An Infinite Descent into Pure Mathematics - CMU
An Infinite Descent into Pure Mathematics
...
BY CLIVE NEWSTEAD
Version 0.3 Last updated on Wednesday 3rd July 2019
c 2019 Clive Newstead All Rights Reserved.
Preview of First Edition, 2019 (forthcoming)
ISBN 978-1-950215-00-3 (paperback) ISBN 978-1-950215-01-0 (hardback)
A free PDF copy of An Infinite Descent into Pure Mathematics can be obtained from the book's website:
This book, its figures and its TEX source are released under a Creative Commons Attribution?ShareAlike 4.0 International Licence. The full text of the licence is replicated at the end of the book, and can be found on the Creative Commons website:
0 2 4 6 8 10 9 7 5 3 1
Contents
Preface
vii
Acknowledgements
xi
0 Getting started
1
0.E Chapter 0 exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
I Core concepts
17
1 Logical structure
19
1.1 Propositional logic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
1.2 Variables and quantifiers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
1.3 Logical equivalence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
1.E Chapter 1 exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
2 Sets and functions
67
2.1 Sets and set operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
2.2 Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
2.3 Injections and surjections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
2.E Chapter 2 exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
3 Mathematical induction
113
iii
iv
Contents
3.1 Peano's axioms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114 3.2 Weak induction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120 3.3 Strong induction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133 3.E Chapter 3 exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
4 Relations
141
4.1 Relations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142
4.2 Equivalence relations and partitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150
4.E Chapter 4 exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160
II Topics in pure mathematics
163
5 Number theory
165
5.1 Division . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166
5.2 Prime numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
5.3 Modular arithmetic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187
5.E Chapter 5 exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209
6 Enumerative combinatorics
211
6.1 Finite sets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212
6.2 Counting principles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220
6.3 Alternating sums . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237
6.E Chapter 6 exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250
7 Real numbers
253
7.1 Inequalities and means . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254
7.2 Completeness and convergence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270
7.3 Series and sums . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291
7.E Chapter 7 exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311
iv
Contents
v
8 Infinity
313
8.1 Countable and uncountable sets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 314
8.2 Cardinality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 326
8.3 Cardinal arithmetic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 334
8.E Chapter 8 exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 344
9 Discrete probability theory
347
9.1 Discrete probability spaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 348
9.2 Discrete random variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 363
9.E Chapter 9 exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 377
10 Additional topics
379
10.1 Orders and lattices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 380
10.2 Inductively defined sets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 390
10.E Chapter 10 exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 406
v
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