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Business, Government, and Society

? William Frey

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons-ShareAlike 4.0 International License Original source: CONNEXIONS

Contents

Chapter 1 Authors and Misc Information ....................................................................1 Chapter 2 Ethical Issues in Business Research ...........................................................2 2.1 Graduate Education in Research Ethics for Scientists and Engineers: Graduate Awa reness Workshop .....................................................................................................................2

2.1.1 Module Introduction ..............................................................................................2 2.1.2 What you are going to do. .....................................................................................2 2.1.3 What you will learn. ................................................................................................3 2.1.4 What did you learn? ...............................................................................................5 2.1.5 References ...............................................................................................................5 2.1.6 Presentations for Graduate Awareness Workshop ...........................................6

Chapter 3 Leadership in Business and Ethical Leadership .......................................7 3.1 Ethical Rights for Working Engineers and Other Professionals ...................................7

3.1.1 Module Introduction ..............................................................................................7 3.1.2 What you need to know..........................................................................................8 3.1.3 What you are going to do... ..................................................................................14

Exercise: Develop a Rights Table .........................................................................14

3.1.4 Conclusion .............................................................................................................15

3.2 Moral Exemplars in Business and Professional Ethics ................................................15 3.2.1 Module Introduction ............................................................................................16 3.2.2 Exercise: Choose a moral exemplar ...................................................................16 3.2.3 Moral Exemplars ...................................................................................................16 3.2.4 Exercise: Moral Exemplar Profiles ......................................................................17 3.2.5 Exercise ..................................................................................................................18 3.2.6 Textbox: Two Different Types of Moral Exemplar ............................................18 3.2.7 What Makes a Moral Exemplar? PRIMES Explained .........................................18 3.2.8 Presentation on Moral Exemplars ......................................................................22 3.2.9 Bibliography ..........................................................................................................22

3.3 Theory-Building Activities: Virtue Ethics .......................................................................23 3.3.1 Module Introduction ............................................................................................23 3.3.2 Three Versions of Virtue Ethics: Virtue 1, Virtue 2, and Virtue 3 .....................23 3.3.3 Virtue 1: Aristotle's Virtue Ethics .........................................................................24 3.3.4 Virtue 2 ..................................................................................................................25 3.3.5 Virtue 3 ..................................................................................................................26 3.3.6 Flow Experiences ...................................................................................................27 3.3.7 Virtue Tables .........................................................................................................28 3.3.8 Exercise: Construct Virtue Tables for Professional Virtues .............................30 3.3.9 Exercise: Reflect on these Concluding Issues ...................................................30 3.3.10 Presentation on Virtue Ethics ...........................................................................31 3.3.11 Resources ............................................................................................................31

3.4 Ethics of Teamwork .........................................................................................................32 3.4.1 Module Introduction ............................................................................................32 3.4.2 Module Activities ..................................................................................................32 3.4.3 A Framework for Value-Integration ....................................................................33 3.4.4 Value Profiles for Professional Ethics ................................................................34

3.4.5 Exercise: Developing Strategies for Value Realization ......................................34 Examples .................................................................................................................35

3.4.6 Obstacles to Group Work (Developed by Chuck Huff for Good Computing: A Virtue Approach to Computer Ethics) ..........................................................................36 3.4.7 Exercise -Avoiding the Pitfalls of Group Work ..................................................38 3.4.8 Exercise: Socio Technical System .......................................................................38 3.4.9 Exercise: Prepare a Final, Group Self-Evaluation ..............................................40 3.4.10 Wrap Up: Some further points to consider... ..................................................40 3.4.11 Ethics of Team Work Presentations .................................................................41 3.4.12 Ethics of Teamwork Jeopardy ...........................................................................41 3.4.13 Bibliography ........................................................................................................42

Chapter 4 Integrating Ethics into the Business Decision-Making Process ............43 4.1 Values Based Decision Making in Gilbane Gold ...........................................................43

4.1.1 Module Introduction ............................................................................................43 4.1.2 What you need to know... ....................................................................................44 4.1.3 What you are going to do... .................................................................................46 4.1.4 Exercise: Problem Solving With Gilbane Gold ...................................................46 4.1.5 Conclusion .............................................................................................................47

4.2 Three Frameworks for Ethical Decision Making and Good Computing Reports .....49 4.2.1 Module Introduction .............................................................................................49 4.2.2 Problem-Solving or Decision-Making Framework: Analogy between ethics an d design ...........................................................................................................................50 4.2.3 Software Development Cycle: Four Stages .......................................................51 4.2.4 Problem specification ...........................................................................................51 4.2.5 Solution Generation .............................................................................................56 4.2.6 Solution Testing: The solutions developed in the second stage must be teste d in various ways. ..........................................................................................................57 4.2.7 Solution Implementation......................................................................................58 4.2.8 Ethics Tests for Solution Evaluation ...................................................................60 4.2.9 Setting Up the Ethics Tests: Pitfalls to avoid .....................................................60 4.2.10 Harm/Beneficence Test .....................................................................................61 4.2.11 Reversibility Test .................................................................................................62 4.2.12 Steps in Applying the Public Identification Test .............................................62 4.2.13 Code of Ethics Test .............................................................................................63 4.2.14 Meta Tests ...........................................................................................................63 4.2.15 Application Exercise ...........................................................................................64

4.3 Gray Matters for the Hughes Aircraft Case ..................................................................66 4.3.1 Introduction ..........................................................................................................66 4.3.2 Directions ..............................................................................................................66 4.3.3 Ethics Tests: Set Up and Pitfalls ..........................................................................70 4.3.4 Time Line ...............................................................................................................72 4.3.5 Hughes Case Socio Technical System ................................................................76 4.3.6 Responsible Dissent .............................................................................................77 4.3.7 Hughes Dramatic Rehearsals ..............................................................................79 4.3.7.1 Decision Point One ....................................................................................79 4.3.7.2 Decision Point Two ....................................................................................80 4.3.7.3 Decision Point Three .................................................................................81

4.3.7.4 Decision Point Four ...................................................................................82 4.3.7.5 Decision Point Five ....................................................................................83 4.3.7.6 Decision Point Six ......................................................................................84 4.3.7.7 Hughes Case Media Files ..........................................................................85

4.3.8 Bibliography ..........................................................................................................85

4.4 Socio-Technical Systems in Professional Decision Making ........................................86 4.4.1 Module Introduction ............................................................................................86 4.4.2 Things to Know about STSs .................................................................................87 4.4.3 Constituents or Sub-Environments of Business Activity .................................88 4.4.4 Ethics of STS Research ...................................................................................... 101 4.4.5 Participatory Observation ................................................................................ 101 4.4.6 Exercise: Make a Table that Describes the Socio-Technical System ........... 103 4.4.7 Exercise: Identify Value Mismatches in the STS.............................................. 103 4.4.8 Using Socio-Technical System Grids for Problem Specification .................. 105 4.4.9 Media File Uplinks ............................................................................................. 107

4.5 Ethics and Laptops: Identifying Social Responsibility Issues in Puerto Rico ......... 108 4.5.1 Introduction ....................................................................................................... 108 4.5.2 Case Narrative ................................................................................................... 109 4.5.3 What you are going to do... .............................................................................. 111 4.5.3.1 Decision Point One ................................................................................. 111 4.5.3.2 Decision Point Two ................................................................................. 112 4.5.3.3 Decision Point Three .............................................................................. 113

4.5.4 What you are going to do... ............................................................................... 114 Exercise: Prepare a STS Grid ............................................................................. 114 Exercise: Identifying Potential or Latent Problems in STSs ........................... 114 Exercise: Develop Counter-Measures to Problems ........................................ 115 Exercise: Evaluate the Microsoft Philadelphia Public Schools Project ......... 115

4.5.5 Presentations ..................................................................................................... 115

Chapter 5 CSR (Corporate Social Responsibility) ....................................................116 5.1 A Short History of the Corporation ............................................................................ 116

5.1.1 Introduction ....................................................................................................... 116 5.1.2 What you need to know... ................................................................................. 116

5.1.2.1 The History of the Corporation ............................................................ 116 5.1.2.1.1 Passive Devices that hold property .......................................... 117 5.1.2.1.2 Structures that exert monopoly control and regulate a domain of specialized ............................................................................................... 117 5.1.2.1.3 A set of means specially designed to pool capital and resources including human resources. ...................................................................... 118 5.1.2.1.4 Providing a legal shield to limit owner and operator liability 118 5.1.2.1.5 Organizational structure that subordinate and synthesize the a ctions of human agents ............................................................................. 118 5.1.2.1.6 Profile of the Modern Corporation ........................................... 119

5.1.2.2 Legal Trail Toward Corporate Moral Personhood: A Table Summary ............................................................................................................................... 125

5.1.3 What you will do ... ............................................................................................ 127 5.1.3.1 Exercise: Other People's Money ........................................................... 127

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