
o Job Acceptance Letter Presentation
o Peer Review Presentation
o Poetry in Writing Courses
o Purdue OWL Podcasts
o Purdue Writing Lab Quick Tour
o Talking About Writing
o Teaching and Assessing Grammar
o Teaching Detailed Writing and Procedural Transitions
o Teaching OSDDP (Open Source Development and Documentation) Usability Project: A Guide for Professional Writing Instructors
o The Rhetorical Situation
o Writing a Literary Analysis Presentation
o Writing Academic Proposals: Conferences, Articles, and Books
o Writing Across the Curriculum: An Introduction
o Writing Essays for Exams
o Writing Process Presentation
o Writing Scientific Abstracts Presentation
o Writing Task Resource List
• Tutoring Writing
o Effective Persuasion Presentation
o ESL Orientation for Writing Lab Tutorials
o Exercises
o Invention Presentation
o Peer Review Presentation
o Purdue OWL Podcasts
o Purdue Writing Lab Quick Tour
o Talking About Writing
o The Writing Conference: Meeting One-on-One with Students
o Tutoring a Resume
o Tutoring Cover Letters
o Tutoring Creative Writing Students
o Writing a Literary Analysis Presentation
o Writing Process Presentation
o Writing Task Resource List
• About the OWL at Purdue
o Fair Use Policy
o Fair Use Requests
o Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)
o General Feedback for the OWL
o Help Using OWL Resources
o Link to Us
o Purdue OWL Art
o Purdue OWL Fact Sheet
o Purdue Writing Lab Quick Tour
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MLA 2009 Formatting and Style Guide
This resource was written by Tony Russell.
Last full revision by Allen Brizee.
Last edited by Allen Brizee on August 18th 2009 at 12:27PM
Summary: MLA (Modern Language Association) style is most commonly used to write papers and cite sources within the liberal arts and humanities. This resource, updated to reflect the MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers (7th ed.) and the MLA Style Manual and Guide to Scholarly Publishing (3rd ed.), offers examples for the general format of MLA research papers, in-text citations, endnotes/footnotes, and the Works Cited page. Please use the example at the bottom of this page to cite the Purdue OWL in MLA. If you are using the older version of MLA (6th ed.) as a citation style, please reference these pages.
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MLA 2009 Formatting and Style Guide
General Format
MLA style specifies guidelines for formatting manuscripts and using the English language in writing. MLA style also provides writers with a system for referencing their sources through parenthetical citation in their essays and Works Cited pages.
Writers who properly use MLA also build their credibility by demonstrating accountability to their source material. Most importantly, the use of MLA style can protect writers from accusations of plagiarism, which is the purposeful or accidental uncredited use of source material by other writers.
If you are asked to use MLA format, be sure to consult the MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers (7th edition). Publishing scholars and graduate students should also consult the MLA Style Manual and Guide to Scholarly Publishing (3rd edition). The MLA Handbook is available in most writing centers and reference libraries; it is also widely available in bookstores, libraries, and at the MLA web site. See the Additional Resources section of this handout for a list of helpful books and sites about using MLA style. For an overview of the 2009 guideline changes, please visit the OWL's MLA Update 2009 resource.
Paper Format
The preparation of papers and manuscripts in MLA style is covered in chapter four of the MLA Handbook, and chapter four of the MLA Style Manual. Below are some basic guidelines for formatting a paper in MLA style.
General Guidelines
• Type your paper on a computer and print it out on standard, white 8.5 x 11-inch paper.
• Double-space the text of your paper, and use a legible font (e.g. Times New Roman). Whatever font you choose, MLA recommends that the regular and italics type styles contrast enough that they are recognizable one from another. The font size should be 12 pt.
• Leave only one space after periods or other punctuation marks (unless otherwise instructed by your instructor).
• Set the margins of your document to 1 inch on all sides.
• Indent the first line of paragraphs one half-inch from the left margin. MLA recommends that you use the Tab key as opposed to pushing the Space Bar five times.
• Create a header that numbers all pages consecutively in the upper right-hand corner, one-half inch from the top and flush with the right margin. (Note: Your instructor may ask that you omit the number on your first page. Always follow your instructor's guidelines.)
• Use italics throughout your essay for the titles of longer works and, only when absolutely necessary, providing emphasis.
• If you have any endnotes, include them on a separate page before your Works Cited page. Entitle the section Notes (centered, unformatted).
Formatting the First Page of Your Paper
Do not make a title page for your paper unless specifically requested.
• In the upper left-hand corner of the first page, list your name, your instructor's name, the course, and the date. Again, be sure to use double-spaced text.
• Double space again and center the title. Do not underline, italicize, or place your title in quotation marks; write the title in Title Case (standard capitalization), not in all capital letters.
• Use quotation marks and/or italics when referring to other works in your title, just as you would in your text: Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas as Morality Play; Human Weariness in "After Apple Picking"
• Double space between the title and the first line of the text.
• Create a header in the upper right-hand corner that includes your last name, followed by a space with a page number; number all pages consecutively with Arabic numerals (1, 2, 3, 4, etc.), one-half inch from the top and flush with the right margin. (Note: Your instructor or other readers may ask that you omit last name/page number header on your first page. Always follow instructor guidelines.)
Here is a sample of the top half of a first page in MLA style:
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Image Caption: A sample first page of an MLA-formatted paper.
Section Headings
Writers sometimes use Section Headings to improve a document’s readability. These sections may include individual chapters or other named parts of a book or essay.
Essays
MLA recommends that when you divide an essay into sections that you number those sections with an arabic number and a period followed by a space and the section name.
1. Early Writings
2. The London Years
3. Traveling the Continent
4. Final Years
Books
MLA does not have a prescribed system of headings for books. If you are only using one level of headings, meaning that all of the sections are distinct and parallel and have no additional sections that fit within them, MLA recommends that these sections resemble one another grammatically. For instance, if your headings are typically short phrases, make all of the headings short phrases (and not, for example, full sentences). Otherwise, the formatting is up to you. It should, however, be consistent throughout the document.
If you employ multiple levels of headings (some of your sections have sections within sections), you may want to provide a key of your chosen level headings and their formatting to your instructor or editor.
Sample Section Headings
The following sample headings are meant to be used only as a reference. You may employ whatever system of formatting that works best for you so long as it remains consistent throughout the document.
Numbered:
1. Soil Conservation
1.1 Erosion
1.2 Terracing
2. Water Conservation
3. Energy Conservation
Formatted, unnumbered:
Level 1 Heading: bold, flush left
Level 2 Heading: italics, flush left
Level 3 Heading: centered, bold
Level 4 Heading: centered, italics
Level 5 Heading: underlined, flush left
How to Cite the Purdue OWL in MLA:
Entire Website
The Purdue OWL. Purdue U Writing Lab, 2008. Web. 27 Dec. 2008.
Individual Resources
Purdue OWL. "MLA Formatting and Style Guide." The Purdue OWL. Purdue U Writing Lab, 10 May 2008. Web. 15 Nov. 2008.
All Sections in MLA 2009 Formatting and Style Guide:
1. MLA 2009 Formatting and Style Guide
2. MLA 2009 In-Text Citations: The Basics
3. MLA 2009 Formatting Quotations
4. MLA 2009 Footnotes and Endnotes
5. MLA 2009 Works Cited Page: Basic Format
6. MLA 2009 Works Cited Page: Books
7. MLA 2009 Works Cited: Periodicals
8. MLA 2009 Works Cited: Electronic Sources (Web Publications)
9. MLA 2009 Works Cited: Other Common Sources
10. MLA 2009 Additional Resources
11. MLA 2009 Abbreviations
12. MLA 2009 Sample Works Cited Page
13. MLA 2009 Sample Papers
14. MLA 2009 Tables, Figures, and Examples
15. MLA 2009 PowerPoint Presentation
16. MLA 2009 Undergraduate Sample Paper
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